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Alghamdi SM, Hoehndorf R. Improving the classification of cardinality phenotypes using collections. J Biomed Semantics 2023; 14:9. [PMID: 37550716 PMCID: PMC10405428 DOI: 10.1186/s13326-023-00290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Phenotypes are observable characteristics of an organism and they can be highly variable. Information about phenotypes is collected in a clinical context to characterize disease, and is also collected in model organisms and stored in model organism databases where they are used to understand gene functions. Phenotype data is also used in computational data analysis and machine learning methods to provide novel insights into disease mechanisms and support personalized diagnosis of disease. For mammalian organisms and in a clinical context, ontologies such as the Human Phenotype Ontology and the Mammalian Phenotype Ontology are widely used to formally and precisely describe phenotypes. We specifically analyze axioms pertaining to phenotypes of collections of entities within a body, and we find that some of the axioms in phenotype ontologies lead to inferences that may not accurately reflect the underlying biological phenomena. RESULTS We reformulate the phenotypes of collections of entities using an ontological theory of collections. By reformulating phenotypes of collections in phenotypes ontologies, we avoid potentially incorrect inferences pertaining to the cardinality of these collections. We apply our method to two phenotype ontologies and show that the reformulation not only removes some problematic inferences but also quantitatively improves biological data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Alghamdi
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
- King Abdul-Aziz University, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, 25732, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Robert Hoehndorf
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, 23955, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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Ruberte J, Schofield PN, Sundberg JP, Rodriguez-Baeza A, Carretero A, McKerlie C. Bridging mouse and human anatomies; a knowledge-based approach to comparative anatomy for disease model phenotyping. Mamm Genome 2023:10.1007/s00335-023-10005-4. [PMID: 37421464 PMCID: PMC10382392 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-023-10005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
The laboratory mouse is the foremost mammalian model used for studying human diseases and is closely anatomically related to humans. Whilst knowledge about human anatomy has been collected throughout the history of mankind, the first comprehensive study of the mouse anatomy was published less than 60 years ago. This has been followed by the more recent publication of several books and resources on mouse anatomy. Nevertheless, to date, our understanding and knowledge of mouse anatomy is far from being at the same level as that of humans. In addition, the alignment between current mouse and human anatomy nomenclatures is far from being as developed as those existing between other species, such as domestic animals and humans. To close this gap, more in depth mouse anatomical research is needed and it will be necessary to extent and refine the current vocabulary of mouse anatomical terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Ruberte
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Paul N Schofield
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John P Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Ana Carretero
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Colin McKerlie
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Alghamdi SM, Schofield PN, Hoehndorf R. How much do model organism phenotypes contribute to the computational identification of human disease genes? Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:275986. [PMID: 35758016 PMCID: PMC9366895 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Computing phenotypic similarity helps identify new disease genes and diagnose rare diseases. Genotype–phenotype data from orthologous genes in model organisms can compensate for lack of human data and increase genome coverage. In the past decade, cross-species phenotype comparisons have proven valuble, and several ontologies have been developed for this purpose. The relative contribution of different model organisms to computational identification of disease-associated genes is not fully explored. We used phenotype ontologies to semantically relate phenotypes resulting from loss-of-function mutations in model organisms to disease-associated phenotypes in humans. Semantic machine learning methods were used to measure the contribution of different model organisms to the identification of known human gene–disease associations. We found that mouse genotype–phenotype data provided the most important dataset in the identification of human disease genes by semantic similarity and machine learning over phenotype ontologies. Other model organisms' data did not improve identification over that obtained using the mouse alone, and therefore did not contribute significantly to this task. Our work impacts on the development of integrated phenotype ontologies, as well as for the use of model organism phenotypes in human genetic variant interpretation. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Editor's choice: We investigated the use of model organism phenotypes in the computational identification of disease genes, identifying several data biases and concluding that mouse model phenotypes contribute most to computational disease gene identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Alghamdi
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, 23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul N Schofield
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EG, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert Hoehndorf
