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Staar M, Schallmey A. Performance of cross-linked enzyme crystals of engineered halohydrin dehalogenase HheG in different chemical reactor systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3210-3223. [PMID: 37593803 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Halohydrin dehalogenase HheG is an industrially interesting biocatalyst for the preparation of different β-substituted alcohols starting from bulky internal epoxides. We previously demonstrated that the immobilization of different HheG variants in the form of cross-linked enzyme crystals (CLECs) yielded stable and reusable enzyme immobilizes with increased resistance regarding temperature, pH, and the presence of organic solvents. Now, to further establish their preparative applicability, HheG D114C CLECs cross-linked with bis-maleimidoethane have been successfully produced on a larger scale using a stirred crystallization approach, and their application in different chemical reactor types (stirred tank reactor, fluidized bed reactor, and packed bed reactor) was systematically studied and compared for the ring opening of cyclohexene oxide with azide. This revealed the highest obtained space-time yield of 23.9 kgproduct gCLEC -1 h-1 Lreactor volume -1 along with the highest achieved product enantiomeric excess [64%] for application in a packed-bed reactor. Additionally, lyophilization of those CLECs yielded a storage-stable HheG preparation that still retained 67% of initial activity (after lyophilization) after 6 months of storage at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Staar
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anett Schallmey
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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2
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Milčić N, Švaco P, Sudar M, Tang L, Findrik Blažević Z, Majerić Elenkov M. Impact of organic solvents on the catalytic performance of halohydrin dehalogenase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2351-2361. [PMID: 36881116 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic transformations in organic synthesis often require the use of organic solvents to improve substrate solubility and promote the product formation. Halohydrin dehalogenases (HHDHs) are enzymes that catalyze the formation and conversion of epoxides, important synthetic class of compounds that are often sparingly soluble in water and prone to hydrolysis. In this study, the activity, stability, and enantioselectivity of HHDH from Agrobacterium radiobacter AD1 (HheC) in form of cell-free extract were evaluated in various aqueous-organic media. A correlation was discovered between the enzyme activity in the ring-closure reaction and logP of the solvent. Knowledge of such a relationship makes biocatalysis with organic solvents more predictable, which may reduce the need to experiment with a variety of solvents in the future. The results revealed a high enzyme compatibility with hydrophobic solvents (e.g., n-heptane) in terms of activity and stability. Regarding the HHDH applicability in an organic medium, inhibitions by a number of solvents (e.g., THF, toluene, chloroform) proved to be a more challenging problem than the protein stability, especially in the ring-opening reaction, thus suggesting which solvents should be avoided. In addition, solvent tolerance of the thermostable variant ISM-4 was also evaluated, revealing increased stability and to a lesser extent enantioselectivity compared to the wild-type. This is the first time such a systematic analysis has been reported, giving insight into the behavior of HHDHs in nonconventional media and opening new opportunities for the future biocatalytic applications. KEY POINTS: • HheC performs better in the presence of hydrophobic than hydrophilic solvents. • Enzyme activity in the PNSHH ring-closure reaction is a function of the logP. • Thermostability of ISM-4 variant is accompanied by superior solvent tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Milčić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska c, 16, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Švaco
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c, 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Sudar
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Savska c, 16, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lixia Tang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology, No. 4, Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu, China
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Solarczek J, Kaspar F, Bauer P, Schallmey A. G-type Halohydrin Dehalogenases Catalyze Ring Opening Reactions of Cyclic Epoxides with Diverse Anionic Nucleophiles. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202343. [PMID: 36214160 PMCID: PMC10099379 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Halohydrin dehalogenases are promiscuous biocatalysts, which enable asymmetric ring opening reactions of epoxides with various anionic nucleophiles. However, despite the increasing interest in such asymmetric transformations, the substrate scope of G-type halohydrin dehalogenases toward cyclic epoxides has remained largely unexplored, even though this subfamily is the only one known to display activity with these sterically demanding substrates. Herein, we report on the exploration of the substrate scope of the two G-type halohydrin dehalogenases HheG and HheG2 and a newly identified, more thermostable member of the family, HheG3, with a variety of sterically demanding cyclic epoxides and anionic nucleophiles. This work shows that, in addition to azide and cyanide, these enzymes facilitate ring-opening reactions with cyanate, thiocyanate, formate, and nitrite, significantly expanding the known repertoire of accessible transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Solarczek
