1
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Sojecka AA, Drozd-Rzoska A. Global population: from Super-Malthus behavior to Doomsday criticality. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9853. [PMID: 38684786 PMCID: PMC11058850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The report discusses global population changes from the Holocene beginning to 2023, via two Super Malthus (SM) scaling equations. SM-1 is the empowered exponential dependence: P t = P 0 e x p ± t / τ β , and SM-2 is the Malthus-type relation with the time-dependent growth rate r ( t ) or relaxation time τ ( t ) = 1 / r ( t ) : P t = P 0 e x p r t × t = P 0 e x p τ t / t . Population data from a few sources were numerically filtered to obtain a 'smooth' dataset, allowing the distortions-sensitive and derivative-based analysis. The test recalling SM-1 equation revealed the essential transition near the year 1970 (population: ~ 3 billion): from the compressed exponential behavior ( β > 1 ) to the stretched exponential one ( β < 1 ). For SM-2 dependence, linear changes of τ T during the Industrial Revolutions period, since ~ 1700, led to the constrained critical behavior P t = P 0 e x p b ' t / T C - t , whereT C ≈ 2216 is the extrapolated year of the infinite population. The link to the 'hyperbolic' von Foerster Doomsday equation is shown. Results are discussed in the context of complex systems physics, the Weibull distribution in extreme value theory, and significant historic and prehistoric issues revealed by the distortions-sensitive analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Angelika Sojecka
- Department of Marketing, University of Economics in Katowice, ul. 1 Maja 50, 40-257, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Drozd-Rzoska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142, Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Drozd-Rzoska A, Łoś J, Rzoska SJ. The Dominance of Pretransitional Effects in Liquid Crystal-Based Nanocolloids: Nematogenic 4-methoxybenzylidene-4'-butylaniline with Transverse Permanent Dipole Moment and BaTiO 3 Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:655. [PMID: 38668149 PMCID: PMC11053839 DOI: 10.3390/nano14080655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The report presents static, low-frequency, and dynamic dielectric properties in the isotropic liquid, nematic, and solid phases of MBBA and related nanocolloids with paraelectric BaTiO3 nanoparticles (spherical, d = 50 nm). MBBA (4-methoxybenzylidene-4'-butylaniline) is a liquid crystalline compound with a permanent dipole moment transverse to the long molecular axis. The distortions-sensitive analysis of the dielectric constant revealed its hidden pretransitional anomaly, strongly influenced by the addition of nanoparticles. The evolution of the dielectric constant in the nematic phase shows the split into two regions, with the crossover coinciding with the standard melting temperature. The 'universal' exponential-type behavior of the low-frequency contribution to the real part of the dielectric permittivity is found. The critical-like pretransitional behavior in the solid phase is also evidenced. This is explained by linking the Lipovsky model to the Mossotti catastrophe concept under quasi-negative pressure conditions. The explicit preference for the 'critical-like' evolution of the apparent activation enthalpy is worth stressing for dynamics. Finally, the long-range, 'critical-like' behavior of the dissipation factor (D = tgδ), covering the isotropic liquid and nematic phases, is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sylwester J. Rzoska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (A.D.-R.); (J.Ł.)