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 4700 KAUST, 23955 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Holmgren SD, Boyles RR, Cronk RD, Duncan CG, Kwok RK, Lunn RM, Osborn KC, Thessen AE, Schmitt CP. Catalyzing Knowledge-Driven Discovery in Environmental Health Sciences through a Community-Driven Harmonized Language. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8985. [PMID: 34501574 PMCID: PMC8430534 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18178985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Harmonized language is critical for helping researchers to find data, collecting scientific data to facilitate comparison, and performing pooled and meta-analyses. Using standard terms to link data to knowledge systems facilitates knowledge-driven analysis, allows for the use of biomedical knowledge bases for scientific interpretation and hypothesis generation, and increasingly supports artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. Due to the breadth of environmental health sciences (EHS) research and the continuous evolution in scientific methods, the gaps in standard terminologies, vocabularies, ontologies, and related tools hamper the capabilities to address large-scale, complex EHS research questions that require the integration of disparate data and knowledge sources. The results of prior workshops to advance a harmonized environmental health language demonstrate that future efforts should be sustained and grounded in scientific need. We describe a community initiative whose mission was to advance integrative environmental health sciences research via the development and adoption of a harmonized language. The products, outcomes, and recommendations developed and endorsed by this community are expected to enhance data collection and management efforts for NIEHS and the EHS community, making data more findable and interoperable. This initiative will provide a community of practice space to exchange information and expertise, be a coordination hub for identifying and prioritizing activities, and a collaboration platform for the development and adoption of semantic solutions. We encourage anyone interested in advancing this mission to engage in this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie D. Holmgren
- Office of Data Science, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Durham, NC 27709, USA;
| | | | | | - Christopher G. Duncan
- Genes, Environment, and Health Branch, Division of Extramural Research and Training, NIEHS, Durham, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Richard K. Kwok
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NIEHS, Durham, NC 27709, USA;
- Office of the Director, NIEHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruth M. Lunn
- Integrative Health Assessment Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS, Durham, NC 27709, USA;
| | | | - Anne E. Thessen
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Charles P. Schmitt
- Office of Data Science, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Durham, NC 27709, USA;
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Abad-Navarro F, Quesada-Martínez M, Duque-Ramos A, Fernández-Breis JT. Analysis of readability and structural accuracy in SNOMED CT. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2020; 20:284. [PMID: 33319711 PMCID: PMC7737250 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-020-01291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing adoption of ontologies in biomedical research and the growing number of ontologies available have made it necessary to assure the quality of these resources. Most of the well-established ontologies, such as the Gene Ontology or SNOMED CT, have their own quality assurance processes. These have demonstrated their usefulness for the maintenance of the resources but are unable to detect all of the modelling flaws in the ontologies. Consequently, the development of efficient and effective quality assurance methods is needed. Methods Here, we propose a series of quantitative metrics based on the processing of the lexical regularities existing in the content of the ontology, to analyse readability and structural accuracy. The readability metrics account for the ratio of labels, descriptions, and synonyms associated with the ontology entities. The structural accuracy metrics evaluate how two ontology modelling best practices are followed: (1) lexically suggest locally define (LSLD), that is, if what is expressed in natural language for humans is available as logical axioms for machines; and (2) systematic naming, which accounts for the amount of label content of the classes in a given taxonomy shared. Results We applied the metrics to different versions of SNOMED CT. Both readability and structural accuracy metrics remained stable in time but could capture some changes in the modelling decisions in SNOMED CT. The value of the LSLD metric increased from 0.27 to 0.31, and the value of the systematic naming metric was around 0.17. We analysed the readability and structural accuracy in the SNOMED CT July 2019 release. The results showed that the fulfilment of the structural accuracy criteria varied among the SNOMED CT hierarchies. The value of the metrics for the hierarchies was in the range of 0–0.92 (LSLD) and 0.08–1 (systematic naming). We also identified the cases that did not meet the best practices. Conclusions We generated useful information about the engineering of the ontology, making the following contributions: (1) a set of readability metrics, (2) the use of lexical regularities to define structural accuracy metrics, and (3) the generation of quality assurance information for SNOMED CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Abad-Navarro
- Departamento de Informática y Sistemas, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Quesada-Martínez
- Center of Operations Research (CIO), Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Avda. de la Universidad, 03202, Alicante, Spain
| | - Astrid Duque-Ramos
- Facultad de Ingenierías, Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana, Carrera 55 49, 050010, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jesualdo Tomás Fernández-Breis
- Departamento de Informática y Sistemas, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain. .,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120, Murcia, Spain.
