1
|
Koliye PR, Nouga Bissoue A, Ngoh Misse Mouelle E, Kwanga Nguikwie S, Zambo Owona CV, Simons VE, Akone SH, Mbaze Meva'a L, Kalscheuer R. Xylatolides A and B, new 10-membered macrolides from the endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. Z NATURFORSCH C 2024; 0:znc-2023-0091. [PMID: 38934215 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2023-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the fungal endophyte Xylaria sp. isolated from leaves of Moringa oleifera, collected in Cameroon, resulted in the previously undescribed 10-membered macrolide, and two known natural products. The structures of the xylatolides A and B were unambiguously identified by their mass spectra and by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis, featuring a 10-membered lactone core structure with oxygenated substituents and an unsubstituted 10-alkyl chain presenting seven carbon atoms. Compounds were screened for their cytotoxic potential against the human HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells and HCT-116 cells (human colon carcinoma cell line). Moreover, the isolated compounds were also assayed against a small panel of sensitive strains including the bacterial species Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as against the fungal species Candida albicans. However, no significant activities were found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Roger Koliye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 231173 University of Douala , P.O. Box 24157 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Achille Nouga Bissoue
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 231173 University of Douala , P.O. Box 24157 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Eitel Ngoh Misse Mouelle
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 231173 University of Douala , P.O. Box 24157 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Sylvie Kwanga Nguikwie
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 231173 University of Douala , P.O. Box 24157 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Claudine Victoire Zambo Owona
- Process Engineering Laboratory, Advanced Teachers' Training College for Technical Education, 231173 University of Douala , P.O. Box 1872 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Viktor Emanuel Simons
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sergi Herve Akone
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 231173 University of Douala , P.O. Box 24157 Douala, Cameroon
- Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), University of Saarland, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Luc Mbaze Meva'a
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 231173 University of Douala , P.O. Box 24157 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Christian N, Perlin MH. Plant-endophyte communication: Scaling from molecular mechanisms to ecological outcomes. Mycologia 2024; 116:227-250. [PMID: 38380970 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2299658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Diverse communities of fungal endophytes reside in plant tissues, where they affect and are affected by plant physiology and ecology. For these intimate interactions to form and persist, endophytes and their host plants engage in intricate systems of communication. The conversation between fungal endophytes and plant hosts ultimately dictates endophyte community composition and function and has cascading effects on plant health and plant interactions. In this review, we synthesize our current knowledge on the mechanisms and strategies of communication used by endophytic fungi and their plant hosts. We discuss the molecular mechanisms of communication that lead to organ specificity of endophytic communities and distinguish endophytes, pathogens, and saprotrophs. We conclude by offering emerging perspectives on the relevance of plant-endophyte communication to microbial community ecology and plant health and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Christian
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| | - Michael H Perlin
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Hu H, Li S, Shang W, Jiang J, Xu X, Liu D, Hu X. Diversity of Fungal Endophytes in American Ginseng Seeds. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:2784-2791. [PMID: 36802296 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-22-2312-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Seeds play a critical role in the production of American ginseng. Seeds are also one of the most important media for the long-distant dissemination and the crucial way for pathogen survival. Figuring out the pathogens carried by seeds is the basis for effective management of seedborne diseases. In this paper, we tested the fungi carried by the seeds of American ginseng from the main production areas of China using incubation and highly throughput sequencing methods. The seed-carried rates of fungi in Liuba, Fusong, Rongcheng, and Wendeng were 100, 93.8, 75.2, and 45.7%, respectively. Sixty-seven fungal species, which belonged to 28 genera, were isolated from the seeds. Eleven pathogens were identified from the seed samples. Among the pathogens, Fusarium spp. were found in all of the seed samples. The relative abundance of Fusarium spp. in the kernel was higher than that in the shell. Alpha index showed that the fungal diversity between seed shell and kernel differed significantly. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that the samples from different provinces and between seed shell and kernel were distinctly separated. The inhibition rates of four fungicides to seed-carried fungi of American ginseng were 71.83% for Tebuconazole SC, 46.67% for Azoxystrobin SC, 46.08% for Fludioxonil WP, and 11.11% for Phenamacril SC. Fludioxonil, a conventional seed treatment agent, showed a low inhibitory effect on seed-carried fungi of American ginseng.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hongyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shuaihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wenjing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jinlong Jiang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, School of Bioscience and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723001, China