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Mishra VD, Pratap G, Roy A. Glassy relaxation in a de Vries smectic liquid crystal consisting of bent-core molecules. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:024703. [PMID: 38491713 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.024703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
We report experimental investigations of a liquid crystal comprising thiophene-based achiral bent-core banana shaped molecules. The compound exhibits the following phase sequence on cooling: Isotropic (517.4 K), N (514.9 K), de Vries SmA (402 K), SmC. Practically no layer contraction was observed across the SmA to SmC transition, confirming the "de Vries" nature of the SmA phase. Interestingly, the crystallization does not occur on cooling the sample, unlike most other liquid crystals. Instead, the SmC phase undergoes a glass transition at 271 K even at a slow cooling rate. The dielectric spectroscopy studies carried out on the sample reveal the presence of a dielectric mode whose relaxation process is of the Cole-Cole type. The relaxation frequency of the mode was found to drop rapidly with decreasing temperature, confirming the glassy behavior. The variation of relaxation frequency with temperature follows the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation, indicating the fragile glassy nature of the sample. This report identifies a bent-core liquid crystal exhibiting a "de Vries" SmA phase and glassy behavior at lower temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Deo Mishra
- Soft Condensed Matter Group, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore 560080, India
| | - G Pratap
- Polymer Science and Technology, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai 600020, India
| | - Arun Roy
- Soft Condensed Matter Group, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Sadashivanagar, Bangalore 560080, India
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Rzoska SJ, Drozd-Rzoska A, Bulejak W, Łoś J, Starzonek S, Szafran M, Gao F. Critical Insight into Pretransitional Behavior and Dielectric Tunability of Relaxor Ceramics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7634. [PMID: 38138776 PMCID: PMC10744929 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This model discussion focuses on links between the unique properties of relaxor ceramics and the basics of Critical Phenomena Physics and Glass Transition Physics. It indicates the significance of uniaxiality for the appearance of mean-field type features near the paraelectric-to-ferroelectric phase transition. Pretransitional fluctuations, that are increasing up to the size of a grain and leading to inter-grain, random, local electric fields are responsible for relaxor ceramics characteristics. Their impact yields the pseudospinodal behavior associated with "weakly discontinuous" local phase transitions. The emerging model redefines the meaning of the Burns temperature and polar nanoregions (PNRs). It offers a coherent explanation of "dielectric constant" changes with the "diffused maximum" near the paraelectric-to-ferroelectric transition, the sensitivity to moderate electric fields (tunability), and the "glassy" dynamics. These considerations are challenged by the experimental results of complex dielectric permittivity studies in a Ba0.65Sr0.35TiO3 relaxor ceramic, covering ca. 250 K, from the paraelectric to the "deep" ferroelectric phase. The distortion-sensitive and derivative-based analysis in the paraelectric phase and the surrounding paraelectric-to-ferroelectric transition reveal a preference for the exponential scaling pattern for ε(T) changes. This may suggest that Griffith-phase behavior is associated with mean-field criticality disturbed by random local impacts. The preference for the universalistic "critical & activated" evolution of the primary relaxation time is shown for dynamics. The discussion is supplemented by a coupled energy loss analysis. The electric field-related tunability studies lead to scaling relationships describing their temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester J. Rzoska
- Institute of High-Pressure Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (S.J.R.); (J.Ł.)
| | - Aleksandra Drozd-Rzoska
- Institute of High-Pressure Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (S.J.R.); (J.Ł.)
| | - Weronika Bulejak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Łoś
- Institute of High-Pressure Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (S.J.R.); (J.Ł.)
| | - Szymon Starzonek
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Mikołaj Szafran
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, MIIT Key Laboratory of Radiation Detection Materials and Devices, NPU-QMUL Joint Research Institute of Advanced Materials and Structures (JRI-AMAS), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
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Łoś J, Drozd-Rzoska A, Rzoska S. Critical-like behavior of low-frequency dielectric properties in compressed liquid crystalline octyloxycyanobiphenyl (8OCB) and its nanocolloid with paraelectric BaTiO3. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Phase Equilibria and Critical Behavior in Nematogenic MBBA-Isooctane Monotectic-Type Mixtures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032065. [PMID: 36768388 PMCID: PMC9916662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition from the isotropic (I) liquid to the nematic-type (N) uniaxial phase appearing as the consequence of the elongated geometry of elements seems to be a universal phenomenon for many types of suspensions, from solid nano-rods to biological particles based colloids. Rod-like thermotropic nematogenic liquid crystalline (LC) compounds and their mixtures with a molecular solvent (Sol) can be a significant reference for this category, enabling insights into universal features. The report presents studies in 4'-methoxybenzylidene-4-n-butylaniline (MBBA) and isooctane (Sol) mixtures, for which the monotectic-type phase diagram was found. There are two biphasic regions (i) for the low (TP1, isotropic liquid-nematic coexistence), and (ii) high (TP2, liquid-liquid coexistence) concentrations of isooctane. For both domains, biphasic coexistence curves' have been discussed and parameterized. For TP2 it is related to the order parameter and diameter tests. Notable is the anomalous mean-field type behavior near the critical consolute temperature. Regarding the isotropic liquid phase, critical opalescence has been detected above both biphasic regions. For TP2 it starts ca. 20 K above the critical consolute temperature. The nature of pretransitional fluctuations in the isotropic liquid phase was tested via nonlinear dielectric effect (NDE) measurements. It is classic (mean-field) above TP1 and non-classic above the TP2 domain. The long-standing problem regarding the non-critical background effect was solved to reach this result.
