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Suzuki Y, Ikemoto M, Yokoi T. The ontogenetic dietary shift from non-dangerous to dangerous prey in predator-eating predators under capture risk. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9609. [PMID: 36514549 PMCID: PMC9731918 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the patterns and generality of ontogenetic dietary shifts (ODSs) contributes to understanding prey-predator interactions and food web dynamics. Numerous studies have focused on predators that target distinctively lower trophic-level organisms. However, the ODS of predators that routinely prey on organisms at similar trophic levels (i.e., predator-eating predators) have been neglected in ODS research. The ODS patterns of predator eaters may not fit into conventional frameworks owing to constraints of potential capture risk (e.g., deadly counterattack from prey) and body size. We aimed to reveal the ODS patterns of predator eaters and determine whether the patterns were affected by body size and capture risk. Assuming that capture risk is a significant factor in ODS patterns, we expected: (1) juvenile araneophagic spiders to forage on non-dangerous prey (insects) and capture larger non-dangerous prey more frequently than dangerous prey (spiders); and (2) as they grow, their prey types will shift from non-dangerous to dangerous prey because larger predators will be able to capture dangerous prey as the optimal food. As a result of field observations, we revealed that the major ODS pattern in these spiders changed from a mixed (both insect and spider) to a spider-dominant diet. The model selection approach showed that this diet shift was partly due to predator size, and the relative importance of predator size was higher than the life stage per se and almost equal to species identity. In these spiders, the body size of spider prey tended to be smaller than that of insects when the predators were small, suggesting that capture risk may be a critical factor in determining the ODS patterns of these predators. Therefore, our study adds to the evidence that the capture risk is crucial in comprehensively understanding the mechanisms determining ODS patterns in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Suzuki
- Laboratory of Conservation Ecology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan,The United Graduate School of Agricultural SciencesKagoshima UniversityKagoshimaJapan
| | - Mito Ikemoto
- Laboratory of Conservation Ecology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan,Biodiversity DivisionNational Institute for Environmental StudiesTsukubaJapan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokoi
- Laboratory of Conservation Ecology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
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2
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Beydizada N, Pekár S. Personality predicts mode of attack in a generalist ground spider predator. Behav Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Personality traits, such as boldness and/or aggressiveness, have long been accepted to have a profound influence on many aspects of the lives of animals, including foraging. However, little is known about how personality traits shape the use of a particular attack strategy. Ground spiders use either venom or silk attack to immobilize prey. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that behavioral differences among individuals (namely boldness, measured as the time spent exploring a novel environment; and aggressiveness, measured as the number of killed but not consumed prey) drive the use of a particular attack strategy. We used a generalist ground spider, Drassodes lapidosus, and recorded the mode of attack on two types of prey, dangerous and safe. Moreover, we measured the size of the venom gland to test the relationship between the size of venom volume and the personality, as well as the mode of attack. Drassodes individuals showed consistent behavioral differences in the way they attacked prey. Venom attack was significantly related to increased aggressiveness when attacking spider (dangerous) prey and to increased boldness when attacking cricket (safe) prey. Silk attack was more frequently used by shy (for cricket prey) and docile (for spider prey). The volume of venom was not related to the attack strategy. We conclude that personality traits are important drivers of prey-capture behavior in generalist ground spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmin Beydizada
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Stano Pekár
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno , Czech Republic
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3
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Wang J, Wang H, Zhang R, Wei L, Cao R, Wang L, Lou Z. Variations of nitrogen-metabolizing enzyme activity and microbial community under typical loading conditions in full-scale leachate anoxic/aerobic system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 351:126946. [PMID: 35248710 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Influent loading determines the performance of leachate treatment plant (LTP) facing the dynamic conditions, but enzyme expression in microbial community is unclear. Here, six nitrogen-metabolizing enzymes were detected during nitrification failures (NF), high loading (HL), low loading (LL), and low carbon/nitrogen (LCN) in a 500 m3/d LTP. Nitrogen removal in LL was 15 ± 5% higher than that in HL. The activity of hydroxylamine oxidoreductase decreased by 90% as the influent total nitrogen increased from 2450 mg/L to 3100 mg/L, which might be a critical enzyme causing the nitrification failure. Denitrifying enzyme abated by 1.3% as the carbon/nitrogen dropped by 1% in LCN. With the influent chemical oxygen demand decreased from 22000 mg/L to 12000 mg/L, the relative abundance of norank_f_Saprospiraceae dropped from 33.66% to 11.94%, and finally disappeared, which seems to be an indicator of the high load operation. These findings provide the basis for improving the efficiency of LTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ruina Zhang
- Shanghai Environmental Sanitation Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200323, China
| | - Liu Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ruijie Cao
- Shanghai Environmental Sanitation Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200323, China
| | - Luochun Wang
- School of College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Ziyang Lou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; China Institute for Urban Governance, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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4
