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Birkenheuer CH, Baines JD. Aberrant RNA polymerase initiation and processivity on the genome of a herpes simplex virus 1 mutant lacking ICP27. J Virol 2024; 98:e0071224. [PMID: 38780246 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00712-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the first 15 minutes of infection, herpes simplex virus 1 immediate early proteins repurpose cellular RNA polymerase (Pol II) for viral transcription. An important role of the viral-infected cell protein 27 (ICP27) is to facilitate viral pre-mRNA processing and export viral mRNA to the cytoplasm. Here, we use precision nuclear run-on followed by deep sequencing (PRO-seq) to characterize transcription of a viral ICP27 null mutant. At 1.5 and 3 hours post infection (hpi), we observed increased total levels of Pol II on the mutant viral genome and accumulation of Pol II downstream of poly A sites indicating increased levels of initiation and processivity. By 6 hpi, Pol II accumulation on specific mutant viral genes was higher than that on wild-type virus either at or upstream of poly A signals, depending on the gene. The PRO-seq profile of the ICP27 mutant on late genes at 6 hpi was similar but not identical to that caused by treatment with flavopiridol, a known inhibitor of RNA processivity. This pattern was different from PRO-seq profiles of other α gene mutants and upon inhibition of viral DNA replication with PAA. Together, these results indicate that ICP27 contributes to the repression of aberrant viral transcription at 1.5 and 3 hpi by inhibiting initiation and decreasing RNA processivity. However, ICP27 is needed to enhance processivity on most late genes by 6 hpi in a mechanism distinguishable from its role in viral DNA replication.IMPORTANCEWe developed and validated the use of a processivity index for precision nuclear run-on followed by deep sequencing data. The processivity index calculations confirm infected cell protein 27 (ICP27) induces downstream of transcription termination on certain host genes. The processivity indices and whole gene probe data implicate ICP27 in transient immediate early gene-mediated repression, a process that also requires ICP4, ICP22, and ICP0. The data indicate that ICP27 directly or indirectly regulates RNA polymerase (Pol II) initiation and processivity on specific genes at specific times post infection. These observations support specific and varied roles for ICP27 in regulating Pol II activity on viral genes in addition to its known roles in post transcriptional mRNA processing and export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire H Birkenheuer
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Joel D Baines
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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2
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Sananmuang T, Puthier D, Nguyen C, Chokeshaiusaha K. Differential transcript usage across mammalian oocytes at the germinal vesicle and metaphase II stages. Theriogenology 2024; 215:1-9. [PMID: 37995439 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing progress in mRNA-Sequencing technologies has significantly contributed to the refinement of assisted reproductive technologies. However, the prior investigations have predominantly concentrated on alterations in overall gene expression levels, thereby leaving a considerable gap in our understanding of the influence of transcript isoform expression on fundamental cellular mechanisms of oocytes. Given the efficacy of differential transcript usage (DTU) analysis to address such knowledge, we conducted comprehensive DTU analysis utilizing mRNA-Seq datasets of germinal vesicle (GV) and metaphase II (MII) oocytes across six mammalian species from the SRA database, including cow, donkey, horse, human, mouse, and pig. To further illuminate the roles of these genes, we also conducted a rigorous Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis. While the DTU analysis of each species exhibited several genes with alterations in their transcript isoform usage, referred to as DTU genes, this study focused on only ten cross-species DTU genes sharing among a minimum of five distinct species (FDR≤0.05). These cross-species DTU genes were as follows: ABCF1, CDC6, CFAP36, CNOT10, DNM3, IWS1, NBN, NDEL1, RAD50 and ZCCHC17. GO term enrichment analysis unveiled the alignment of these cross-species DTU gene functions with RNA and cell-cycle control mechanisms across diverse mammalian species, thereby suggesting their vital roles during oocyte maturation. Further exploration of the transcript isoforms of these genes hence bore the potential to uncover novel transcript isoform markers for future reproductive technologies in both human and animal contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanida Sananmuang
- Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-OK, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chonburi, Thailand
| | - Denis Puthier
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR 1090, TAGC, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Nguyen
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR 1090, TAGC, Marseille, France
| | - Kaj Chokeshaiusaha
- Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-OK, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chonburi, Thailand.