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Łoś J, Drozd-Rzoska A, Rzoska SJ, Czupryński K. The impact of ionic contribution to dielectric permittivity in 11CB liquid crystal and its colloids with BaTiO 3 nanoparticles. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2022; 45:74. [PMID: 36074208 PMCID: PMC9458595 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The report shows the temperature behavior of the real part of dielectric permittivity in the static (dielectric constant) and low-frequency (LF) domains in bulk samples of 11CB and its BaTiO3-based nanocolloids. The study covers the isotropic liquid (I), nematic (N), smectic A (SmA), and solid crystal (Cr) phases. For each phase, the dominance of pretransitional fluctuations, significantly moderated by nanoparticles, is shown. The authors consider separate focuses on the dielectric constant [Formula: see text] evolution in the static domain, yielding mainly response from permanent dipole moment and its arrangement, and in the low-frequency (LF) domain [Formula: see text] (where [Formula: see text] is for the real part of dielectric permittivity in the LF domain), which is associated solely with ionic-related polarization mechanisms. All of these led to new experimental evidence concerning I-N, N-SmA, and SmA-solid transitions, focusing on the strength and extent of pretransitional effects, critical exponents, and phase transitions discontinuities. The strong evidence for pretransitional effects near the SmA-Cr transition is notable, particularly regarding [Formula: see text]. Studies are supplemented by the discussion of DC electric conductivity-a parameter also related to the LF domain. Finally, the validity of the relation [Formula: see text] (where f stands for frequency, and A is a constant parameter), often used for discussing dielectric spectra in LC compound and its nanocolloids in the LF domain, is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Łoś
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, X-PressMatter Lab, ul. Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Drozd-Rzoska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, X-PressMatter Lab, ul. Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwester J Rzoska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, X-PressMatter Lab, ul. Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czupryński
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
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Böhmer T, Gabriel JP, Zeißler R, Richter T, Blochowicz T. Glassy dynamics in polyalcohols: intermolecular simplicity vs. intramolecular complexity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18272-18280. [PMID: 35880532 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01969h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using depolarized light scattering, we have recently shown that structural relaxation in a broad range of supercooled liquids follows, to good approximation, a generic line shape with high-frequency power law ω-1/2. We now continue this study by investigating a systematic series of polyalcohols (PAs), frequently used as model-systems in glass-science, i.a., because the width of their respective dielectric loss spectra varies strongly along the series. Our results reveal that the microscopic origin of the observed relaxation behavior varies significantly between different PAs: while short-chained PAs like glycerol rotate as more or less rigid entities and their light scattering spectra follow the generic shape, long-chained PAs like sorbitol display pronounced intramolecular dynamic contributions on the time scale of structural relaxation, leading to systematic deviations from the generic shape. Based on these findings we discuss an important limitation for observing the generic shape in a supercooled liquid: the dynamics that is probed needs to reflect the intermolecular dynamic heterogeneity, and must not be superimposed by effects of intramolecular dynamic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Böhmer
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Jan Philipp Gabriel
- Glass and Time, IMFUFA, Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rolf Zeißler
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Timo Richter
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Thomas Blochowicz
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Łoś J, Drozd-Rzoska A, Rzoska SJ, Starzonek S, Czupryński K. The fluctuation-driven dielectric properties of liquid crystalline 8OCB and its nanocolloids. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4502-4512. [PMID: 35678229 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00105e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Results of broadband dielectric spectroscopy studies in liquid crystalline octyloxycyanobiphenyl (8OCB) and its colloids with BaTiO3 nanoparticles (paraelectric, diameter d = 50 nm) are presented. Studies were carried out in isotropic liquid, nematic, smectic A and solid crystalline phases. They are supported by derivative-based and distortion-sensitive analyses, revealing a set of universal scaling patterns for temperature evolution of static and dynamic dielectric properties. All these yielded evidence for a pretransitional fluctuation impact on the dielectric constant, primary relaxation time, loss curve maximum and translational-orientational decoupling associated with anomalous values of the fractional Debye-Stokes-Einstein (DSE) exponent 0.2 < S < 2.2. The evidence for critical like changes in a distribution of relaxation times is shown. For mesophases, a tiny addition of nanoparticles causes permanent orientation of LC molecules, leading even to a 16% increase of the dielectric constant above a maximal value in pure 8OCB. A split of two regions, dominated by pre-isotropic and pre-smectic fluctuations, is evidenced. Model explanations for detected phenomena, particularly in the isotropic liquid phase, are presented. New evidence for a premelting effect in the solid phase is also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Łoś
- Institute of High Pressure Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Drozd-Rzoska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sylwester J Rzoska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Szymon Starzonek
- Institute of High Pressure Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Czupryński
- Military University of Technology, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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New paradigm for configurational entropy in glass-forming systems. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3058. [PMID: 35197481 PMCID: PMC8866542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that on cooling towards glass transition configurational entropy exhibits more significant changes than predicted by classic relation. A universal formula according to Kauzmann temperature [Formula: see text] is given: [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text]. The exponent [Formula: see text] is hypothetically linked to dominated local symmetry. Such a behaviour is coupled to previtreous evolution of heat capacity [Formula: see text] associated with finite temperature singularity. These lead to generalised VFT relation, for which the basic equation is retrieved. For many glass-formers, basic VFT equation may have only an effective meaning. A universal-like reliability of the Stickel operator analysis for detecting dynamic crossover phenomenon is also questioned. Notably, distortions-sensitive and derivative-based analysis focused on previtreous changes of configurational entropy and heat capacity for glycerol, ethanol and liquid crystal is applied.
