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Neuroprotective Effects of Pharmacological Hypothermia on Hyperglycolysis and Gluconeogenesis in Rats after Ischemic Stroke. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060851. [PMID: 35740974 PMCID: PMC9220898 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading threat to human life. Metabolic dysfunction of glucose may play a key role in stroke pathophysiology. Pharmacological hypothermia (PH) is a potential neuroprotective strategy for stroke, in which the temperature is decreased safely. The present study determined whether neuroprotective PH with chlorpromazine and promethazine (C + P), plus dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) improved glucose metabolism in acute ischemic stroke. A total of 208 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following groups: sham, stroke, and stroke with various treatments including C + P, DHC, C + P + DHC, phloretin (glucose transporter (GLUT)-1 inhibitor), cytochalasin B (GLUT-3 inhibitor), TZD (thiazolidinedione, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) inhibitor), and apocynin (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) inhibitor). Stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h followed by 6 or 24 h of reperfusion. Rectal temperature was monitored before, during, and after PH. Infarct volume and neurological deficits were measured to assess the neuroprotective effects. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), NOX activity, lactate, apoptotic cell death, glucose, and ATP levels were measured. Protein expression of GLUT-1, GLUT-3, phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), PCK1, PCK2, and NOX subunit gp91 was measured with Western blotting. PH with a combination of C + P and DHC induced faster, longer, and deeper hypothermia, as compared to each alone. PH significantly improved every measured outcome as compared to stroke and monotherapy. PH reduced brain infarction, neurological deficits, protein levels of glycolytic enzymes (GLUT-1, GLUT-3, PFK and LDH), gluconeogenic enzymes (PCK1 and PCK2), NOX activity and its subunit gp91, ROS, apoptotic cell death, glucose, and lactate, while raising ATP levels. In conclusion, stroke impaired glucose metabolism by enhancing hyperglycolysis and gluconeogenesis, which led to ischemic injury, all of which were reversed by PH induced by a combination of C + P and DHC.
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Kashio M, Tominaga M. TRP channels in thermosensation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 75:102591. [PMID: 35728275 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to sense external temperature is assumed by somatosensory neurons, in which temperature information is converted to neural activity by afferent input to the central nervous system. Somatosensory neurons consist of various populations with specialized gene expression, including thermosensitive transient receptor potential ion channels (thermo-TRPs). Thermo-TRPs are responsible for thermal transduction at the peripheral ends of somatosensory neurons and over a wide range of temperatures. In this review, we focus on several thermo-TRPs expressed in sensory neurons: TRPV1, TRPV4, TRPM2, TRPM3, TRPM8, TRPC5, and TRPA1. TRPV3, TRPV4, and TRPC5 expressed in non-neuronal cells that are also involved in somatosensation are also discussed, whereas TRPM2 and TRPM8 are involved in thermosensation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Kashio
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan; Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan.
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan; Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Japan; Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan.
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Kamm GB, Boffi JC, Zuza K, Nencini S, Campos J, Schrenk-Siemens K, Sonntag I, Kabaoğlu B, El Hay MYA, Schwarz Y, Tappe-Theodor A, Bruns D, Acuna C, Kuner T, Siemens J. A synaptic temperature sensor for body cooling. Neuron 2021; 109:3283-3297.e11. [PMID: 34672983 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain temperature detection by hypothalamic warm-sensitive neurons (WSNs) has been proposed to provide feedback information relevant for thermoregulation. WSNs increase their action potential firing rates upon warming, a property that has been presumed to rely on the composition of thermosensitive ion channels within WSNs. Here, we describe a synaptic mechanism that regulates temperature sensitivity of preoptic WSNs and body temperature. Experimentally induced warming of the mouse hypothalamic preoptic area in vivo triggers body cooling. TRPM2 ion channels facilitate this homeostatic response and, at the cellular level, enhance temperature responses of WSNs, thereby linking WSN function with thermoregulation for the first time. Rather than acting within WSNs, we-unexpectedly-find TRPM2 to temperature-dependently increase synaptic drive onto WSNs by disinhibition. Our data emphasize a network-based interoceptive paradigm that likely plays a key role in encoding body temperature and that may facilitate integration of diverse inputs into thermoregulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretel B Kamm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juan C Boffi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Zuza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Nencini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joaquin Campos
- Chica and Heinz Schaller Foundation, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Schrenk-Siemens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivo Sonntag
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Burçe Kabaoğlu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Muad Y Abd El Hay
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Schwarz
- Institute for Physiology, Center of Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anke Tappe-Theodor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Bruns
- Institute for Physiology, Center of Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Claudio Acuna
- Chica and Heinz Schaller Foundation, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Siemens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Lu Q, Kim JY. Mammalian circadian networks mediated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. FEBS J 2021; 289:6589-6604. [PMID: 34657394 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The brain has a complex structure composed of hundreds of regions, forming networks to cooperate body functions. Therefore, understanding how various brain regions communicate with each other and with peripheral organs is important to understand human physiology. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the circadian pacemaker. The SCN receives photic information from the environment and conveys this to other parts of the brain and body to synchronize all circadian clocks. The circadian clock is an endogenous oscillator that generates daily rhythms in metabolism and physiology in almost all cells via a conserved transcriptional-translational negative feedback loop. So, the information flow from the environment to the SCN to other tissues synchronizes locally distributed circadian clocks to maintain homeostasis. Thus, understanding the circadian networks and how they adjust to environmental changes will better understand human physiology. This review will focus on circadian networks mediated by the SCN to understand how the environment, brain, and peripheral tissues form networks for cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Tung Foundation Biomedical Sciences Centre, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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Hsu WL, Noda M, Yoshioka T, Ito E. A novel strategy for treating cancer: understanding the role of Ca2+ signaling from nociceptive TRP channels in regulating cancer progression. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2021; 2:401-415. [PMID: 36045706 PMCID: PMC9400763 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2021.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an aging-associated disease and caused by genomic instability that is driven by the accumulation of mutations and epimutations in the aging process. Although Ca2+ signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, DNA damage response (DDR) and senescence inflammation response (SIR) are processed during genomic instability, the underlying mechanism for the cause of genomic instability and cancer development is still poorly understood and needs to be investigated. Nociceptive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, which firstly respond to environmental stimuli, such as microbes, chemicals or physical injuries, potentiate regulation of the aging process by Ca2+ signaling. In this review, the authors provide an explanation of the dual role of nociceptive TRP channels in regulating cancer progression, initiating cancer progression by aging-induced genomic instability, and promoting malignancy by epigenetic regulation. Thus, therapeutically targeting nociceptive TRP channels seems to be a novel strategy for treating cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Li Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan; Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Mami Noda
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tohru Yoshioka
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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Refinetti R. Circadian rhythmicity of body temperature and metabolism. Temperature (Austin) 2020; 7:321-362. [PMID: 33251281 PMCID: PMC7678948 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2020.1743605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the literature on the circadian rhythms of body temperature and whole-organism metabolism. The two rhythms are first described separately, each description preceded by a review of research methods. Both rhythms are generated endogenously but can be affected by exogenous factors. The relationship between the two rhythms is discussed next. In endothermic animals, modulation of metabolic activity can affect body temperature, but the rhythm of body temperature is not a mere side effect of the rhythm of metabolic thermogenesis associated with general activity. The circadian system modulates metabolic heat production to generate the body temperature rhythm, which challenges homeothermy but does not abolish it. Individual cells do not regulate their own temperature, but the relationship between circadian rhythms and metabolism at the cellular level is also discussed. Metabolism is both an output of and an input to the circadian clock, meaning that circadian rhythmicity and metabolism are intertwined in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Refinetti
- Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
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