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3
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Ihashi S, Hamanaka M, Kaji M, Mori R, Nishizaki S, Mori M, Imasato Y, Inoue K, Matoba S, Ogonuki N, Takasu A, Nakamura M, Matsumoto K, Anzai M, Ogura A, Ikawa M, Miyamoto K. Incomplete activation of Alyref and Gabpb1 leads to preimplantation arrest in cloned mouse embryos. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302296. [PMID: 37640449 PMCID: PMC10462978 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated cell nuclei can be reprogrammed after nuclear transfer (NT) to oocytes and the produced NT embryos can give rise to cloned animals. However, development of NT embryos is often hampered by recurrent reprogramming failures, including the incomplete activation of developmental genes, yet specific genes responsible for the arrest of NT embryos are not well understood. Here, we searched for developmentally important genes among the reprogramming-resistant H3K9me3-repressed genes and identified Alyref and Gabpb1 by siRNA screening. Gene knockout of Alyref and Gabpb1 by the CRISPR/Cas9 system resulted in early developmental arrest in mice. Alyref was needed for the proper formation of inner cell mass by regulating Nanog, whereas Gabpb1 deficiency led to apoptosis. The supplement of Alyref and Gabpb1 mRNA supported efficient preimplantation development of cloned embryos. Alyref and Gabpb1 were silenced in NT embryos partially because of the repressed expression of Klf16 by H3K9me3. Thus, our study shows that the H3K9me3-repressed genes contain developmentally required genes, and the incomplete activation of such genes results in preimplantation arrest of cloned embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Ihashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mizuto Hamanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masaya Kaji
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Mori
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Nishizaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Miki Mori
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuma Imasato
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kimiko Inoue
- https://ror.org/00s05em53 Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shogo Matoba
- https://ror.org/00s05em53 Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Narumi Ogonuki
- https://ror.org/00s05em53 Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takasu
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Misaki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazuya Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Anzai
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- https://ror.org/00s05em53 Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
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4
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Miller CLW, Warner JL, Winston F. Insights into Spt6: a histone chaperone that functions in transcription, DNA replication, and genome stability. Trends Genet 2023; 39:858-872. [PMID: 37481442 PMCID: PMC10592469 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Transcription elongation requires elaborate coordination between the transcriptional machinery and chromatin regulatory factors to successfully produce RNA while preserving the epigenetic landscape. Recent structural and genomic studies have highlighted that suppressor of Ty 6 (Spt6), a conserved histone chaperone and transcription elongation factor, sits at the crux of the transcription elongation process. Other recent studies have revealed that Spt6 also promotes DNA replication and genome integrity. Here, we review recent studies of Spt6 that have provided new insights into the mechanisms by which Spt6 controls transcription and have revealed the breadth of Spt6 functions in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L W Miller
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory of Genome Maintenance, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - James L Warner
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fred Winston
