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Bao Y, He M, Zhang C, Jiang S, Zhao L, Ye Z, Sun Q, Xia Z, Zou M. Advancing understanding of Ficus carica: a comprehensive genomic analysis reveals evolutionary patterns and metabolic pathway insights. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1298417. [PMID: 38155853 PMCID: PMC10754049 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1298417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Ficus carica L. (dioecious), the most significant commercial species in the genus Ficus, which has been cultivated for more than 11,000 years and was one of the first species to be domesticated. Herein, we reported the most comprehensive F. carica genome currently. The contig N50 of the Orphan fig was 9.78 Mb, and genome size was 366.34 Mb with 13 chromosomes. Based on the high-quality genome, we discovered that F. carica diverged from Ficus microcarpa ~34 MYA, and a WGD event took place about 2─3 MYA. Throughout the evolutionary history of F. carica, chromosomes 2, 8, and 10 had experienced chromosome recombination, while chromosome 3 saw a fusion and fission. It is worth proposing that the chromosome 9 experienced both inversion and translocation, which facilitated the emergence of the F. carica as a new species. And the selections of F. carica for the genes of recombination chromosomal fragment are compatible with their goal of domestication. In addition, we found that the F. carica has the FhAG2 gene, but there are structural deletions and positional jumps. This gene is thought to replace the one needed for female common type F. carica to be pollinated. Subsequently, we conducted genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analysis to demonstrate significant differences in the expression of CHS among different varieties of F. carica. The CHS playing an important role in the anthocyanin metabolism pathway of F. carica. Moreover, the CHS gene of F. carica has a different evolutionary trend compared to other Ficus species. These high-quality genome assembly, transcriptomic, and metabolomic resources further enrich F. carica genomics and provide insights for studying the chromosomes evolution, sexual system, and color characteristics of Ficus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Bao
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Miaohua He
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Chenji Zhang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sirong Jiang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Zhengwen Ye
- Forestry and Fruit Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xia
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Meiling Zou
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
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Paiva FJDS, Lima GSD, Lima VLAD, Souza WBBD, Soares LADA, Torres RAF, Gheyi HR, Silva LDA, Sá FVDS, Sá VKNOD, Silva STDA, Fátima RTD, Fernandes PD, Almeida AKCD. The Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity on the Synthesis of Photosynthetic Pigments, Gas Exchange, and Photochemical Efficiency of Sour Passion Fruit Genotypes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3894. [PMID: 38005791 PMCID: PMC10674665 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, and photochemical efficiency of sour passion fruit genotypes irrigated with saline water under the conditions of the semi-arid region of Paraíba state, Brazil. The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm in São Domingos, PB. A randomized block design was adopted, in a 5 × 3 factorial scheme, with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water-ECw (0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, and 3.5 dS m-1)-and three genotypes of sour passion fruit (Gigante Amarelo-'BRS GA1'; Sol do Cerrado-'BRS SC1'; and Catarina-'SCS 437'. The increase in the electrical conductivity of irrigation water negatively affected most of the physiological characteristics of the sour passion fruit at 154 days after transplanting. Significant differences were observed between sour passion fruit genotypes when its tolerance was subjected to the salinity of irrigation water. There was an increase in the percentage of damage to the cell membrane with the increase in the electrical conductivity of irrigation water, with maximum values of 70.63, 60.86, and 80.35% for the genotypes 'BRS GA1', 'BRS SC1', and SCS 437', respectively, when irrigated with water of 3.5 dS m-1. The genotype 'BRS Sol do Cerrado' showed an increase in the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments when irrigated with water of 3.5 dS m-1, with maximum values estimated at 1439.23 μg mL-1 (Chl a); 290.96 μg mL-1 (Chl b); 1730.19 μg mL-1 (Chl t); and 365.84 μg mL-1 (carotenoids). An increase in photosynthetic efficiency parameters (F0, Fm, and Fv) of the genotype 'BRS Gigante Amarelo' was observed when cultivated with water with high electrical conductivity (3.5 dS m-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Jean da Silva Paiva
- Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil
| | - Geovani Soares de Lima
- Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Antunes de Lima
- Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil
| | - Weslley Bruno Belo de Souza
- Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hans Raj Gheyi
- Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil
| | - Luderlândio de Andrade Silva
- Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | - Smyth Trotsk de Araújo Silva
- Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil
| | - Reynaldo Teodoro de Fátima
- Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil
| | - Pedro Dantas Fernandes
- Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil
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Sobrinho TG, da Silva AAR, de Lima GS, de Lima VLA, Borges VE, Nunes KG, Soares LADA, Saboya LMF, Gheyi HR, Gomes JP, Fernandes PD, de Azevedo CAV. Foliar Applications of Salicylic Acid on Boosting Salt Stress Tolerance in Sour Passion Fruit in Two Cropping Cycles. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2023. [PMID: 37653940 PMCID: PMC10222615 DOI: 10.3390/plants12102023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Brazil stands out as the largest producer of sour passion fruit; however, the water available for irrigation is mostly saline, which can limit its cultivation. This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effects of salicylic acid in the induction of tolerance in sour passion fruit to salt stress. The assay was conducted in a protected environment, using a completely randomized design in a split-plot scheme, with the levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2, and 4.0 dS m-1) considering the plots and concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 mM) the subplots, with three replications. The physiological indices, production components, and postharvest quality of sour passion fruit were negatively affected by the increase in the electrical conductivity of irrigation water, and the effects of salt stress were intensified in the second cycle. In the first cycle, the foliar application of salicylic acid at concentrations between 1.0 and 1.4 mM partially reduced the harmful effects of salt stress on the relative water content of leaves, electrolyte leakage, gas exchange, and synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, in addition to promoting an increase in the yield and quality parameters of sour passion fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Galvão Sobrinho
- Post Graduate Program Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (T.G.S.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (V.L.A.d.L.); (V.E.B.); (K.G.N.); (L.M.F.S.); (H.R.G.); (P.D.F.); (C.A.V.d.A.)
| | - André Alisson Rodrigues da Silva
- Post Graduate Program Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (T.G.S.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (V.L.A.d.L.); (V.E.B.); (K.G.N.); (L.M.F.S.); (H.R.G.); (P.D.F.); (C.A.V.d.A.)
| | - Geovani Soares de Lima
- Post Graduate Program Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (T.G.S.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (V.L.A.d.L.); (V.E.B.); (K.G.N.); (L.M.F.S.); (H.R.G.); (P.D.F.); (C.A.V.d.A.)
| | - Vera Lúcia Antunes de Lima
- Post Graduate Program Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (T.G.S.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (V.L.A.d.L.); (V.E.B.); (K.G.N.); (L.M.F.S.); (H.R.G.); (P.D.F.); (C.A.V.d.A.)
| | - Vitória Ediclécia Borges
- Post Graduate Program Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (T.G.S.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (V.L.A.d.L.); (V.E.B.); (K.G.N.); (L.M.F.S.); (H.R.G.); (P.D.F.); (C.A.V.d.A.)
| | - Kheila Gomes Nunes
- Post Graduate Program Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (T.G.S.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (V.L.A.d.L.); (V.E.B.); (K.G.N.); (L.M.F.S.); (H.R.G.); (P.D.F.); (C.A.V.d.A.)
| | | | - Luciano Marcelo Fallé Saboya
- Post Graduate Program Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (T.G.S.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (V.L.A.d.L.); (V.E.B.); (K.G.N.); (L.M.F.S.); (H.R.G.); (P.D.F.); (C.A.V.d.A.)
| | - Hans Raj Gheyi
- Post Graduate Program Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (T.G.S.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (V.L.A.d.L.); (V.E.B.); (K.G.N.); (L.M.F.S.); (H.R.G.); (P.D.F.); (C.A.V.d.A.)
| | - Josivanda Palmeira Gomes
- Post Graduate Program Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (T.G.S.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (V.L.A.d.L.); (V.E.B.); (K.G.N.); (L.M.F.S.); (H.R.G.); (P.D.F.); (C.A.V.d.A.)
| | - Pedro Dantas Fernandes
- Post Graduate Program Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (T.G.S.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (V.L.A.d.L.); (V.E.B.); (K.G.N.); (L.M.F.S.); (H.R.G.); (P.D.F.); (C.A.V.d.A.)
| | - Carlos Alberto Vieira de Azevedo
- Post Graduate Program Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (T.G.S.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (V.L.A.d.L.); (V.E.B.); (K.G.N.); (L.M.F.S.); (H.R.G.); (P.D.F.); (C.A.V.d.A.)