| | - Xiangming Xu
- Pest and Pathogen Ecology, NIAB East Malling, West Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, U.K
| | - Deming Liu
- Liuba County Jiashisen Chinese Medicine Development Co. Ltd., China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang H, Yang MF, Zhang Q, Yan B, Jiang YL. Screening for broad-spectrum antimicrobial endophytes from Rosa roxburghii and multi-omic analyses of biosynthetic capacity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1060478. [PMID: 36466255 PMCID: PMC9709285 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1060478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants with certain medicinal values are a good source for isolating function-specific endophytes. Rosa roxburghii Tratt. has been reported to be a botanical source of antimicrobial compounds, which may represent a promising candidate for screening endophytic fungi with antimicrobial potential. In this study, 54 endophytes were isolated and molecularly identified from R. roxburghii. The preliminary screening using the plate confrontation method resulted in 15 different endophytic strains showing at least one strong inhibition or three or more moderate inhibition against the 12 tested strains. Further re-screening experiments based on the disc diffusion method demonstrated that Epicoccum latusicollum HGUP191049 and Setophoma terrestris HGUP190028 had excellent antagonistic activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test for extracellular metabolites finally indicated that HGUP191049 had lower MIC values and a broader antimicrobial spectrum, compared to HGUP190028. Genomic, non-target metabolomic, and comparative genomic studies were performed to understand the biosynthetic capacity of the screened-out endophytic fungus. Genome sequencing and annotation of HGUP191049 revealed a size of 33.24 megabase pairs (Mbp), with 24 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), where the putative antimicrobial compounds, oxyjavanicin, patulin and squalestatin S1 were encoded by three different BGCs, respectively. In addition, the non-targeted metabolic results demonstrated that the strain contained approximately 120 antimicrobial secondary metabolites and was structurally diverse. Finally, comparative genomics revealed differences in pathogenicity, virulence, and carbohydrate-active enzymes in the genome of Epicoccum spp. Moreover, the results of the comparative analyses presumed that Epicoccum is a promising source of antimicrobial terpenes, while oxyjavanicin and squalestatin S1 are antimicrobial compounds shared by the genus. In conclusion, R. roxburghii and the endophytic HGUP191049 isolated from it are promising sources of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guiyang, China
| | - Mao-Fa Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu-Lan Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dos Reis JBA, Lorenzi AS, do Vale HMM. Methods used for the study of endophytic fungi: a review on methodologies and challenges, and associated tips. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:675. [PMID: 36264513 PMCID: PMC9584250 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that colonize the interior of plant tissues (e.g. leaves, seeds, stem, trunk, roots, fruits, flowers) in intracellular and/or extracellular spaces without causing symptoms of disease in host plants. These microorganisms have been isolated from plant species in a wide variety of habitats worldwide, and it is estimated that all terrestrial plants are colonized by one or more species of endophytic fungus. In addition, these microorganisms have been drawing the attention of researchers because of their ability to synthesize a wide range of bioactive molecules with potential for applications in agriculture, medicine and biotechnology. However, several obstacles come up when studying the diversity and chemical potential of endophytic fungi. For example, the usage of an inappropriate surface disinfection method for plant tissue may not eliminate the epiphytic microbiota or may end up interfering with the endophytic mycobiota, which consequently generates erroneous results. Moreover, the composition of the culture medium and the culture conditions can favor the growth of certain species and inhibit others, which generates underestimated results. Other inconsistencies can arise from the fungus misidentification and consequent exploration of its chemical potential. Based on the methodological biases that may occur at all stages of studies dealing with endophytic fungi, the objective of this review is to discuss the main methods employed in these studies as well as highlight the challenges derived from the different approaches. We also report associated tips to help future studies on endophytic fungi as a contribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Sturion Lorenzi
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Helson Mario Martins do Vale