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12
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Starzonek S, Drozd-Rzoska A, Rzoska SJ. Long-Range Static and Dynamic Previtreous Effects in Supercooled Squalene-Impact of Strong Electric Field. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195811. [PMID: 34641355 PMCID: PMC8510216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents evidence for the long-range previtreous changes of two static properties: the dielectric constant (ε) and its strong electric field related counterpart, the nonlinear dielectric effect (NDE). Important evidence is provided for the functional characterizations of ε(T) temperature changes by the ‘Mossotti Catastrophe’ formula, as well as for the NDE vs. T evolution by the relations resembling those developed for critical liquids. The analysis of the dynamic properties, based on the activation energy index, excluded the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann (VFT) relation as a validated tool for portraying the evolution of the primary relaxation time. This result questions the commonly applied ‘Stickel operator’ routine as the most reliable tool for determining the dynamic crossover temperature. In particular, the strong electric field radically affects the distribution of the relaxation times, the form of the evolution of the primary relaxation time, and the fragility. The results obtained in this paper support the concept of a possible semi-continuous phase transition hidden below Tg. The studies were carried out in supercooled squalene, a material with an extremely low electric conductivity, a strongly elongated molecule, and which is vitally important for biology and medicine related issues.
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Rzoska SJ, Starzonek S, Łoś J, Drozd-Rzoska A, Kralj S. Dynamics and Pretransitional Effects in C 60 Fullerene Nanoparticles and Liquid Crystalline Dodecylcyanobiphenyl (12CB) Hybrid System. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2343. [PMID: 33255904 PMCID: PMC7761475 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The report shows the strong impact of fullerene C60 nanoparticles on phase transitions and complex dynamics of rod-like liquid crystal dodecylcyanobiphenyl (12CB), within the limit of small concentrations. Studies were carried out using broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) via the analysis of temperature dependences of the dielectric constant, the maximum of the primary loss curve, and relaxation times. They revealed a strong impact of nanoparticles, leading to a ~20% change of dielectric constant even at x = 0.05% of C60 fullerene. The application of the derivative-based and distortion-sensitive analysis showed that pretransitional effects dominate in the isotropic liquid phase up to 65 K above the clearing temperature and in the whole Smectic A mesophase. The impact of nanoparticles on the pretransitional anomaly appearance is notable for the smectic-solid phase transition. The fragility-based analysis of relaxation times revealed the universal pattern of its temperature changes, associated with scaling via the "mixed" ("activated" and "critical") relation. Phase behavior and dynamics of tested systems are discussed within the extended Landau-de Gennes-Ginzburg mesoscopic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester J. Rzoska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (S.S.); (J.Ł.); (A.D.-R.)
| | - Szymon Starzonek
- Institute of High Pressure Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (S.S.); (J.Ł.); (A.D.-R.)
| | - Joanna Łoś
- Institute of High Pressure Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (S.S.); (J.Ł.); (A.D.-R.)
| | - Aleksandra Drozd-Rzoska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Sokołowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (S.S.); (J.Ł.); (A.D.-R.)