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Liu L, Zheng S, Yang D, Zheng J. Genome-wide in silico identification of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family members in fig ( Ficus carica L.) and expression characteristics during fruit color development. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14406. [PMID: 36718451 PMCID: PMC9884035 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), a large and diverse group of multi-functional enzymes (EC 2.5.1.18), are associated with cellular detoxification, various biotic and abiotic stress responses, as well as secondary metabolites transportation. Here, 53 members of the FcGST gene family were screened from the genome database of fig (Ficus carica), which were further classified into five subfamilies, and the tau and phi were the major subfamilies. These genes were unevenly distributed over all the 13 chromosomes, and 12 tandem and one segmental duplication may contribute to this family expansion. Syntenic analysis revealed that FcGST shared closer genetic evolutionary origin relationship with species from the Ficus genus of the Moraceae family, such as F. microcarpa and F. hispida. The FcGST members of the same subfamily shared similar gene structure and motif distribution. The α helices were the chief structure element in predicted secondary and tertiary structure of FcGSTs proteins. GO and KEGG indicated that FcGSTs play multiple roles in glutathione metabolism and stress reactions as well as flavonoid metabolism. Predictive promoter analysis indicated that FcGSTs gene may be responsive to light, hormone, stress stimulation, development signaling, and regulated by MYB or WRKY. RNA-seq analysis showed that several FcGSTs that mainly expressed in the female flower tissue and peel during 'Purple-Peel' fig fruit development. Compared with 'Green Peel', FcGSTF1, and FcGSTU5/6/7 exhibited high expression abundance in the mature fruit purple peel. Additionally, results of phylogenetic sequences analysis, multiple sequences alignment, and anthocyanin content together showed that the expression changes of FcGSTF1, and FcGSTU5/6/7 may play crucial roles in fruit peel color alteration during fruit ripening. Our study provides a comprehensive overview of the GST gene family in fig, thus facilitating the further clarification of the molecular function and breeding utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbo Liu
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuxuan Zheng
- Xiayi Branch of Henan Agricultural Radio and Television School, Shangqiu, Henan, China
| | - Dekun Yang
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
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Francini A, Sodini M, Vicario G, Raffaelli A, Gucci R, Caruso G, Sebastiani L. Cations and Phenolic Compounds Concentrations in Fruits of Fig Plants Exposed to Moderate Levels of Salinity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121865. [PMID: 34942968 PMCID: PMC8698956 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fig trees are often grown in areas affected by salinity problems. We investigated changes in the concentrations of 15 phenolic compounds and mineral elements (Mg, Ca, K, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Fe, Na) in fruits of fig plants (Ficus carica L. cv. Dottato) subjected to irrigation with saline water (100 mM of NaCl) for 28 days. We used UHPLC-MS/MS techniques to determine chlorogenic acid, tiliroside, catechin, epicatechin (ECTC), p-coumaric acid, trans-ferulic acid, phloridzin, phloretine, quercetagetin 7-O-glucoside, rutin, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol 7-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, and quercetin. There was a steep gradient of Na+ concentrations between the root and the canopy of salinized plants, but leaf Na+ was similar in control and salt-treated plants. Quercetin, ECTC, and chlorogenic acid were the most abundant phenolic compounds in fig fruits. Salinity increased total phenols by 5.6%, but this increase was significant only for ECTC. Salt stress significantly increased Zn and Mg concentration in the fruit. Leaf levels of K, Mg, Ca, and Mn were similar in control and salinized plants. Moderate salt stress appears to improve fig fruit quality because of its positive effect on nutrients and antioxidant compounds such as epicatechin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Francini
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.); (M.S.); (G.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Mirko Sodini
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.); (M.S.); (G.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Giulia Vicario
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.); (M.S.); (G.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Andrea Raffaelli
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.); (M.S.); (G.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Riccardo Gucci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanni Caruso
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (R.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Luca Sebastiani
- BioLabs, Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.F.); (M.S.); (G.V.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Mascellani A, Natali L, Cavallini A, Mascagni F, Caruso G, Gucci R, Havlik J, Bernardi R. Moderate Salinity Stress Affects Expression of Main Sugar Metabolism and Transport Genes and Soluble Carbohydrate Content in Ripe Fig Fruits ( Ficus carica L. cv. Dottato). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091861. [PMID: 34579394 PMCID: PMC8471620 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fig trees (Ficus carica L.) are commonly grown in the Mediterranean area, where salinity is an increasing problem in coastal areas. Young, fruiting plants of cv. Dottato were subjected to moderate salt stress (100 mM NaCl added to irrigation water) for 48 days before fruit sampling. To clarify the effect of salinity stress, we investigated changes in the transcription of the main sugar metabolism-related genes involved in the synthesis, accumulation and transport of soluble carbohydrates in ripe fruits by quantitative real-time PCR as well as the content of soluble sugars by quantitative 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A general increase in the transcript levels of genes involved in the transport of soluble carbohydrates was observed. Alkaline-neutral and Acid Invertases transcripts, related to the synthesis of glucose and fructose, were up-regulated in ripe fruits of NaCl-stressed plants without a change in the content of D-glucose and D-fructose. The increases in sucrose and D-sorbitol contents were likely the result of the up-regulation of the transcription of Sucrose-Synthase- and Sorbitol-Dehydrogenase-encoding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mascellani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.N.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.C.); (R.G.)
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Lucia Natali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.N.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.C.); (R.G.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavallini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.N.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.C.); (R.G.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Flavia Mascagni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.N.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.C.); (R.G.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Caruso
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.N.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.C.); (R.G.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Gucci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.N.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.C.); (R.G.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jaroslav Havlik
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Rodolfo Bernardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.N.); (A.C.); (F.M.); (G.C.); (R.G.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Fan Y, Han Z, Lu X, Arbab AAI, Nazar M, Yang Y, Yang Z. Short Time-Series Expression Transcriptome Data Reveal the Gene Expression Patterns of Dairy Cow Mammary Gland as Milk Yield Decreased Process. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060942. [PMID: 34203058 PMCID: PMC8235497 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The existing research on dairy cow mammary gland genes is extensive, but there have been few reports about dynamic changes in dairy cow mammary gland genes as milk yield decrease. For the first time, transcriptome analysis based on short time-series expression miner (STEM) and histological observations were performed using the Holstein dairy cow mammary gland to explore gene expression patterns in this process of decrease (at peak, mid-, and late lactation). Histological observations suggested that the number of mammary acinous cells at peak/mid-lactation was significantly higher than that at mid-/late lactation, and the lipid droplets area secreted by dairy cows was almost unaltered across the three stages of lactation (p > 0.05). Totals of 882 and 1439 genes were differentially expressed at mid- and late lactation, respectively, compared to peak lactation. Function analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly related to apoptosis and energy metabolism (fold change ≥ 2 or fold change ≤ 0.5, p-value ≤ 0.05). Transcriptome analysis based on STEM identified 16 profiles of differential gene expression patterns, including 5 significant profiles (false discovery rate, FDR ≤ 0.05). Function analysis revealed DEGs involved in milk fat synthesis were downregulated in Profile 0 and DEGs in Profile 12 associated with protein synthesis. These findings provide a foundation for future studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying mammary gland development in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (A.A.I.A.); (M.N.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ziyin Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (A.A.I.A.); (M.N.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xubin Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (A.A.I.A.); (M.N.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Abdelaziz Adam Idriss Arbab
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (A.A.I.A.); (M.N.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mudasir Nazar
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (A.A.I.A.); (M.N.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Zhangping Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (Z.H.); (X.L.); (A.A.I.A.); (M.N.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0514-87979269
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Vangelisti A, Simoni S, Usai G, Ventimiglia M, Natali L, Cavallini A, Mascagni F, Giordani T. LTR-retrotransposon dynamics in common fig (Ficus carica L.) genome. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:221. [PMID: 34000996 PMCID: PMC8127270 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02991-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long Terminal Repeat retrotransposons (LTR-REs) are repetitive DNA sequences that constitute a large part of the genome. The improvement of sequencing technologies and sequence assembling strategies has achieved genome sequences with much greater reliability than those of the past, especially in relation to repetitive DNA sequences. RESULTS In this study, we analysed the genome of Ficus carica L., obtained using third generation sequencing technologies and recently released, to characterise the complete complement of full-length LTR-REs to study their dynamics during fig genome evolution. A total of 1867 full-length elements were identified. Those belonging to the Gypsy superfamily were the most abundant; among these, the Chromovirus/Tekay lineage was the most represented. For the Copia superfamily, Ale was the most abundant lineage. Measuring the estimated insertion time of each element showed that, on average, Ivana and Chromovirus/Tekay were the youngest lineages of Copia and Gypsy superfamilies, respectively. Most elements were inactive in transcription, both constitutively and in leaves of plants exposed to an abiotic stress, except for some elements, mostly belonging to the Copia/Ale lineage. A relationship between the inactivity of an element and inactivity of genes lying in close proximity to it was established. CONCLUSIONS The data reported in this study provide one of the first sets of information on the genomic dynamics related to LTR-REs in a plant species with highly reliable genome sequence. Fig LTR-REs are highly heterogeneous in abundance and estimated insertion time, and only a few elements are transcriptionally active. In general, the data suggested a direct relationship between estimated insertion time and abundance of an element and an inverse relationship between insertion time (or abundance) and transcription, at least for Copia LTR-REs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vangelisti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Samuel Simoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Usai
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Ventimiglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Natali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavallini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Flavia Mascagni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Giordani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Sadder MT, Alshomali I, Ateyyeh A, Musallam A. Physiological and molecular responses for long term salinity stress in common fig ( Ficus carica L.). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:107-117. [PMID: 33627966 PMCID: PMC7873141 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Salinity stress in increasingly becoming a major challenge in current and expanding agricultural ecosystems. Unlike temporal abiotic stresses, plants are usually exposed to salinity stress for an entire lifespan. Therefore, a long term effect (10 weeks) of continuous salinity exposure was investigated for three common fig landraces (Zraki, Mwazi, and Khdari). Both relative water content and chlorophyll content decreased with elevated salinity stress, while stem length barely changed. The most prominent decline was observed in root biomass. The data would align common fig to moderately tolerant threshold slop with a C50 range of 100 to 150 mM NaCl. A high and significant correlation was evident between root biomass and chlorophyll content (85%). Concurrently, differential expression of putative salinity responsive genes in common fig were determined; signal peptide peptidase-like 2B (FcSPPL2B), dehydration responsive element binding protein (FcDREB), calcineurin B-like protein (CBL)-CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 11 (FcCIPK11), sorbitol dehydrogenase (FcSORD) and dehydrin (FcDHN). The data were discussed for each gene in respect of its potential role in salinity stress mitigation. The combined physiological and molecular data would conclude Zraki as the most salinity tolerant genotype. The major implication of the data emphasizes the tremendous genotype by environment (salinity stress) interaction in common fig. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1007/s12298-020-00921-z).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monther T. Sadder
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, 11942 Jordan
| | - Ibrahim Alshomali
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, 11942 Jordan
| | - Ahmad Ateyyeh
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, 11942 Jordan
| | - Anas Musallam
- National Agricultural Research Center, P.O Box: 639, Baq’a, 19381 Jordan
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Usai G, Mascagni F, Giordani T, Vangelisti A, Bosi E, Zuccolo A, Ceccarelli M, King R, Hassani-Pak K, Zambrano LS, Cavallini A, Natali L. Epigenetic patterns within the haplotype phased fig (Ficus carica L.) genome. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:600-614. [PMID: 31808196 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Due to DNA heterozygosity and repeat content, assembly of non-model plant genomes is challenging. Herein, we report a high-quality genome reference of one of the oldest known domesticated species, fig (Ficus carica L.), using Pacific Biosciences single-molecule, real-time sequencing. The fig genome is ~333 Mbp in size, of which 80% has been anchored to 13 chromosomes. Genome-wide analysis of N6 -methyladenine and N4 -methylcytosine revealed high methylation levels in both genes and transposable elements, and a prevalence of methylated over non-methylated genes. Furthermore, the characterization of N6 -methyladenine sites led to the identification of ANHGA, a species-specific motif, which is prevalent for both genes and transposable elements. Finally, exploiting the contiguity of the 13 pseudomolecules, we identified 13 putative centromeric regions. The high-quality reference genome and the characterization of methylation profiles, provides an important resource for both fig breeding and for fundamental research into the relationship between epigenetic changes and phenotype, using fig as a model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Usai
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Flavia Mascagni
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Giordani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Vangelisti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bosi
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Zuccolo
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marilena Ceccarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Liceth S Zambrano
- Facultad de Ciencias Zootécnicas, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Cavallini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Natali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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