- Department of Phytopathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jomura M, Yoshida R, Michalčíková L, Tláskal V, Baldrian P. Factors Controlling Dead Wood Decomposition in an Old-Growth Temperate Forest in Central Europe. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070673. [PMID: 35887430 PMCID: PMC9325057 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dead wood represents an important pool of carbon and nitrogen in forest ecosystems. This source of soil organic matter has diverse ecosystem functions that include, among others, carbon and nitrogen cycling. However, information is limited on how deadwood properties such as chemical composition, decomposer abundance, community composition, and age correlate and affect decomposition rate. Here, we targeted coarse dead wood of beech, spruce, and fir, namely snags and tree trunks (logs) in an old-growth temperate forest in central Europe; measured their decomposition rate as CO2 production in situ; and analyzed their relationships with other measured variables. Respiration rate of dead wood showed strong positive correlation with acid phosphatase activity and negative correlation with lignin content. Fungal biomass (ergosterol content) and moisture content were additional predictors. Our results indicate that dead wood traits, including tree species, age, and position (downed/standing), affected dead wood chemical properties, microbial biomass, moisture condition, and enzyme activity through changes in fungal communities and ultimately influenced the decomposition rate of dead wood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Jomura
- Department of Forest Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, Kanagawa, Japan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Riki Yoshida
- Department of Forest Science and Resources, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Lenka Michalčíková
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142-20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (V.T.); (P.B.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradecká 1285, 500-03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Tláskal
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142-20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (V.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142-20 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.M.); (V.T.); (P.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Romeralo C, Martín-García J, Martínez-Álvarez P, Muñoz-Adalia EJ, Gonçalves DR, Torres E, Witzell J, Diez JJ. Pine species determine fungal microbiome composition in a common garden experiment. FUNGAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
8
|
Full-Length Transcriptome Sequencing-Based Analysis of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in Response to Sirex noctilio Venom. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040338. [PMID: 35447780 PMCID: PMC9029201 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Sirex noctilio, as a devastating international forestry quarantine pest whose venom can cause a series of physiological changes in the host plants, such as needle wilting, yellowing, decreased transpiration rate and increased respiration rate, etc. In this study, a full-length reference transcript of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica was constructed by combining second- and third-generation transcriptome sequencing technologies. We also identified the specific expression genes and transcription factors of P. sylvestris var. mongolica under S. noctilio venom and wounding stress. S. noctilio venom mainly induced the expression of genes related to ROS, GAPDH and GPX, and mechanical damage mainly induced the photosynthesis−related genes. The results provide a better understanding of the molecular regulation of pine trees in response to S. noctilio venom. Abstract Sirex noctilio is a major international quarantine pest that recently emerged in northeast China to specifically invade conifers. During female oviposition, venom is injected into the host together with its symbiotic fungus to alter the normal Pinus physiology and weaken or even kill the tree. In China, the Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica), an important wind-proof and sand-fixing species, is the unique host of S. noctilio. To explore the interplay between S. noctilio venom and Mongolian pine, we performed a transcriptome comparative analysis of a 10-year-old Mongolian pine after wounding and inoculation with S. noctilio venom. The analysis was performed at 12 h, 24 h and 72 h. PacBio ISO-seq was used and integrated with RNA-seq to construct an accurate full-length transcriptomic database. We obtained 52,963 high-precision unigenes, consisting of 48,654 (91.86%) unigenes that were BLASTed to known sequences in the public database and 4309 unigenes without any annotation information, which were presumed to be new genes. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) increased with the treatment time, and the DEGs were most abundant at 72 h. A total of 706 inoculation-specific DEGs (475 upregulated and 231 downregulated) and 387 wounding-specific DEGs (183 upregulated and 204 downregulated) were identified compared with the control. Under venom stress, we identified 6 DEGs associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 20 resistance genes in Mongolian pine. Overall, 52 transcription factors (TFs) were found under venom stress, 45 of which belonged to the AP2/ERF TF family and were upregulated. A total of 13 genes related to the photosystem, 3 genes related photo-regulation, and 9 TFs were identified under wounding stress. In conclusion, several novel putative genes were found in Mongolian pine by PacBio ISO seq. Meanwhile, we also identified various genes that were resistant to S. noctilio venom, such as GAPDH, GPX, CAT, FL2, CERK1, and HSP83A, etc.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mishra S, Priyanka, Sharma S. Metabolomic Insights Into Endophyte-Derived Bioactive Compounds. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:835931. [PMID: 35308367 PMCID: PMC8926391 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.835931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the various plant-associated microbiota, endophytes (the microbial communities inhabiting plant endosphere without causing disease symptoms) exhibit the most intimate and specific association with host plants. Endophytic microbes influence various aspects of plant responses (such as increasing availability of nutrients, tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses, etc.) by modulating the primary and secondary metabolism of the host. Besides, endophytic microbes produce a diverse array of bioactive compounds, which have potential applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Further, there is sufficient evidence for endophyte-derived plant metabolites, which could be pursued as alternative sources of commercially important plant metabolites. The field of bioprospecting, the discovery of novel chemistries, and endophyte-mediated production of plant metabolites have witnessed a boom with the advent of omics technologies (especially metabolomics) in endophyte research. The high throughput study of small metabolites at a particular timepoint or tissue forms the core of metabolomics. Being downstream to transcriptome and proteome, the metabolome provides the most direct reflection of the phenotype of an organism. The contribution of plant and microbial metabolomics for answering fundamental questions of plant-endophyte interaction, such as the effect of endophyte inoculation on plant metabolome, composition of metabolites on the impact of environmental stressors (biotic and abiotic), etc., have also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Mishra
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Deemed-to-be-University, Agra, India
| | - Priyanka
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shilpi Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Galindo-Solís JM, Fernández FJ. Endophytic Fungal Terpenoids: Natural Role and Bioactivities. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020339. [PMID: 35208794 PMCID: PMC8875210 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are a highly diverse group of fungi that intermittently colonize all plants without causing symptoms of the disease. They sense and respond to physiological and environmental changes of their host plant and microbiome. The inter-organism interactions are largely driven by chemical networks mediated by specialized metabolites. The balance of these complex interactions leads to healthy and strong host plants. Endophytic strains have particular machinery to produce a plethora of secondary metabolites with a variety of bioactivities and unknown functions in an ecological niche. Terpenoids play a key role in endophytism and represent an important source of bioactive molecules for human health and agriculture. In this review, we describe the role of endophytic fungi in plant health, fungal terpenoids in multiple interactions, and bioactive fungal terpenoids recently reported from endophytes, mainly from plants used in traditional medicine, as well as from algae and mangroves. Additionally, we highlight endophytic fungi as producers of important chemotherapeutic terpenoids, initially discovered in plants. Despite advances in understanding endophytism, we still have much to learn in this field. The study of the role, the evolution of interactions of endophytic fungi and their terpenoids provide an opportunity for better applications in human health and agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Galindo-Solís
- Posgrado en Biotecnología, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City CP 09340, Mexico;
| | - Francisco J. Fernández
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Col. Vicentina, Mexico City CP 09340, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(55)-5804-6453
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fu N, Li J, Wang M, Ren L, Zong S, Luo Y. Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis in Different Development Stages of Amylostereum areolatum. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:827241. [PMID: 35095826 PMCID: PMC8790227 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.827241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A strict relationship exists between the Sirex noctilio and the Amylostereum areolatum, which is carried and spread by its partner. The growth and development of this symbiotic fungus is key to complete the life history of the Sirex woodwasp. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is used to measure gene expression in samples of A. areolatum at different growth stages and explore the key genes and pathways involved in the growth and development of this symbiotic fungus. To obtain accurate RT-qPCR data, target genes need to be normalized by reference genes that are stably expressed under specific experimental conditions. In our study, the stability of 10 candidate reference genes in symbiotic fungal samples at different growth and development stages was evaluated using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, delta Ct methods, and RefFinder. Meanwhile, laccase1 was used to validate the stability of the selected reference gene. Under the experimental conditions of this study, p450, CYP, and γ-TUB were identified as suitable reference genes. This work is the first to systematically evaluate the reference genes for RT-qPCR results normalization during the growth of this symbiotic fungus, which lays a foundation for further gene expression experiments and understanding the symbiotic relationship and mechanism between S. noctilio and A. areolatum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shixiang Zong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Youqing Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zelaya-Molina LX, Sanchez-Lima AD, Arteaga-Garibay RI, Bustamante-Brito R, Vásquez-Murrieta MS, Martínez-Romero E, Ramos-Garza J. Functional characterization of culturable fungi from microbiomes of the "conical cobs" Mexican maize (Zea mays L.) landrace. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:57. [PMID: 34939131 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mexican maize landraces, produced for local consumption, are adapted to different environmental conditions, and their yield is affected by abiotic and biotic factors, including the use of agrochemicals. The search for sustainable alternatives to agrochemicals includes the study of the culturable microbial communities. In this study, the fungal communities associated with 2 Mexican maize landraces reddish and bluish "conical cobs" were found to be comprised of Ascomycota fungi, represented by 89 strains within 6 orders (Pleosporales, Hypocreales, Onygenales, Capnodiales, Helotiales, and Eurotiales) and 16 genera. Cellulases and metallophores production were the primary enzymatic products and plant growth-promoting activities were detected among the isolates. Penicillium, Didymella, and Fusarium strains had the most active enzymatic and plant growth promoting activities, however, Aspergillus sp. HES2-2.2, Talaromyces sp. RS1-7, and Penicillium sp. HFS3-3 showed antagonistic activity against the four phytopathogenic Fusarium strains Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium fujikuroi and Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti and also a high and diverse production of enzymatic and plant growth promoting activities; here we identified fungal strains as candidates to promote maize growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lily X Zelaya-Molina
- Laboratorio de Recursos Genéticos Microbianos, Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos-INIFAP, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad No. 400, C.P. 47600, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, México
| | - Alejandra D Sanchez-Lima
- Laboratorio de Microbiología 314, Universidad del Valle de México, Campus Chapultepec. Observatorio No. 400, C.P. 11810, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ramón I Arteaga-Garibay
- Laboratorio de Recursos Genéticos Microbianos, Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos-INIFAP, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad No. 400, C.P. 47600, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, México
| | - Rafael Bustamante-Brito
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad S/N, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - María S Vásquez-Murrieta
- Departamento de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio Y Plan de Ayala S/N, C.P. 11340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Esperanza Martínez-Romero
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad S/N, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Juan Ramos-Garza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología 314, Universidad del Valle de México, Campus Chapultepec. Observatorio No. 400, C.P. 11810, Ciudad de México, México. .,Laboratorio de Recursos Genéticos Microbianos, Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos-INIFAP, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad No. 400, C.P. 47600, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, México.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Potentials of Endophytic Fungi in the Biosynthesis of Versatile Secondary Metabolites and Enzymes. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12121784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
World population growth and modernization have engendered multiple environmental problems: the propagation of humans and crop diseases and the development of multi-drug-resistant fungi, bacteria and viruses. Thus, a considerable shift towards eco-friendly products has been seen in medicine, pharmacy, agriculture and several other vital sectors. Nowadays, studies on endophytic fungi and their biotechnological potentials are in high demand due to their substantial, cost-effective and eco-friendly contributions in the discovery of an array of secondary metabolites. For this review, we provide a brief overview of plant–endophytic fungi interactions and we also state the history of the discovery of the untapped potentialities of fungal secondary metabolites. Then, we highlight the huge importance of the discovered metabolites and their versatile applications in several vital fields including medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, industry and bioremediation. We then focus on the challenges and on the possible methods and techniques that can be used to help in the discovery of novel secondary metabolites. The latter range from endophytic selection and culture media optimization to more in-depth strategies such as omics, ribosome engineering and epigenetic remodeling.
Collapse
|
14
|
Li J, Li C, Wang M, Wang L, Liu X, Gao C, Ren L, Luo Y. Gut Structure and Microbial Communities in Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and Their Predicted Contribution to Larval Nutrition. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:641141. [PMID: 33897646 PMCID: PMC8060704 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.641141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Fabricius, is a major invasive quarantine pest that attacks and kills pine trees outside of its native range. Insect gut structure and gut microbiota play crucial roles in various life activities. Despite a few reports in nutrition and survival, an extensive study on the S. noctilio larval gut microbiome is lacking. We studied the gut structure using a stereo microscope and used high throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) regions to investigate gut microbiota in different developmental stages of S. noctilio, including larvae, adults, and larval frass. We used PICRUSt2 to predict the functional profiles. The larval gut was thin and thread-like from the oral cavity to the anus, carrying few xylem particles in the crop. Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Burkholderia s.l were the dominant bacteria in the guts of larvae, adults, and frass, respectively. Even though Pseudomonas was the most abundant among all bacteria, Zoogloea, Ruminobacter, and Nitrosospira, which might be involved in degrading organic matter and fixing nitrogen occurred exclusively in the larval gut indicating their possible role in the growth and development of larvae in pine tree xylem. Fungal communities did not change significantly across different developmental stages or the frass. Amylostereum was dominant in the woodwasp’s larval gut. Functional prediction of bacterial and fungal communities revealed that they may encod enzymes involved in degrading lignocellulose and fixing nitrogen. Ours is the first study that compares gut microbial communities present in S. noctilio larvae, adults, and frass. This study could provide an understanding of larval nutrient acquisition in nutrient-deficient host xylem to some extent. Our study may unlock novel strategies for the development of pest management approaches based on interfering with the gut microbiota and restricting their role in larval survival and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenglong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Sino-France Joint Laboratory for Invasive Forest Pests in Eurasia, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Youqing Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Sino-France Joint Laboratory for Invasive Forest Pests in Eurasia, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Techaoei S, Jarmkom K, Dumrongphuttidecha T, Khobjai W. Evaluation of the stability and antibacterial activity of crude extracts of hydro-endophytic fungi. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2021; 12:61-66. [PMID: 33532357 PMCID: PMC7832182 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_114_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The production and screening of secondary metabolites of four hydro-endophytes isolated from lotus, and the stability of bioactive compounds was evaluated. Surface-sterilized technique was used to isolate the endophytic fungi (EF) on potato dextrose agar and identified by using morphological and molecular techniques. The extracts were tested for anti-microbial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) DMST20651, Streptococcus mutans (SM) DMST18777, Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) ATCC12228, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) TISTR1467, and Propionibacterium acnes (PN) DMST14916. The bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities were determined. Finally, thermal and ultraviolet (UV) stability was evaluated. Four endophyte isolates (EF 14, EF36, EF53, EF58, and EF60) produced secondary metabolites and showed activity against MRSA, SM, SE, PA, and PN, respectively. The crude ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) extract of EF14 showed activity against MRSA with the inhibition zone of 9.00 ± 0.00 and 7.50 ± 0.50 mm, and minimum inhibitory concentration was 4.80 and 4.90 mg/mL, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration was 9.60 mg/mL. Whereas, the crude EtOAc and MeOH extract EF60, which were extracted by EtOAc and MeOH, showed inhibition zone of SE as 12.33 ± 0.57 and 12.33 ± 0.57 mm, respectively. Crude EtOAC extracts of EF14 showed highest thermal stability at 55°C-121°C, and UV stability with MRSA and SE, respectively. The results showed that the EtOAc extracts of EF could be potential antibacterial pathogens and displayed UV-thermal stability. This information is beneficial for future investigations, since some bioactive compounds have potential as anti-resistant strains of some bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surachai Techaoei
- Department of Thai Traditional Medicine, Thai Traditional Medicine College, Rajamangala University of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Khemjira Jarmkom
- Department of Thai Traditional Medicine, Thai Traditional Medicine College, Rajamangala University of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Thisakorn Dumrongphuttidecha
- Department of Thai Traditional Medicine, Thai Traditional Medicine College, Rajamangala University of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Warachate Khobjai
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Nation University, Lampang, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Manganyi MC, Ateba CN. Untapped Potentials of Endophytic Fungi: A Review of Novel Bioactive Compounds with Biological Applications. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121934. [PMID: 33291214 PMCID: PMC7762190 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last century, endophytic fungi have gained tremendous attention due to their ability to produce novel bioactive compounds exhibiting varied biological properties and are, therefore, utilized for medicinal, pharmaceutical, and agricultural applications. Endophytic fungi reside within the plant tissues without showing any disease symptoms, thus supporting the physiological and ecological attributes of the host plant. Ground breaking lead compounds, such as paclitaxel and penicillin, produced by endophytic fungi have paved the way for exploring novel bioactive compounds for commercial usage. Despite this, limited research has been conducted in this valuable and unique niche area. These bioactive compounds belong to various structural groups, including alkaloids, peptides, steroids, terpenoids, phenols, quinones, phenols, and flavonoids. The current review focuses on the significance of endophytic fungi in producing novel bioactive compounds possessing a variety of biological properties that include antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiparasitic, antioxidant, immunosuppressant, and anticancer functions. Taking into consideration the portal of this publication, special emphasis is placed on the antimicrobial and antiviral activities of metabolites produced by endophytes against human pathogens. It also highlights the importance of utilization of these compounds as potential treatment agents for serious life-threatening infectious diseases. This is supported by the fact that several findings have indicated that these bioactive compounds may significantly contribute towards the fight against resistant human and plant pathogens, thus motivating the need enhance the search for new, more efficacious and cost-effective antimicrobial drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madira Coutlyne Manganyi
