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Tang X, Yang T, Yu D, Xiong H, Zhang S. Current insights and future perspectives of ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure: Friends and foes to the skin and beyond the skin. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108535. [PMID: 38428192 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is ubiquitous in the environment, which has been classified as an established human carcinogen. As the largest and outermost organ of the body, direct exposure of skin to sunlight or UV radiation can result in sunburn, inflammation, photo-immunosuppression, photoaging and even skin cancers. To date, there are tactics to protect the skin by preventing UV radiation and reducing the amount of UV radiation to the skin. Nevertheless, deciphering the essential regulatory mechanisms may pave the way for therapeutic interventions against UV-induced skin disorders. Additionally, UV light is considered beneficial for specific skin-related conditions in medical UV therapy. Recent evidence indicates that the biological effects of UV exposure extend beyond the skin and include the treatment of inflammatory diseases, solid tumors and certain abnormal behaviors. This review mainly focuses on the effects of UV on the skin. Moreover, novel findings of the biological effects of UV in other organs and systems are also summarized. Nevertheless, the mechanisms through which UV affects the human organism remain to be fully elucidated to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of its biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyou Tang
- Medical College of Tibet University, Lasa 850000, China; Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tingyi Yang
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Daojiang Yu
- Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu 610051, China
| | - Hai Xiong
- Medical College of Tibet University, Lasa 850000, China; West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Medical College of Tibet University, Lasa 850000, China; Laboratory of Radiation Medicine, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu 610051, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Technology Medical Transformation (Mianyang Central Hospital), Mianyang 621099, China.
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Barta N, Ördög N, Pantazi V, Berzsenyi I, Borsos BN, Majoros H, Páhi ZG, Ujfaludi Z, Pankotai T. Identifying Suitable Reference Gene Candidates for Quantification of DNA Damage-Induced Cellular Responses in Human U2OS Cell Culture System. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1523. [PMID: 37892205 PMCID: PMC10605043 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA repair pathways trigger robust downstream responses, making it challenging to select suitable reference genes for comparative studies. In this study, our goal was to identify the most suitable housekeeping genes to perform comparable molecular analyses for DNA damage-related studies. Choosing the most applicable reference genes is important in any kind of target gene expression-related quantitative study, since using the housekeeping genes improperly may result in false data interpretation and inaccurate conclusions. We evaluated the expressional changes of eight well-known housekeeping genes (i.e., 18S rRNA, B2M, eEF1α1, GAPDH, GUSB, HPRT1, PPIA, and TBP) following treatment with the DNA-damaging agents that are most frequently used: ultraviolet B (UVB) non-ionizing irradiation, neocarzinostatin (NCS), and actinomycin D (ActD). To reveal the significant changes in the expression of each gene and to determine which appear to be the most acceptable ones for normalization of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) data, comparative and statistical algorithms (such as absolute quantification, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, and independent samples T-test) were conducted. Our findings clearly demonstrate that the genes commonly employed as reference candidates exhibit substantial expression variability, and therefore, careful consideration must be taken when designing the experimental setup for an accurate and reproducible normalization of RT-qPCR data. We used the U2OS cell line since it is generally accepted and used in the field of DNA repair to study DNA damage-induced cellular responses. Based on our current data in U2OS cells, we suggest using 18S rRNA, eEF1α1, GAPDH, GUSB, and HPRT1 genes for UVB-induced DNA damage-related studies. B2M, HPRT1, and TBP genes are recommended for NCS treatment, while 18S rRNA, B2M, and PPIA genes can be used as suitable internal controls in RT-qPCR experiments for ActD treatment. In summary, this is the first systematic study using a U2OS cell culture system that offers convincing evidence for housekeeping gene selection following treatment with various DNA-damaging agents. Here, we unravel an indispensable issue for performing and assessing trustworthy DNA damage-related differential gene expressional analyses, and we create a "zero set" of potential reference gene candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Barta
- Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Állomás utca 1, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.B.); (N.Ö.); (V.P.); (I.B.); (B.N.B.); (H.M.); (Z.G.P.)
- Competence Centre of the Life Sciences Cluster of the Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation, University of Szeged, Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nóra Ördög
- Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Állomás utca 1, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.B.); (N.Ö.); (V.P.); (I.B.); (B.N.B.); (H.M.); (Z.G.P.)
| | - Vasiliki Pantazi
- Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Állomás utca 1, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.B.); (N.Ö.); (V.P.); (I.B.); (B.N.B.); (H.M.); (Z.G.P.)
- Competence Centre of the Life Sciences Cluster of the Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation, University of Szeged, Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ivett Berzsenyi
- Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Állomás utca 1, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.B.); (N.Ö.); (V.P.); (I.B.); (B.N.B.); (H.M.); (Z.G.P.)