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Biochemistry Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Felix Kaspar
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Biochemistry Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Bauer
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Biochemistry Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Amedes Genetics, MVZ for Laboratory Medicine, Georgstraße 50, 30159, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anett Schallmey
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute for Biochemistry Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Zentrum für Pharmaverfahrenstechnik (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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4
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Crystal Contact Engineering for Enhanced Cross-Linking Efficiency of HheG Crystals. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of cross-linked enzyme crystals is a very attractive method for immobilization of enzymes displaying high crystalizability. However, the commonly used cross-linker glutaraldehyde is not always compatible with enzyme activity. Therefore, we previously reported the engineering of halohydrin dehalogenase HheG from Ilumatobacter coccineus to enable thiol-specific cross-linking during CLEC generation by insertion of cysteine residues in the crystal contact. To broaden the applicability of this approach, herein crystal contact engineering of HheG has been performed to incorporate additional lysine residues as defined cross-linking sites for CLEC generation. Using the primary amine-specific cross-linker dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) (DSP), CLECs of HheG variant V46K were obtained that displayed a high gain in thermal stability compared to wild-type HheG, while using only a low cross-linker concentration. Moreover, respective V46K CLECs exhibited a 10 K higher reaction temperature optimum as well as significantly improved activity and stability at acidic pH and in the presence of organic co-solvents. Overall, our study demonstrates that lysine-specific cross-linkers can also be used as an alternative to glutaraldehyde for stable CLEC generation of halohydrin dehalogenases, and that cross-linking efficiency is significantly improved upon crystal contact engineering.
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Staar M, Henke S, Blankenfeldt W, Schallmey A. Biocatalytically active and stable cross‐linked enzyme crystals of halohydrin dehalogenase HheG by protein engineering. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Staar
- Technische Universität Braunschweig: Technische Universitat Braunschweig Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics GERMANY
| | - Steffi Henke
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research: Helmholtz-Zentrum fur Infektionsforschung GmbH Structure and Function of Proteins GERMANY
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research: Helmholtz-Zentrum fur Infektionsforschung GmbH Structure and Function of Proteins GERMANY
| | - Anett Schallmey
- Technische Universität Braunschweig: Technische Universitat Braunschweig Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Spielmannstr. 7 38106 Braunschweig GERMANY
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Wolter M, von Looz M, Meyerhenke H, Jacob CR. Systematic Partitioning of Proteins for Quantum-Chemical Fragmentation Methods Using Graph Algorithms. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:1355-1367. [PMID: 33591754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantum-chemical fragmentation methods offer an efficient approach for the treatment of large proteins, in particular if local target quantities such as protein-ligand interaction energies, enzymatic reaction energies, or spectroscopic properties of embedded chromophores are sought. However, the accuracy that is achievable for such local target quantities intricately depends on how the protein is partitioned into smaller fragments. While the commonly employed naı̈ve approach of using fragments with a fixed size is widely used, it can result in large and unpredictable errors when varying the fragment size. Here, we present a systematic partitioning scheme that aims at minimizing the fragmentation error of a local target quantity for a given maximum fragment size. To this end, we construct a weighted graph representation of the protein, in which the amino acids constitute the nodes. These nodes are connected by edges weighted with an estimate for the fragmentation error that is expected when cutting this edge. This allows us to employ graph partitioning algorithms provided by computer science to determine near-optimal partitions of the protein. We apply this scheme to a test set of six proteins representing various prototypical applications of quantum-chemical fragmentation methods using a simplified molecular fractionation with conjugate caps (MFCC) approach with hydrogen caps. We show that our graph-based scheme consistently improves upon the naı̈ve approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Wolter
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstrasse 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Moritz von Looz