- Department of Microbiology, North West University Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-18-389-2134
| | - Collins Njie Ateba
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng 2735, South Africa;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Genes Identification, Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation Analysis of Laccases from Amylostereum areolatum Provides Molecular Basis of Laccase Bound to Lignin. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228845. [PMID: 33266512 PMCID: PMC7700495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An obligate mutualistic relationship exists between the fungus Amylostereum areolatum and woodwasp Sirex noctilio. The fungus digests lignin in the host pine, providing essential nutrients for the growing woodwasp larvae. However, the functional properties of this symbiosis are poorly described. In this study, we identified, cloned, and characterized 14 laccase genes from A. areolatum. These genes encoded proteins of 508 to 529 amino acids and contained three typical copper-oxidase domains, necessary to confer laccase activity. Besides, we performed molecular docking and dynamics simulation of the laccase proteins in complex with lignin compounds (monomers, dimers, trimers, and tetramers). AaLac2, AaLac3, AaLac6, AaLac8, and AaLac10 were found that had low binding energies with all lignin model compounds tested and three of them could maintain stability when binding to these compounds. Among these complexes, amino acid residues ALA, GLN, LEU, PHE, PRO, and SER were commonly present. Our study reveals the molecular basis of A. areolatum laccases interacting with lignin, which is essential for understanding how the fungus provides nutrients to S. noctilio. These findings might also provide guidance for the control of S. noctilio by informing the design of enzyme mutants that could reduce the efficiency of lignin degradation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Christian N, Sedio BE, Florez-Buitrago X, Ramírez-Camejo LA, Rojas EI, Mejía LC, Palmedo S, Rose A, Schroeder JW, Herre EA. Host affinity of endophytic fungi and the potential for reciprocal interactions involving host secondary chemistry. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:219-228. [PMID: 32072625 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Interactions between fungal endophytes and their host plants present useful systems for identifying important factors affecting assembly of host-associated microbiomes. Here we investigated the role of secondary chemistry in mediating host affinity of asymptomatic foliar endophytic fungi using Psychotria spp. and Theobroma cacao (cacao) as hosts. METHODS First, we surveyed endophytic communities in Psychotria species in a natural common garden using culture-based methods. Then we compared differences in endophytic community composition with differences in foliar secondary chemistry in the same host species, determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Finally, we tested how inoculation with live and heat-killed endophytes affected the cacao chemical profile. RESULTS Despite sharing a common environment and source pool for endophyte spores, different Psychotria host species harbored strikingly different endophytic communities that reflected intrinsic differences in their leaf chemical profiles. In T. cacao, inoculation with live and heat-killed endophytes produced distinct cacao chemical profiles not found in uninoculated plants or pure fungal cultures, suggesting that endophytes, like pathogens, induce changes in secondary chemical profiles of their host plant. CONCLUSIONS Collectively our results suggest at least two potential processes: (1) Plant secondary chemistry influences assembly and composition of fungal endophytic communities, and (2) host colonization by endophytes subsequently induces changes in the host chemical landscape. We propose a series of testable predictions based on the possibility that reciprocal chemical interactions are a general property of plant-endophyte interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Christian
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Bldg., Louisville, KY, 40208, USA
| | - Brian E Sedio
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Unit 9100 Box 0948, DPO AA 34002-9998, USA
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Apartado 0843-01103, Ciudad del Saber, Ancón, Republic of Panama
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2415 Speedway #C0930, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | | - Luis A Ramírez-Camejo
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Apartado 0843-01103, Ciudad del Saber, Ancón, Republic of Panama
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Enith I Rojas
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Unit 9100 Box 0948, DPO AA 34002-9998, USA
| | - Luis C Mejía
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Apartado 0843-01103, Ciudad del Saber, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Sage Palmedo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Ln., Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Autumn Rose
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Ln., Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - John W Schroeder
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Unit 9100 Box 0948, DPO AA 34002-9998, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa-Barbara, Noble Hall 2116, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Edward Allen Herre
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Unit 9100 Box 0948, DPO AA 34002-9998, USA
| |
Collapse
|