- Competence Centre of the Life Sciences Cluster of the Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation, University of Szeged, Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Barbara N. Borsos
- Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Állomás utca 1, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.B.); (N.Ö.); (V.P.); (I.B.); (B.N.B.); (H.M.); (Z.G.P.)
| | - Hajnalka Majoros
- Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Állomás utca 1, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.B.); (N.Ö.); (V.P.); (I.B.); (B.N.B.); (H.M.); (Z.G.P.)
- Competence Centre of the Life Sciences Cluster of the Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation, University of Szeged, Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán G. Páhi
- Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Állomás utca 1, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.B.); (N.Ö.); (V.P.); (I.B.); (B.N.B.); (H.M.); (Z.G.P.)
- Competence Centre of the Life Sciences Cluster of the Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation, University of Szeged, Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Genome Integrity and DNA Repair Core Group, Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM), University of Szeged, Budapesti út 9, H-6728 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Ujfaludi
- Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Állomás utca 1, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.B.); (N.Ö.); (V.P.); (I.B.); (B.N.B.); (H.M.); (Z.G.P.)
- Competence Centre of the Life Sciences Cluster of the Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation, University of Szeged, Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Pankotai
- Department of Pathology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Állomás utca 1, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.B.); (N.Ö.); (V.P.); (I.B.); (B.N.B.); (H.M.); (Z.G.P.)
- Competence Centre of the Life Sciences Cluster of the Centre of Excellence for Interdisciplinary Research, Development and Innovation, University of Szeged, Dugonics tér 13, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Genome Integrity and DNA Repair Core Group, Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM), University of Szeged, Budapesti út 9, H-6728 Szeged, Hungary
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Brun C, Allain C, Ferron PJ, Younoussa H, Colicchio B, Jeandidier E, M’Kacher R, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Bertile F. Extended lifespan and improved genome stability in HepaRG-derived cell lines through reprogramming by high-density stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219298120. [PMID: 37639591 PMCID: PMC10483629 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219298120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The characteristics and fate of cancer cells partly depend on their environmental stiffness, i.e., the local mechanical cues they face. HepaRG progenitors are liver carcinoma cells exhibiting transdifferentiation properties; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. To evaluate the impact of external physical forces mimicking the tumor microenvironment, we seeded them at very high density for 20 h, keeping the cells round and unanchored to the substrate. Applied without corticoids, spatial confinement due to very high density induced reprogramming of HepaRG cells into stable replicative stem-like cells after replating at normal density. Redifferentiation of these stem-like cells into cells very similar to the original HepaRG cells was then achieved using the same stress but in the presence of corticoids. This demonstrates that the cells retained the memory required to run the complete hepatic differentiation program, after bypassing the Hayflick limit twice. We show that physical stress improved chromosome quality and genomic stability, through greater efficiency of DNA repair and restoration of telomerase activity, thus enabling cells to escape progression to a more aggressive cancer state. We also show the primary importance of high-density seeding, possibly triggering compressive stress, in these processes, rather than that of cell roundness or intracellular tensional signals. The HepaRG-derived lines established here considerably extend the lifespan and availability of this surrogate cell system for mature human hepatocytes. External physical stress is a promising way to create a variety of cell lines, and it paves the way for the development of strategies to improve cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Brun
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, StrasbourgF-67000, France
- Proteomics French Infrastructure, FR2048, ProFI, StrasbourgF-67000, France
| | - Coralie Allain
- Université de Rennes 1, INSERM U1241, Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer, RennesF-35033, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Ferron
- Université de Rennes 1, INSERM U1241, Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer, RennesF-35033, France
| | | | - Bruno Colicchio
- Université de Haute-Alsace, Institut de Recherche en Informatique, Mathématiques, Automatique et Signal, MulhouseF-68093, France
| | - Eric Jeandidier
- Groupe Hospitalier de la Région de Mulhouse et Sud Alsace Mulhouse, Service de génétique, MulhouseF-68070, France
| | - Radhia M’Kacher
- Cell Environment DNA Damage R&D, Genopole, EvryF-91058, France
| | | | - Fabrice Bertile
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, StrasbourgF-67000, France
- Proteomics French Infrastructure, FR2048, ProFI, StrasbourgF-67000, France
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Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: A Genetic Update and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102371. [PMID: 35625975 PMCID: PMC9139429 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the main type of cancer in the Caucasian population, and the number of cases continues to rise. Research mostly focuses on clinical characteristics analysis, but genetic features are crucial to malignancies’ establishment and advance. We aim to explore the genetic basics of skin cancer, surrounding microenvironment interactions, and regulation mechanisms to provide a broader perspective for new therapies’ development. Abstract Skin cancer is one of the main types of cancer worldwide, and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most frequent within this group. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most common types. Multifactorial features are well-known for cancer development, and new hallmarks are gaining relevance. Genetics and epigenetic regulation play an essential role in cancer susceptibility and progression, as well as the variety of cells and molecules that interact in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we provide an update on the genetic features of NMSC, candidate genes, and new therapies, considering diverse perspectives of skin carcinogenesis. The global health situation and the pandemic have been challenging for health care systems, especially in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cancer. We provide innovative approaches to overcome the difficulties in the current clinical dynamics.