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Wang Y, Zhang H, La Ferlita A, Sp N, Goryunova M, Sarchet P, Hu Z, Sorkin M, Kim A, Huang H, Zhu H, Tsung A, Pollock RE, Beane JD. Phosphorylation of IWS1 by AKT maintains liposarcoma tumor heterogeneity through preservation of cancer stem cell phenotypes and mesenchymal-epithelial plasticity. Oncogenesis 2023; 12:30. [PMID: 37237004 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for patients with advanced liposarcoma (LPS), but response rates are only 25% and the overall survival at 5 years is dismal at 20-34%. Translation of other therapies have not been successful and there has been no significant improvement in prognosis for nearly 20 years. The aberrant activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway has been implicated in the aggressive clinical behavior LPS and in resistance to chemotherapy, but the precise mechanism remains elusive and efforts to target AKT clinically have failed. Here we show that the AKT-mediated phosphorylation of the transcription elongation factor IWS1, promotes the maintenance of cancer stem cells in both cell and xenograft models of LPS. In addition, phosphorylation of IWS1 by AKT contributes to a "metastable" cell phenotype, characterized by mesenchymal/epithelial plasticity. The expression of phosphorylated IWS1 also promotes anchorage-dependent and independent growth, cell migration, invasion, and tumor metastasis. In patients with LPS, IWS1 expression is associated with reduced overall survival, increased frequency of recurrence, and shorter time to relapse after resection. These findings indicate that IWS1-mediated transcription elongation is an important regulator of human LPS pathobiology in an AKT-dependent manner and implicate IWS1 as an important molecular target to treat LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongji Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alessandro La Ferlita
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nipin Sp
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Marina Goryunova
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Patricia Sarchet
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zhiwei Hu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael Sorkin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alex Kim
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Raphael E Pollock
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joal D Beane
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, James Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Toxoplasma IWS1 Determines Fitness in Interferon-γ-Activated Host Cells and Mice by Indirectly Regulating ROP18 mRNA Expression. mBio 2023; 14:e0325622. [PMID: 36715543 PMCID: PMC9973038 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03256-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii secretes various virulence effector molecules into host cells to disrupt host interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-dependent immunity. Among these effectors, ROP18 directly phosphorylates and inactivates IFN-inducible GTPases, such as immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) and guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs), leading to the subversion of IFN-inducible GTPase-induced cell-autonomous immunity. The modes of action of ROP18 have been studied extensively; however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which ROP18 is produced in the parasite itself. Here, we report the role of T. gondii transcription factor IWS1 in ROP18 mRNA expression in the parasite. Compared with wild-type virulent type I T. gondii, IWS1-deficient parasites showed dramatically increased loading of IRGs and GBPs onto the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM). Moreover, IWS1-deficient parasites displayed decreased virulence in wild-type mice but retained normal virulence in mice lacking the IFN-γ receptor. Furthermore, IWS1-deficient parasites showed severely decreased ROP18 mRNA expression; however, tagged IWS1 did not directly bind with genomic regions of the ROP18 locus. Ectopic expression of ROP18 in IWS1-deficient parasites restored the decreased loading of effectors onto the PVM and in vivo virulence in wild-type mice. Taken together, these data demonstrate that T. gondii IWS1 indirectly regulates ROP18 mRNA expression to determine fitness in IFN-γ-activated host cells and mice. IMPORTANCE The parasite Toxoplasma gondii has a counterdefense system against interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-dependent host immunity which relies on the secretion of parasite effector proteins. ROP18 is one of the effector, which is released into host cells to inactivate IFN-γ-dependent anti-Toxoplasma host proteins. The mechanism by which Toxoplasma ROP18 subverts host immunity has been extensively analyzed, but how Toxoplasma produces this virulence factor remains unclear. Here, we show that Toxoplasma transcription factor IWS1 is important for ROP18 mRNA expression in the parasite. Loss of IWS1 from virulent Toxoplasma leads to dramatically decreased ROP18 mRNA expression, resulting in profoundly decreased virulence due to greater activity of IFN-γ-dependent host immune responses. Thus, Toxoplasma prepares the critical virulence factor ROP18 via an IWS1-dependent system to negate IFN-γ-dependent antiparasitic immunity and thus survive in the host.
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7
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Liu Z, Zhou T, Gao D. Genetic and epigenetic regulation of growth, reproduction, disease resistance and stress responses in aquaculture. Front Genet 2022; 13:994471. [PMID: 36406125 PMCID: PMC9666392 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.994471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Major progress has been made with genomic and genetic studies in aquaculture in the last decade. However, research on epigenetic regulation of aquaculture traits is still at an early stage. It is apparent that most, if not all, aquaculture traits are regulated at both genetic and epigenetic levels. This paper reviews recent progress in understanding of genetic and epigenetic regulation of important aquaculture traits such as growth, reproduction, disease resistance, and stress responses. Although it is challenging to make generalized statements, DNA methylation is mostly correlated with down-regulation of gene expression, especially when at promoters and enhancers. As such, methylation of growth factors and their receptors is negatively correlated with growth; hypomethylation of genes important for stress tolerance is correlated with increased stress tolerance; hypomethylation of genes important for male or female sex differentiation leads to sex differentiation into males or females, respectively. It is apparent that environmental regulation of aquaculture traits is mediated at the level of epigenetic regulation, and such environment-induced epigenetic changes appeared to be intergenerationally inherited, but evidences for transgenerational inheritance are still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjiang Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Zhanjiang Liu,
| | - Tao Zhou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dongya Gao
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States
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López-Rivera F, Chuang J, Spatt D, Gopalakrishnan R, Winston F. Suppressor mutations that make the essential transcription factor Spn1/Iws1 dispensable in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2022; 222:iyac125. [PMID: 35977387 PMCID: PMC9526074 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spn1/Iws1 is an essential eukaryotic transcription elongation factor that is conserved from yeast to humans as an integral member of the RNA polymerase II elongation complex. Several studies have shown that Spn1 functions as a histone chaperone to control transcription, RNA splicing, genome stability, and histone modifications. However, the precise role of Spn1 is not understood, and there is little understanding of why it is essential for viability. To address these issues, we have isolated 8 suppressor mutations that bypass the essential requirement for Spn1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Unexpectedly, the suppressors identify several functionally distinct complexes and activities, including the histone chaperone FACT, the histone methyltransferase Set2, the Rpd3S histone deacetylase complex, the histone acetyltransferase Rtt109, the nucleosome remodeler Chd1, and a member of the SAGA coactivator complex, Sgf73. The identification of these distinct groups suggests that there are multiple ways in which Spn1 bypass can occur, including changes in histone acetylation and alterations in other histone chaperones. Thus, Spn1 may function to overcome repressive chromatin by multiple mechanisms during transcription. Our results suggest that bypassing a subset of these functions allows viability in the absence of Spn1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Chuang
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dan Spatt
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Fred Winston
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Li S, Edwards G, Radebaugh CA, Luger K, A Stargell L. Spn1 and its dynamic interactions with Spt6, histones and nucleosomes. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167630. [PMID: 35595162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Histone chaperones facilitate the assembly and disassembly of nucleosomes and regulate DNA accessibility for critical cellular processes. Spn1 is an essential, highly conserved histone chaperone that functions in transcription initiation and elongation in a chromatin context. Here we demonstrate that Spn1 binds H3-H4 with low nanomolar affinity, residues 85-99 within the acidic N-terminal region of Spn1 are required for H3-H4 binding, and Spn1 binding to H3-H4 dimers does not impede (H3-H4)2 tetramer formation. Previous work has shown the central region of Spn1 (residues 141-305) is important for interaction with Spt6, another conserved and essential histone chaperone. We show that the C-terminal region of Spn1 also contributes to Spt6 binding and is critical for Spn1 binding to nucleosomes. We also show Spt6 preferentially binds H3-H4 tetramers and Spt6 competes with nucleosomes for Spn1 binding. Combined with previous results, this indicates the Spn1-Spt6 complex does not bind nucleosomes. In contrast to nucleosome binding, we found that the Spn1-Spt6 complex can bind H3-H4 dimers and tetramers and H2A-H2B to form ternary complexes. These important results provide new information about the functions of Spn1, Spt6, and the Spn1-Spt6 complex, two essential and highly conserved histone chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1870, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Garrett Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Catherine A Radebaugh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1870, USA
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Laurie A Stargell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1870, USA
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Rajam SM, Varghese PC, Dutta D. Histone Chaperones as Cardinal Players in Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:767773. [PMID: 35445016 PMCID: PMC9014011 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.767773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamicity and flexibility of the chromatin landscape are critical for most of the DNA-dependent processes to occur. This higher-order packaging of the eukaryotic genome into the chromatin is mediated by histones and associated non-histone proteins that determine the states of chromatin. Histone chaperones- “the guardian of genome stability and epigenetic information” controls the chromatin accessibility by escorting the nucleosomal and non-nucleosomal histones as well as their variants. This distinct group of molecules is involved in all facets of histone metabolism. The selectivity and specificity of histone chaperones to the histones determine the maintenance of the chromatin in an open or closed state. This review highlights the functional implication of the network of histone chaperones in shaping the chromatin function in the development of an organism. Seminal studies have reported embryonic lethality at different stages of embryogenesis upon perturbation of some of the chaperones, suggesting their essentiality in development. We hereby epitomize facts and functions that emphasize the relevance of histone chaperones in orchestrating different embryonic developmental stages starting from gametogenesis to organogenesis in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthy Manuraj Rajam
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Pallavi Chinnu Varghese
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Debasree Dutta
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Chen R, Wu W, Yang P, Qiu Y. Hsa_circ_0009057 can be a novel potential diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for premature brain injury. Neurosci Lett 2022; 775:136551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Gopalakrishnan R, Winston F. The histone chaperone Spt6 is required for normal recruitment of the capping enzyme Abd1 to transcribed regions. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101205. [PMID: 34543624 PMCID: PMC8511950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone chaperone Spt6 is involved in promoting elongation of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), maintaining chromatin structure, regulating cotranscriptional histone modifications, and controlling mRNA processing. These diverse functions of Spt6 are partly mediated through its interactions with RNAPII and other factors in the transcription elongation complex. In this study, we used mass spectrometry to characterize the differences in RNAPII-interacting factors between wildtype cells and those depleted for Spt6, leading to the identification of proteins that depend on Spt6 for their interaction with RNAPII. The altered association of some of these factors could be attributed to changes in steady-state protein levels. However, Abd1, the mRNA cap methyltransferase, had decreased association with RNAPII after Spt6 depletion despite unchanged Abd1 protein levels, showing a requirement for Spt6 in mediating the Abd1-RNAPII interaction. Genome-wide studies showed that Spt6 is required for maintaining the level of Abd1 over transcribed regions, as well as the level of Spt5, another protein known to recruit Abd1 to chromatin. Abd1 levels were particularly decreased at the 5' ends of genes after Spt6 depletion, suggesting a greater need for Spt6 in Abd1 recruitment over these regions. Together, our results show that Spt6 is important in regulating the composition of the transcription elongation complex and reveal a previously unknown function for Spt6 in the recruitment of Abd1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fred Winston
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Pan B, Qazi IH, Guo S, Yang J, Qin J, Lv T, Zang S, Zhang Y, Zeng C, Meng Q, Han H, Zhou G. Melatonin improves the first cleavage of parthenogenetic embryos from vitrified-warmed mouse oocytes potentially by promoting cell cycle progression. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:84. [PMID: 34266479 PMCID: PMC8283938 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the effect of melatonin (MT) on cell cycle (G1/S/G2/M) of parthenogenetic zygotes developed from vitrified-warmed mouse metaphase II (MII) oocytes and elucidated the potential mechanism of MT action in the first cleavage of embryos. Results After vitrification and warming, oocytes were parthenogenetically activated (PA) and in vitro cultured (IVC). Then the spindle morphology and chromosome segregation in oocytes, the maternal mRNA levels of genes including Miss, Doc1r, Setd2 and Ythdf2 in activated oocytes, pronuclear formation, the S phase duration in zygotes, mitochondrial function at G1 phase, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level at S phase, DNA damage at G2 phase, early apoptosis in 2-cell embryos, cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were evaluated. The results indicated that the vitrification/warming procedures led to following perturbations 1) spindle abnormalities and chromosome misalignment, alteration of maternal mRNAs and delay in pronucleus formation, 2) decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and lower adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, increased ROS production and DNA damage, G1/S and S/G2 phase transition delay, and delayed first cleavage, and 3) increased early apoptosis and lower levels of cleavage and blastocyst formation. Our results further revealed that such negative impacts of oocyte cryopreservation could be alleviated by supplementation of warming, recovery, PA and IVC media with 10− 9 mol/L MT before the embryos moved into the 2-cell stage of development. Conclusions MT might promote cell cycle progression via regulation of MMP, ATP, ROS and maternal mRNA levels, potentially increasing the first cleavage of parthenogenetic zygotes developed from vitrified–warmed mouse oocytes and their subsequent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Izhar Hyder Qazi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.,Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Sindh, 67210, Pakistan
| | - Shichao Guo
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jianpeng Qin
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Tianyi Lv
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shengqin Zang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Changjun Zeng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qingyong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongbing Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guangbin Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Reim NI, Chuang J, Jain D, Alver BH, Park PJ, Winston F. The conserved elongation factor Spn1 is required for normal transcription, histone modifications, and splicing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:10241-10258. [PMID: 32941642 PMCID: PMC7544207 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spn1/Iws1 is a conserved protein involved in transcription and chromatin dynamics, yet its general in vivo requirement for these functions is unknown. Using a Spn1 depletion system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we demonstrate that Spn1 broadly influences several aspects of gene expression on a genome-wide scale. We show that Spn1 is globally required for normal mRNA levels and for normal splicing of ribosomal protein transcripts. Furthermore, Spn1 maintains the localization of H3K36 and H3K4 methylation across the genome and is required for normal histone levels at highly expressed genes. Finally, we show that the association of Spn1 with the transcription machinery is strongly dependent on its binding partner, Spt6, while the association of Spt6 and Set2 with transcribed regions is partially dependent on Spn1. Taken together, our results show that Spn1 affects multiple aspects of gene expression and provide additional evidence that it functions as a histone chaperone in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I Reim
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James Chuang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dhawal Jain
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Burak H Alver
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter J Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fred Winston
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Nuclear P38: Roles in Physiological and Pathological Processes and Regulation of Nuclear Translocation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176102. [PMID: 32847129 PMCID: PMC7504396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK, termed here p38) cascade is a central signaling pathway that transmits stress and other signals to various intracellular targets in the cytoplasm and nucleus. More than 150 substrates of p38α/β have been identified, and this number is likely to increase. The phosphorylation of these substrates initiates or regulates a large number of cellular processes including transcription, translation, RNA processing and cell cycle progression, as well as degradation and the nuclear translocation of various proteins. Being such a central signaling cascade, its dysregulation is associated with many pathologies, particularly inflammation and cancer. One of the hallmarks of p38α/β signaling is its stimulated nuclear translocation, which occurs shortly after extracellular stimulation. Although p38α/β do not contain nuclear localization or nuclear export signals, they rapidly and robustly translocate to the nucleus, and they are exported back to the cytoplasm within minutes to hours. Here, we describe the physiological and pathological roles of p38α/β phosphorylation, concentrating mainly on the ill-reviewed regulation of p38α/β substrate degradation and nuclear translocation. In addition, we provide information on the p38α/β ’s substrates, concentrating mainly on the nuclear targets and their role in p38α/β functions. Finally, we also provide information on the mechanisms of nuclear p38α/β translocation and its use as a therapeutic target for p38α/β-dependent diseases.
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Kuang L, Lei M, Li C, Guo Z, Ren Y, Zhang X, Zheng J, Zhang C, Yang C, Mei X, Tang L, Ji Y, Deng X, Yang R, Xie X. Whole transcriptome sequencing reveals that non-coding RNAs are related to embryo morphogenesis and development in rabbits. Genomics 2020; 112:2203-2212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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The elongation factor Elof1 is required for mammalian gastrulation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219410. [PMID: 31276560 PMCID: PMC6611630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite having been sequenced over a decade ago, the functional significance of much of the mammalian genome remains unknown. The mouse has become the preeminent mammalian model for identifying endogenous gene function in vivo. Here we characterize the phenotype of a loss-of function allele for the evolutionarily conserved transcription factor, Elongation Factor Homolog 1 (Elof1). Recent work utilizing the yeast homolog, Elf1, has demonstrated that Elf1 associates with the RNA polymerase II complex to promote elongation by relieving the association of the template DNA strand with bound histones. Loss of Elof1 results in developmental delay and morphological defects during early mouse development resulting in peri-gastrulation lethality. Although Elof1 is highly conserved we observe tissue specific expression during gastrulation and in adult murine tissues, suggesting there may be other genes with similar function in diverse tissues or that mElof1 has adopted lineage specific functions. To better understand its function in mammalian transcription, we examined splice variants and find that Elof1 regulates mutually exclusive exon use in vivo. Distinct from what has been demonstrated in yeast, we demonstrate that Elof1 is essential for viability during mammalian gastrulation which may be due to a role mediating tissue specific exclusive exon use, a regulatory function unique to higher eukaryotes.
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