- Department of Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Meyerhenke
- Department of Computer Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph R Jacob
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstrasse 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Wessel J, Petrillo G, Estevez-Gay M, Bosch S, Seeger M, Dijkman WP, Iglesias-Fernández J, Hidalgo A, Uson I, Osuna S, Schallmey A. Insights into the molecular determinants of thermal stability in halohydrin dehalogenase HheD2. FEBS J 2021; 288:4683-4701. [PMID: 33605544 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Halohydrin dehalogenases (HHDHs) are promising enzymes for application in biocatalysis due to their promiscuous epoxide ring-opening activity with various anionic nucleophiles. So far, seven different HHDH subtypes A to G have been reported with subtype D containing the by far largest number of enzymes. Moreover, several characterized members of subtype D have been reported to display outstanding characteristics such as high catalytic activity, broad substrate spectra or remarkable thermal stability. Yet, no structure of a D-type HHDH has been reported to date that could be used to investigate and understand those features on a molecular level. We therefore solved the crystal structure of HheD2 from gamma proteobacterium HTCC2207 at 1.6 Å resolution and used it as a starting point for targeted mutagenesis in combination with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, in order to study the low thermal stability of HheD2 in comparison with other members of subtype D. This revealed a hydrogen bond between conserved residues Q160 and D198 to be connected with a high catalytic activity of this enzyme. Moreover, a flexible surface region containing two α-helices was identified to impact thermal stability of HheD2. Exchange of this surface region by residues of HheD3 yielded a variant with 10 °C higher melting temperature and reaction temperature optimum. Overall, our results provide important insights into the structure-function relationship of HheD2 and presumably for other D-type HHDHs. DATABASES: Structural data are available in PDB database under the accession number 7B73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wessel
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Giovanna Petrillo
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Estevez-Gay
- CompBioLab Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Spain
| | - Sandra Bosch
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa', UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Seeger
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Willem P Dijkman
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Javier Iglesias-Fernández
- CompBioLab Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Hidalgo
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa', UAM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Uson
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Osuna
- CompBioLab Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anett Schallmey
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany
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Improving the enantioselectivity of halohydrin dehalogenase for the synthesis of (R)-benzyl glycidyl ether via biocatalytic azidolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 170:123-128. [PMID: 33352156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Halohydrin dehalogenases (HHDHs) are valuable biocatalysts for the synthesis of enantiopure benzyl glycidyl ether (BGE) and its derivatives, which are important synthetic intermediates for anti-cancer and anti-obesity drugs. However, all the reported HHDHs exhibit low enantioselectivity. In this study, we screened site-saturation mutagenesis libraries of AbHHDH at positions R89, A136, V137, P178, N179, F180, I181, Y186 and F187 for mutants with enhanced enantioselectivity toward BGE. The four improved variant R89V, R89Y, R89K and V137I were identified, and the double mutant R89Y/V137I showed 2.9-fold higher enantioselectivity than the wild type. The regions of HHDH containing the identified mutations were analyzed by homology modeling to explain the changes of enantioselectivity. Kinetic resolution of 20 to 100 mM BGE using whole cells of Escherichia coli expressing the mutant R89Y/V137I resulted in (R)-BGE yields of 42 to 32.5%, with ee >99%. This study improves our understanding of the enantioselectivity of HHDHs and contributes improved biocatalysts for the kinetic resolution of BGE.
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Findrik Blažević Z, Milčić N, Sudar M, Majerić Elenkov M. Halohydrin Dehalogenases and Their Potential in Industrial Application – A Viewpoint of Enzyme Reaction Engineering. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zvjezdana Findrik Blažević
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology Savska c. 16 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Nevena Milčić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology Savska c. 16 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Martina Sudar
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology Savska c. 16 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia
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Tang XL, Ye GY, Wan XY, Li HW, Zheng RC, Zheng YG. Rational design of halohydrin dehalogenase for efficient chiral epichlorohydrin production with high activity and enantioselectivity in aqueous-organic two-phase system. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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