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Majoros H, Borsos BN, Ujfaludi Z, Páhi ZG, Mórocz M, Haracska L, Boros IM, Pankotai T. SerpinB10, a Serine Protease Inhibitor, Is Implicated in UV-Induced Cellular Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168500. [PMID: 34445206 PMCID: PMC8395218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UV-induced DNA damage response and repair are extensively studied processes, as any malfunction in these pathways contributes to the activation of tumorigenesis. Although several proteins involved in these cellular mechanisms have been described, the entire repair cascade has remained unexplored. To identify new players in UV-induced repair, we performed a microarray screen, in which we found SerpinB10 (SPB10, Bomapin) as one of the most dramatically upregulated genes following UV irradiation. Here, we demonstrated that an increased mRNA level of SPB10 is a general cellular response following UV irradiation regardless of the cell type. We showed that although SPB10 is implicated in the UV-induced cellular response, it has no indispensable function in cell survival upon UV irradiation. Nonetheless, we revealed that SPB10 might be involved in delaying the duration of DNA repair in interphase and also in S-phase cells. Additionally, we also highlighted the interaction between SPB10 and H3. Based on our results, it seems that SPB10 protein is implicated in UV-induced stress as a “quality control protein”, presumably by slowing down the repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajnalka Majoros
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 1 Állomás utca, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.M.); (B.N.B.); (Z.U.); (Z.G.P.)
| | - Barbara N. Borsos
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 1 Állomás utca, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.M.); (B.N.B.); (Z.U.); (Z.G.P.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Ujfaludi
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 1 Állomás utca, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.M.); (B.N.B.); (Z.U.); (Z.G.P.)
| | - Zoltán G. Páhi
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 1 Állomás utca, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.M.); (B.N.B.); (Z.U.); (Z.G.P.)
| | - Mónika Mórocz
- HCEMM-BRC Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (M.M.); (L.H.)
| | - Lajos Haracska
- HCEMM-BRC Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (M.M.); (L.H.)
| | - Imre Miklós Boros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tibor Pankotai
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 1 Állomás utca, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (H.M.); (B.N.B.); (Z.U.); (Z.G.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-546-164
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SERPINB2-its regulation and interplay with aryl hydrocarbon receptor. J Appl Genet 2021; 62:99-105. [PMID: 33387293 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-020-00606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite many years of intensive investigation, real biological role of SERPINB2 is largely unknown. However, recent high throughput studies suggest its function in inflammation, influence on autoimmune disorders, and modulation of processes leading to carcinogenesis. SERPINB2 expression is acutely upregulated by many different stimuli, among others by aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands. Mechanisms of regulation of SERPINB2 expression, involvement of the gene in processes leading to inflammation or carcinogenesis, and its interplay with aryl hydrocarbon receptor are subject of present review.
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Liang Q, Gu WM, Huang K, Luo MY, Zou JH, Zhuang GL, Lei HM, Chen HZ, Zhu L, Zhou L, Shen Y. HKB99, an allosteric inhibitor of phosphoglycerate mutase 1, suppresses invasive pseudopodia formation and upregulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 in erlotinib-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:115-119. [PMID: 32404981 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), such as erlotinib, remains a major challenge in the targeted therapy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). HKB99 is a novel allosteric inhibitor of phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) that preferentially suppresses cell proliferation and induces more apoptosis in acquired erlotinib-resistant HCC827ER cells compared with its parental HCC827 cells. In this study we identified the molecular biomarkers for HKB99 response in erlotinib-resistant HCC827ER cells. We showed that HCC827ER cells displayed enhanced invasive pseudopodia structures as well as downregulated plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2). Meanwhile, PAI-2 knockdown by siPAI-2 candidates decreased the sensitivity of HCC827 parental cells to erlotinib. Moreover, HKB99 (5 μM) preferentially inhibited the invasive pseudopodia formation and increased the level of PAI-2 in HCC827ER cells. Collectively, this study provides new insight into the role of PAI-2 in regulating the sensitivity of erlotinib resistant NSCLC cells to PGAM1 inhibitor. Furthermore, PAI-2 level might be considered as a potential biomarker for predicting the efficacy of the PGAM1 allosteric inhibitor on the erlotinib resistant NSCLC cells.
