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Izsak J, Seth H, Theiss S, Hanse E, Illes S. Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Promotes Neuronal Circuit Maturation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived 3D Neural Aggregates. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 14:1044-1059. [PMID: 32521247 PMCID: PMC7355159 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived in vitro neural and organoid models resemble fetal, rather than adult brain properties, indicating that currently applied cultivation media and supplements are insufficient to achieve neural maturation beyond the fetal stage. In vivo, cerebrospinal fluid molecules are regulating the transition of the immature fetal human brain into a mature adult brain. By culturing hiPSC-3D neural aggregates in human cerebrospinal fluid (hCSF) obtained from healthy adult individuals, we demonstrate that hCSF rapidly triggers neurogenesis, gliogenesis, synapse formation, neurite outgrowth, suppresses proliferation of residing neural stem cells, and results in the formation of synchronously active neuronal circuits in vitro within 3 days. Thus, a physiologically relevant and adult brain-like milieu triggers maturation of hiPSC-3D neural aggregates into highly functional neuronal circuits in vitro. The approach presented here opens a new avenue to identify novel physiological factors for the improvement of hiPSC neural in vitro models. Human CSF triggers rapidly multiple maturation processes in human 3D neural models Human CSF triggers human neurogenesis and suppresses neural stem cell proliferation Human CSF triggers human astrocyte development, neurite growth, and synapse formation Human CSF triggers the maturation of neurons into highly functional neuronal circuits
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Izsak
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Seth
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephan Theiss
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Result Medical GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eric Hanse
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Illes
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Wickham J, Corna A, Schwarz N, Uysal B, Layer N, Honegger JB, Wuttke TV, Koch H, Zeck G. Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Induces Neuronal Excitability Changes in Resected Human Neocortical and Hippocampal Brain Slices. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:283. [PMID: 32372899 PMCID: PMC7186381 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cerebrospinal fluid (hCSF) has proven advantageous over conventional medium for culturing both rodent and human brain tissue. In addition, increased activity and synchrony, closer to the dynamic states exclusively recorded in vivo, were reported in rodent slices and cell cultures switching from artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) to hCSF. This indicates that hCSF possesses properties that are not matched by the aCSF, which is generally used for most electrophysiological recordings. To evaluate the possible significance of using hCSF as an electrophysiological recording medium, also for human brain tissue, we compared the network and single-cell firing properties of human brain slice cultures during perfusion with hCSF and aCSF. For measuring the overall activity from a majority of neurons within neocortical and hippocampal human slices, we used a microelectrode array (MEA) recording technique with 252 electrodes covering an area of 3.2 × 3.2 mm2. A second CMOS-based MEA with 4225 sensors on a 2 × 2 mm2 area was used for detailed mapping of action potential waveforms and cell identification. We found that hCSF increased the number of active electrodes and neurons and the firing rate of the neurons in the slices and induced an increase in the numbers of single channel and population bursts. Interestingly, not only an increase in the overall activity in the slices was observed, but a reconfiguration of the network could also be detected with specific activation and inactivation of subpopulations of neuronal ensembles. In conclusion, hCSF is an important component to consider for future human brain slice studies, especially for experiments designed to mimic parts of physiology and disease observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Wickham
- Neurophysics, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Corna
- Neurophysics, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
- Graduate School of Neural Information Processing/International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Schwarz
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Betül Uysal
- Graduate School of Neural Information Processing/International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikolas Layer
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas V. Wuttke
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Henner Koch
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Günther Zeck
- Neurophysics, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
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Schmidl L, Schmidl G, Gawlik A, Dellith J, Hübner U, Tympel V, Schmidl F, Plentz J, Geis C, Haselmann H. Combining super-resolution microscopy with neuronal network recording using magnesium fluoride thin films as cover layer for multi-electrode array technology. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16110. [PMID: 31695073 PMCID: PMC6834630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an approach for fabrication of reproducible, chemically and mechanically robust functionalized layers based on MgF2 thin films on thin glass substrates. These show great advantages for use in super-resolution microscopy as well as for multi-electrode-array fabrication and are especially suited for combination of these techniques. The transparency of the coated substrates with the low refractive index material is adjustable by the layer thickness and can be increased above 92%. Due to the hydrophobic and lipophilic properties of the thin crystalline MgF2 layers, the temporal stable adhesion needed for fixation of thin tissue, e.g. cryogenic brain slices is given. This has been tested using localization-based super-resolution microscopy with currently highest spatial resolution in light microscopy. We demonstrated that direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy revealed in reliable imaging of structures of central synapses by use of double immunostaining of post- (homer1 and GluA2) and presynaptic (bassoon) marker structure in a 10 µm brain slice without additional fixing of the slices. Due to the proven additional electrical insulating effect of MgF2 layers, surfaces of multi-electrode-arrays were coated with this material and tested by voltage-current-measurements. MgF2 coated multi-electrode-arrays can be used as a functionalized microscope cover slip for combination with live-cell super-resolution microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Schmidl
- University Hospital Jena, Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Section Translational Neuroimmunology, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - G Schmidl
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - A Gawlik
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - J Dellith
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - U Hübner
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - V Tympel
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, Froebelstieg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - F Schmidl
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of solid state physics, Helmholtzweg 5, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - J Plentz
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - C Geis
- University Hospital Jena, Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Section Translational Neuroimmunology, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - H Haselmann
- University Hospital Jena, Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Section Translational Neuroimmunology, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
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Alexopoulos H, Dalakas MC. The immunobiology of autoimmune encephalitides. J Autoimmun 2019; 104:102339. [PMID: 31611142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitides, with an estimated incidence of 1.5 per million population per year, although described only 15 years ago, have already had a remarkable impact in neurology and paved the field to autoimmune neuropsychiatry. Many patients traditionally presented with aberrant behavior, especially of acute or subacute onset, and treated with anti-psychotic therapies, turn out to have a CNS autoimmune disease with pathogenic autoantibodies against synaptic antigens responding to immunotherapies. The review describes the clinical spectrum of these disorders, and the pathogenetic role of key autoantibodies directed against: a) cell surface synaptic antigens and receptors, including NMDAR, GABAa, GABAb, AMPA and glycine receptors; b) channels such as AQP4 water-permeable channel or voltage-gated potassium channels; c) proteins that stabilize voltage-gated potassium channel complex into the membrane, like the LGI1 and CASPR2; and d) enzymes that catalyze the formation of neurotransmitters such as Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD). These antibodies, effectively target excitatory or inhibitory synapses in the limbic system, basal ganglia or brainstem altering synaptic function and resulting in uncontrolled neurological excitability disorder clinically manifested with psychosis, agitation, behavioral alterations, depression, sleep disturbances, seizure-like phenomena, movement disorders such as ataxia, chorea and dystonia, memory changes or coma. Some of the identified triggering factors include: viruses, especially herpes simplex, accounting for the majority of relapses occurring after viral encephalitis, which respond to immunotherapy rather than antiviral agents; tumors especially teratoma, SCLC and thymomas; and biological cancer therapies (immune-check-point inhibitors). As anti-synaptic antibodies persist after viral infections or tumor removal, augmentation of autoreactive B cells which release autoantigens to draining lymph nodes, molecular mimicry and infection-induced bystander immune activation products play a role in autoimmunization process or perpetuating autoimmune neuroinflammation. The review stresses the importance of early detection, clinical recognition, proper antibody testing and early therapy initiation as these disorders, regardless of a known or not trigger, are potentially treatable responding to systemic immunotherapy with intravenous steroids, IVIg, rituximab or even bortezomid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Alexopoulos
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marinos C Dalakas
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA.
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