| | - Samo Kralj
- Laboratory of Physics of Complex Systems, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Sodre ER, Guido BC, de Souza PEN, Machado DFS, Carvalho-Silva VH, Chaker JA, Gatto CC, Correa JR, Fernandes TDA, Neto BAD. Deciphering the Dynamics of Organic Nanoaggregates with AIEE Effect and Excited States: Lipophilic Benzothiadiazole Derivatives as Selective Cell Imaging Probes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12614-12634. [PMID: 32876447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) effect in fluorescent lipophilic 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) derivatives and their organic nanoaggregates were studied. A set of techniques such as single-crystal X-ray, dynamic light scattering (DLS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), UV-vis, fluorescence, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to decipher the formation/break (kinetics), properties, and dynamics of the organic nanoaggregates of three BTD small organic molecules. An in-depth study of the excited-state also revealed the preferential relaxation emissive pathways for the BTD derivatives and the dynamics associated with it. The results described herein, for the first time, explain the formation of fluorescent BTD nanoaggregate derivatives and allow for the understanding of their dynamics in solution as well as the ruling forces of both aggregation and break processes along with the involved equilibrium. One of the developed dyes could be used at a nanomolar concentration to selectively stain lipid droplets emitting an intense and bright fluorescence at the red channel. The other two BTDs could also stain lipid droplets at very low concentrations and were visualized preferentially at the blue channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine R Sodre
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70904-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna C Guido
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70904-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo E N de Souza
- Laboratory of Software and Instrumentation in Applied Physics and Laboratory of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Institute of Physics, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70904-970, Brazil
| | - Daniel F S Machado
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70904-900, Brazil
| | - Valter H Carvalho-Silva
- Divisão de Modelagem de Transformações Físicas e Químicas, Grupo de Química Teo'rica e Estrutural de Ana'polis, Centro de Pesquisa e Pos-Graduação, Universidade Estadual de Goia's,, Ana'polis, Goia's 75001-970, Brazil
| | - Juliano A Chaker
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70904-900, Brazil
| | - Claudia C Gatto
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70904-900, Brazil
| | - Jose R Correa
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70904-900, Brazil
| | - Talita de A Fernandes
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70904-900, Brazil
| | - Brenno A D Neto
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70904-900, Brazil
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From the Kinetic Theory of Gases to the Kinetics of Rate Processes: On the Verge of the Thermodynamic and Kinetic Limits. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25092098. [PMID: 32365840 PMCID: PMC7248839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A variety of current experiments and molecular dynamics computations are expanding our understanding of rate processes occurring in extreme environments, especially at low temperatures, where deviations from linearity of Arrhenius plots are revealed. The thermodynamic behavior of molecular systems is determined at a specific temperature within conditions on large volume and number of particles at a given density (the thermodynamic limit): on the other side, kinetic features are intuitively perceived as defined in a range between the extreme temperatures, which limit the existence of each specific phase. In this paper, extending the statistical mechanics approach due to Fowler and collaborators, ensembles and partition functions are defined to evaluate initial state averages and activation energies involved in the kinetics of rate processes. A key step is delayed access to the thermodynamic limit when conditions on a large volume and number of particles are not fulfilled: the involved mathematical analysis requires consideration of the role of the succession for the exponential function due to Euler, precursor to the Poisson and Boltzmann classical distributions, recently discussed. Arguments are presented to demonstrate that a universal feature emerges: Convex Arrhenius plots (super-Arrhenius behavior) as temperature decreases are amply documented in progressively wider contexts, such as viscosity and glass transitions, biological processes, enzymatic catalysis, plasma catalysis, geochemical fluidity, and chemical reactions involving collective phenomena. The treatment expands the classical Tolman’s theorem formulated quantally by Fowler and Guggenheim: the activation energy of processes is related to the averages of microscopic energies. We previously introduced the concept of “transitivity”, a function that compactly accounts for the development of heuristic formulas and suggests the search for universal behavior. The velocity distribution function far from the thermodynamic limit is illustrated; the fraction of molecules with energy in excess of a certain threshold for the description of the kinetics of low-temperature transitions and of non-equilibrium reaction rates is derived. Uniform extension beyond the classical case to include quantum tunneling (leading to the concavity of plots, sub-Arrhenius behavior) and to Fermi and Bose statistics has been considered elsewhere. A companion paper presents a computational code permitting applications to a variety of phenomena and provides further examples.
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Machado HG, