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Zhu F, Ji L, Zhou C, Cao Y, Chen Z, Wu X, Zou J, Gao Y. Accuracy of Microimplant Placement Using a 3D Guide Plate for Orthodontic Anchorage. Appl Bionics Biomech 2023; 2023:9060046. [PMID: 37404956 PMCID: PMC10317578 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9060046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to design a three-dimensional (3D) guide plate using computer-aided design and a 3D printing system for precise implantation of microimplants for orthodontic treatment and investigate the accuracy and feasibility of a 3D guide plate in clinical practice. A total of 30 microimplants were placed in 15 patients in the Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University. Before surgery, DICOM data from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and STereoLithography data from the 3D model scan were imported to 3Shape Dental System. Data fitting and matching were performed, and 3D guide plates were designed primarily focusing on the thickness of guide plates, amount of concave compensation, and dimensions of the ring. Assist implantation method was used to place the microimplants, and postoperative CBCT images were used to evaluate the position and implantation angle. The feasibility of placing microimplants and precise implantation guided by the 3D guide plate. CBCT data before and after the placement of microimplants were compared. Regarding the secure positioning of microimplants based on CBCT data, 26 implants were categorized as Grade i, four as Grade ii, and none as Grade iii. No loosening of microimplants 1 and 3 months after surgery was reported. The implantation of microimplants is more accurate under the guidance of a 3D guide plate. This technology can achieve accurate implant positioning, thus ensuring safety, stability, and improved success rates after implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyong Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, 214000 Wuxi, China
| | - Lian Ji
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, 214000 Wuxi, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, 214000 Wuxi, China
| | - Yannan Cao
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, 214000 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhifei Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, 214000 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiangbing Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Wuxi People's Hospital, 214000 Wuxi, China
| | - Jianming Zou
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, 214000 Wuxi, China
| | - Yufeng Gao
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, 214000 Wuxi, China
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Dumbryte I, Narbutis D, Vailionis A, Juodkazis S, Malinauskas M. Revelation of microcracks as tooth structural element by X-ray tomography and machine learning. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22489. [PMID: 36577779 PMCID: PMC9797571 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although teeth microcracks (MCs) have long been considered more of an aesthetic problem, their exact role in the structure of a tooth and impact on its functionality is still unknown. The aim of this study was to reveal the possibilities of an X-ray micro-computed tomography ([Formula: see text]CT) in combination with convolutional neural network (CNN) assisted voxel classification and volume segmentation for three-dimensional (3D) qualitative analysis of tooth microstructure and verify this approach with four extracted human premolars. Samples were scanned using a [Formula: see text]CT instrument (Xradia 520 Versa; ZEISS) and segmented with CNN to identify enamel, dentin, and cracks. A new CNN image segmentation model was trained based on "Multiclass semantic segmentation using DeepLabV3+" example and was implemented with "TensorFlow". The technique which was used allowed 3D characterization of all MCs of a tooth, regardless of the volume of the tooth in which they begin and extend, and the evaluation of the arrangement of cracks and their structural features. The proposed method revealed an intricate star-shaped network of MCs covering most of the inner tooth, and the main crack planes in all samples were arranged radially in two almost perpendicular directions, suggesting that the cracks could be considered as a planar structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Dumbryte
- grid.6441.70000 0001 2243 2806Institute of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Donatas Narbutis
- grid.6441.70000 0001 2243 2806Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arturas Vailionis
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University, Stanford, USA ,grid.6901.e0000 0001 1091 4533Department of Physics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- grid.1027.40000 0004 0409 2862Optical Sciences Centre and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia ,grid.32197.3e0000 0001 2179 2105WRH Program International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI) Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mangirdas Malinauskas
- grid.6441.70000 0001 2243 2806Laser Research Center, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Mohamad Saberi FN, Sukumaran P, Ung NM, Liew YM. Assessment of demineralized tooth lesions using optical coherence tomography and other state-of-the-art technologies: a review. Biomed Eng Online 2022; 21:83. [PMID: 36463182 PMCID: PMC9719651 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-022-01055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth demineralization is one of the most common intraoral diseases, encompassing (1) caries caused by acid-producing bacteria and (2) erosion induced by acid of non-bacterial origin from intrinsic sources (e.g. stomach acid reflux) and extrinsic sources (e.g. carbonated drinks). Current clinical assessment based on visual-tactile examination and standardized scoring systems is insufficient for early detection. A combination of clinical examination and technology is therefore increasingly adapted. This paper reviews various procedures and technologies that have been invented to diagnose and assess the severity of tooth demineralization, with focus on optical coherence tomography (OCT). As a micron-resolution non-invasive 3D imaging modality, variants of OCT are now available, offering many advantages under different working principles for detailed analytical assessment of tooth demineralization. The roles, capabilities and impact of OCT against other state-of-the-art technologies in both clinical and research settings are described. (139 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Najwa Mohamad Saberi
- grid.10347.310000 0001 2308 5949Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Prema Sukumaran
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, England
| | - Ngie Min Ung
- grid.10347.310000 0001 2308 5949Clinical Oncology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yih Miin Liew
- grid.10347.310000 0001 2308 5949Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Kim HJ, Park HS. Influence of late removal after treatment on the removal torque of microimplants. Korean J Orthod 2022; 52:201-209. [PMID: 35418519 PMCID: PMC9117795 DOI: 10.4041/kjod21.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare the removal torque of microimplants upon post-use removal and post-retention removal and to assess the influencing factors. Methods The sample group included 241 patients (age, 30.25 ± 12.2 years) with 568 microimplants. They were divided into the post-use (microimplants removed immediately after use or treatment) and post-retention (microimplants removed during the retention period) removal groups. The removal torque in both groups was assessed according to sex, age, placement site and method, and microimplant size. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed for evaluating variables influencing the removal torque. Results The mean period of total in-bone stay of microimplants in the post-retention removal group (1,237 days) was approximately two times longer than that in the post-use removal group (656.28 days). The removal torques in the post-retention removal group (range, 4–5 N cm) were also higher than those in the post-use removal group. The mandible and pre-drilling groups demonstrated higher placement and removal torques than did the maxilla and no-drilling groups, respectively. In the no-drilling post-use removal group, the placement torque and microimplant length positively correlated with the removal torque. In the post-retention removal group, unloading in-bone stay period and microimplant diameter positively correlated with the removal torque in the no-drilling and pre-drilling methods, respectively. Conclusions The removal torques differed according to the orthodontic loading and removal time of microimplants. With prolonged retention of microimplants inserted using the no-drilling method, the removal torque was clinically acceptable and positively correlated with the unloading in-bone stay period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jin Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyo-Sang Park
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Kim HJ, Park HS. Long-term evaluation of factors affecting removal torque of microimplants. Prog Orthod 2021; 22:42. [PMID: 34778924 PMCID: PMC8590991 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-021-00383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current study aimed to evaluate factors affecting the long-term stability of microimplants using removal torque and the correlation between removal torque and clinical variables. Materials and methods This research evaluated 703 microimplants placed in 354 patients (mean age: 30.4 ± 12.1 years). The removal torque was evaluated according to various clinical variables including sex, age, placement site, microimplant size, and placement method (self-drilling versus pre-drilling). Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were performed to investigate different variables and their association with removal torque. Results The mean removal torque was significantly higher in the mandible (4.46 N cm) than in the maxilla (3.73 N cm). The values in the posterior teeth/retromolar areas were significantly higher than those in the anterior teeth area. There were no significant difference in terms of sex. Teenagers had a lower removal torque than older adults in the mandible, but not in the maxilla. Microimplants with a greater length and diameter, except for those with a greater diameter in the maxilla, was associated with a higher removal torque. Regardless of placement torque, the removal torque convergently reached approximately 4 N cm in both placement methods. The removal torque was significantly correlated with screw length in the self-drilling group and with diameter in the pre-drilling group. Conclusions Removal torque was related with placement site, age, placement method, and length and diameter of microimplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jin Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2175, Dalgubeoldae-ro, Jung-Gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Hyo-Sang Park
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2175, Dalgubeoldae-ro, Jung-Gu, Daegu, 41940, Korea.
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Bai W, Pan P, Shu L, Yang Y, Zhang J, Xu J, Sugita N. Design of a self-centring drill bit for orthopaedic surgery: A systematic comparison of the drilling performance. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 123:104727. [PMID: 34492615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone drilling is an indispensable and demanding operation among many orthopaedic operations. A dedicated drill bit that can achieve low-trauma and self-centring drilling is in urgent need. In this study, a three-step orthopaedic low-traumatic drill bit design was proposed. In order to evaluate the drilling performance of the proposed drill, comprehensive comparison tests were carried out with various commercial medical drills in terms of skiving force, thrust force, temperature rise, and surface quality. The experimental results show that the proposed three-step drill design with the optimal point angle, a small chisel edge, transition arc and web thinning can obtain lower and more stable thrust force, slighter bending force, smaller temperature rise, and higher hole quality compared with the commercial drill bits. The proposed drill shows satisfactory drilling performance and has great application potential in clinical surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bai
- State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Pengfei Pan
- State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Liming Shu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138656, Japan.
| | - Yuhang Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, 33124, United States
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Naohiko Sugita
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138656, Japan
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Barkaoui A, Ait Oumghar I, Ben Kahla R. Review on the use of medical imaging in orthopedic biomechanics: finite element studies. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: IMAGING & VISUALIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/21681163.2021.1888317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelwahed Barkaoui
- Laboratoire des Énergies Renouvelables et Matériaux Avancés, Université Internationale de Rabat, Sala Al Jadida Morocco
| | - Imane Ait Oumghar
- Laboratoire des Énergies Renouvelables et Matériaux Avancés, Université Internationale de Rabat, Sala Al Jadida Morocco
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci, Marseille, France
| | - Rabeb Ben Kahla
- Laboratoire de Systémes et de Mécanique Appliquée, Ecole Polytechnique de Tunis, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
- Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Tunis, Université de Tunis el Manar, Campus Universitaire, Tunis, Tunisia
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Dumbryte I, Vailionis A, Skliutas E, Juodkazis S, Malinauskas M. Three-dimensional non-destructive visualization of teeth enamel microcracks using X-ray micro-computed tomography. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14810. [PMID: 34285299 PMCID: PMC8292334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the topic of tooth fractures has been extensively analyzed in the dental literature, there is still insufficient information about the potential effect of enamel microcracks (EMCs) on the underlying tooth structures. For a precise examination of the extent of the damage to the tooth structure in the area of EMCs, it is necessary to carry out their volumetric [(three-dimensional (3D)] evaluation. The aim of this study was to validate an X-ray micro-computed tomography ([Formula: see text]CT) as a technique suitable for 3D non-destructive visualization and qualitative analysis of teeth EMCs of different severity. Extracted human maxillary premolars were examined using a [Formula: see text]CT instrument ZEISS Xradia 520 Versa. In order to separate crack, dentin, and enamel volumes a Deep Learning (DL) algorithm, part of the Dragonfly's segmentation toolkit, was utilized. For segmentation needs we implemented Dragonfly's pre-built UNet neural network. The scanning technique which was used made it possible to recognize and detect not only EMCs that are visible on the outer surface but also those that are buried deep inside the tooth. The 3D visualization, combined with DL assisted segmentation, enabled the evaluation of the dynamics of an EMC and precise examination of its position with respect to the dentin-enamel junction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arturas Vailionis
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Physics, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Skliutas
- Laser Research Center, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Centre and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mangirdas Malinauskas
- Laser Research Center, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Ravichandran NK, Lakshmikantha HT, Park HS, Jeon M, Kim J. Micron-scale human enamel layer characterization after orthodontic bracket debonding by intensity-based layer segmentation in optical coherence tomography images. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10831. [PMID: 34035385 PMCID: PMC8149424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical orthodontic practice, fixed brackets are widely used for tooth movement and adjustments. Although years of research and development have improved the workability of fixed orthodontic brackets, there are still controversies regarding its plausible destructive influence on the enamel surface of tooth. This, in turn, makes the quantitative assessment of the enamel surface after specific orthodontic treatment procedures important in order to opt for the most effective treatment procedure. Through this study, we show the practical applicability of optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a non-ionizing and nondestructive assessment tool for measuring enamel loss after each step of orthodontic bracket bonding. Two-dimensional and volumetric OCT images are used for the evaluation of the tooth enamel. From the depth intensity profile analysis of cross-sectional OCT images, the changes in the individual internal layer thickness are calculated. A software algorithm was developed to evaluate the structural connectivity in the enamel for analyzing enamel loss on the tooth surface and for detecting enamel abrasion. An intensity-based layer segmentation algorithm is also developed to analyze and evaluate enamel wear in the tooth after each step. Using the proposed algorithms, the total enamel present after each treatment procedure was measured and tabulated for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar Ravichandran
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.,Center for Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169148 Gwahakro Yuseonggu, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyo-Sang Park
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Mansik Jeon
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeehyun Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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Seong D, Kwon J, Jeon D, Wijesinghe RE, Lee J, Ravichandran NK, Han S, Lee J, Kim P, Jeon M, Kim J. In Situ Characterization of Micro-Vibration in Natural Latex Membrane Resembling Tympanic Membrane Functionally Using Optical Doppler Tomography. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 20:E64. [PMID: 31877652 PMCID: PMC6982896 DOI: 10.3390/s20010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive characterization of micro-vibrations in the tympanic membrane (TM) excited by external sound waves is considered as a promising and essential diagnosis in modern otolaryngology. To verify the possibility of measuring and discriminating the vibrating pattern of TM, here we describe a micro-vibration measurement method of latex membrane resembling the TM. The measurements are obtained with an externally generated audio stimuli of 2.0, 2.2, 2.8, 3.1 and 3.2 kHz, and their respective vibrations based tomographic, volumetric and quantitative evaluations were acquired using optical Doppler tomography (ODT). The micro oscillations and structural changes which occurred due to diverse frequencies are measured with sufficient accuracy using a highly sensitive ODT system implied phase subtraction method. The obtained results demonstrated the capability of measuring and analyzing the complex varying micro-vibration of the membrane according to implied sound frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daewoon Seong
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.J.); (J.L.); (N.K.R.); (S.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Jaehwan Kwon
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.J.); (J.L.); (N.K.R.); (S.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Deokmin Jeon
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.J.); (J.L.); (N.K.R.); (S.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Ruchire Eranga Wijesinghe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyungil University, Gyeongsan 38428, Korea;
| | - Jaeyul Lee
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.J.); (J.L.); (N.K.R.); (S.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Naresh Kumar Ravichandran
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.J.); (J.L.); (N.K.R.); (S.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Sangyeob Han
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.J.); (J.L.); (N.K.R.); (S.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Junsoo Lee
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.J.); (J.L.); (N.K.R.); (S.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Pilun Kim
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - Mansik Jeon
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.J.); (J.L.); (N.K.R.); (S.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Jeehyun Kim
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (D.S.); (J.K.); (D.J.); (J.L.); (N.K.R.); (S.H.); (J.L.)
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