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Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers from UVB exposure induce a hypermetabolic state in keratinocytes via mitochondrial oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2020; 38:101808. [PMID: 33264701 PMCID: PMC7708942 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) is an environmental complete carcinogen, which induces and promotes keratinocyte carcinomas, the most common human malignancies. UVB induces the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Repairing CPDs through nucleotide excision repair is slow and error-prone in placental mammals. In addition to the mutagenic and malignancy-inducing effects, UVB also elicits poorly understood complex metabolic changes in keratinocytes, possibly through CPDs. To determine the effects of CPDs, CPD-photolyase was overexpressed in keratinocytes using an N1-methyl pseudouridine-containing in vitro-transcribed mRNA. CPD-photolyase, which is normally not present in placental mammals, can efficiently and rapidly repair CPDs to block signaling pathways elicited by CPDs. Keratinocytes surviving UVB irradiation turn hypermetabolic. We show that CPD-evoked mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, followed by the activation of several energy sensor enzymes, including sirtuins, AMPK, mTORC1, mTORC2, p53, and ATM, is responsible for the compensatory metabolic adaptations in keratinocytes surviving UVB irradiation. Compensatory metabolic changes consist of enhanced glycolytic flux, Szent-Györgyi-Krebs cycle, and terminal oxidation. Furthermore, mitochondrial fusion, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipophagy characterize compensatory hypermetabolism in UVB-exposed keratinocytes. These properties not only support the survival of keratinocytes, but also contribute to UVB-induced differentiation of keratinocytes. Our results indicate that CPD-dependent signaling acutely maintains skin integrity by supporting cellular energy metabolism.
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Borsos BN, Majoros H, Pankotai T. Emerging Roles of Post-Translational Modifications in Nucleotide Excision Repair. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061466. [PMID: 32549338 PMCID: PMC7349741 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a versatile DNA repair pathway which can be activated in response to a broad spectrum of UV-induced DNA damage, such as bulky adducts, including cyclobutane-pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6–4 photoproducts (6–4PPs). Based on the genomic position of the lesion, two sub-pathways can be defined: (I) global genomic NER (GG-NER), involved in the ablation of damage throughout the whole genome regardless of the transcription activity of the damaged DNA locus, and (II) transcription-coupled NER (TC-NER), activated at DNA regions where RNAPII-mediated transcription takes place. These processes are tightly regulated by coordinated mechanisms, including post-translational modifications (PTMs). The fine-tuning modulation of the balance between the proteins, responsible for PTMs, is essential to maintain genome integrity and to prevent tumorigenesis. In this review, apart from the other substantial PTMs (SUMOylation, PARylation) related to NER, we principally focus on reversible ubiquitylation, which involves E3 ubiquitin ligase and deubiquitylase (DUB) enzymes responsible for the spatiotemporally precise regulation of NER.
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Li Z, Yang C, Li X, Du X, Tao Y, Ren J, Fang F, Xie Y, Li M, Qian G, Xu L, Cao X, Wu Y, Lv H, Hu S, Lu J, Pan J. The dual role of BI 2536, a small-molecule inhibitor that targets PLK1, in induction of apoptosis and attenuation of autophagy in neuroblastoma cells. J Cancer 2020; 11:3274-3287. [PMID: 32231733 PMCID: PMC7097946 DOI: 10.7150/jca.33110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extra-cranial solid tumor in childhood with the overall 5 years' survival less than 40%. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a serine/threonine-protein kinase expressed during mitosis and over expressed in multiple cancers, including neuroblastoma. We found that higher PLK1 expression related to poor outcome of NB patients. BI2536, a small molecule inhibitor against PLK1, significantly reduced cell viability in a panel of NB cell lines, with IC50 less than 100 nM. PLK1 inhibition by BI 2536 treatment induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and cell apoptosis in NB cells. Realtime PCR array revealed the PLK1 inhibition related genes, such as BIRC7, TNFSF10, LGALS1 and DAD1 et al. Moreover, autophagy activity was investigated in the NB cells treated with BI 2536. BI 2536 treatment in NB cells increased LC3-II puncta formation and LC3-II expression. Formation of autophagosome induced by BI 2536 was observed by transmission electron microscopy. However, BI2536 abrogated the autophagic flux in NB cells by reducing SQSTM1/p62 expression and AMPKαT172 phosphorylation. These results provide new clues for the molecular mechanism of cell death induced by BI 2536 and suggest that BI 2536 may act as new candidate drug for neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Xiaojuan Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 5th Hospital of Chinese PLA, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yanfang Tao
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Junli Ren
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Guanghui Qian
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Lixiao Xu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Haitao Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Shaoyan Hu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
| | - Jian Pan
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215003, China
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