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Beydizada N, Řezáč M, Pekár S. Use of conditional prey attack strategies in two generalist ground spider species. Ethology 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Narmin Beydizada
- Department of Botany & Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Milan Řezáč
- Biodiversity Lab Crop Research Institute Prague‐Ruzynĕ Czech Republic
| | - Stano Pekár
- Department of Botany & Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
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5
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Wignall AE, Soley FG. Assassin bugs can reduce the aggression of their spider prey before an attack. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Predators that hunt dangerous prey require specialized predatory tactics to avoid counter-attack. Usually, these predatory tactics reduce the probability of detection. The assassin bugs Stenolemus bituberus and S. giraffa rely on stealth or mimicry to prey on dangerous web-building spiders. Paradoxically, however, these assassin bugs tap the spiders with their antennae prior to attacking, leaving the bugs vulnerable to detection and counter-attack. Here, we tested the function of prey tapping. We used a controlled, repeated-measures experiment to assess the responses of spiders (Pholcus phalangioides) to simulated prey and compared their responses after being tapped on the leg (mimicking tapping by Stenolemus) or sham-tapped. We show that tapping can reduce the likelihood that spiders will behave aggressively, in turn lowering the risks of injury for assassin bug predators. Tapping may be an adaptation to reduce intraspecific aggression in prey that is being exploited by their predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Wignall
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Fernando G Soley
- Organization for Tropical Studies, Apartado 676-2050, San José, Costa Rica
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA 6106, Australia
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Hernández Duran L, Wilson DT, Briffa M, Rymer TL. Beyond spider personality: The relationships between behavioral, physiological, and environmental factors. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2974-2989. [PMID: 33841759 PMCID: PMC8019048 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiders are useful models for testing different hypotheses and methodologies relating to animal personality and behavioral syndromes because they show a range of behavioral types and unique physiological traits (e.g., silk and venom) that are not observed in many other animals. These characteristics allow for a unique understanding of how physiology, behavioral plasticity, and personality interact across different contexts to affect spider's individual fitness and survival. However, the relative effect of extrinsic factors on physiological traits (silk, venom, and neurohormones) that play an important role in spider survival, and which may impact personality, has received less attention. The goal of this review is to explore how the environment, experience, ontogeny, and physiology interact to affect spider personality types across different contexts. We highlight physiological traits, such as neurohormones, and unique spider biochemical weapons, namely silks and venoms, to explore how the use of these traits might, or might not, be constrained or limited by particular behavioral types. We argue that, to develop a comprehensive understanding of the flexibility and persistence of specific behavioral types in spiders, it is necessary to incorporate these underlying mechanisms into a synthesized whole, alongside other extrinsic and intrinsic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hernández Duran
- College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityCairnsQldAustralia
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability SciencesJames Cook UniversityCairnsQldAustralia
| | - David Thomas Wilson
- Centre for Molecular TherapeuticsAustralian Institute for Tropical Health and MedicineJames Cook UniversityCairnsQldAustralia
| | - Mark Briffa
- School of Biological and Marine SciencesPlymouth UniversityPlymouthUK
| | - Tasmin Lee Rymer
- College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook UniversityCairnsQldAustralia
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability SciencesJames Cook UniversityCairnsQldAustralia
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Baydizada N, Tóthová A, Pekár S. Tracing the evolution of trophic specialisation and mode of attack behaviour in the ground spider family Gnaphosidae. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-020-00453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Konishi K, Matsumura K, Sakuno W, Miyatake T. Death feigning as an adaptive anti-predator behaviour: Further evidence for its evolution from artificial selection and natural populations. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1120-1128. [PMID: 32426887 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Death feigning is considered to be an adaptive antipredator behaviour. Previous studies on Tribolium castaneum have shown that prey which death feign have a fitness advantage over those that do not when using a jumping spider as the predator. Whether these effects are repeatable across species or whether they can be seen in nature is, however, unknown. Therefore, the present study involved two experiments: (a) divergent artificial selection for the duration of death feigning using a related species T. freemani as prey and a predatory bug as predator, demonstrating that previous results are repeatable across both prey and predator species, and (b) comparison of the death-feigning duration of T. castaneum populations collected from field sites with and without predatory bugs. In the first experiment, T. freemani adults from established selection regimes with longer durations of death feigning had higher survival rates and longer latency to being preyed on when they were placed with predatory bugs than the adults from regimes selected for shorter durations of death feigning. As a result, the adaptive significance of death-feigning behaviour was demonstrated in another prey-predator system. In the second experiment, wild T. castaneum beetles from populations with predators feigned death longer than wild beetles from predator-free populations. Combining the results from these two experiments with those from previous studies provided strong evidence that predators drive the evolution of longer death feigning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Konishi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kentarou Matsumura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakuno
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takahisa Miyatake
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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