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Smaili FZ, Gao X, Hoehndorf R. Formal axioms in biomedical ontologies improve analysis and interpretation of associated data. Bioinformatics 2020; 36:2229-2236. [PMID: 31821406 PMCID: PMC7141863 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Over the past years, significant resources have been invested into formalizing biomedical ontologies. Formal axioms in ontologies have been developed and used to detect and ensure ontology consistency, find unsatisfiable classes, improve interoperability, guide ontology extension through the application of axiom-based design patterns and encode domain background knowledge. The domain knowledge of biomedical ontologies may have also the potential to provide background knowledge for machine learning and predictive modelling. Results We use ontology-based machine learning methods to evaluate the contribution of formal axioms and ontology meta-data to the prediction of protein–protein interactions and gene–disease associations. We find that the background knowledge provided by the Gene Ontology and other ontologies significantly improves the performance of ontology-based prediction models through provision of domain-specific background knowledge. Furthermore, we find that the labels, synonyms and definitions in ontologies can also provide background knowledge that may be exploited for prediction. The axioms and meta-data of different ontologies contribute to improving data analysis in a context-specific manner. Our results have implications on the further development of formal knowledge bases and ontologies in the life sciences, in particular as machine learning methods are more frequently being applied. Our findings motivate the need for further development, and the systematic, application-driven evaluation and improvement, of formal axioms in ontologies. Availability and implementation https://github.com/bio-ontology-research-group/tsoe. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zohra Smaili
- Computer, Electrical & Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xin Gao
- Computer, Electrical & Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert Hoehndorf
- Computer, Electrical & Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Cooper TK, Silva KA, Kennedy VE, Alghamdi S, Hoehndorf R, Sundberg BA, Schofield PN, Sundberg JP. Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis in 30 Strains of Aged Inbred Mice. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:799-806. [PMID: 31060453 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819844822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
During a screen for vascular phenotypes in aged laboratory mice, a unique discrete phenotype of hyaline arteriolosclerosis of the intertubular arteries and arterioles of the testes was identified in several inbred strains. Lesions were limited to the testes and did not occur as part of any renal, systemic, or pulmonary arteriopathy or vasculitis phenotype. There was no evidence of systemic or pulmonary hypertension, and lesions did not occur in ovaries of females. Frequency was highest in males of the SM/J (27/30, 90%) and WSB/EiJ (19/26, 73%) strains, aged 383 to 847 days. Lesions were sporadically present in males from several other inbred strains at a much lower (<20%) frequency. The risk of testicular hyaline arteriolosclerosis is at least partially underpinned by a genetic predisposition that is not associated with other vascular lesions (including vasculitis), separating out the etiology of this form and site of arteriolosclerosis from other related conditions that often co-occur in other strains of mice and in humans. Because of their genetic uniformity and controlled dietary and environmental conditions, mice are an excellent model to dissect the pathogenesis of human disease conditions. In this study, a discrete genetically driven phenotype of testicular hyaline arteriolosclerosis in aging mice was identified. These observations open the possibility of identifying the underlying genetic variant(s) associated with the predisposition and therefore allowing future interrogation of the pathogenesis of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Cooper
- 1 Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.,2 Department of Pathology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah Alghamdi
- 4 Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert Hoehndorf
- 4 Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Paul N Schofield
- 3 The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.,5 Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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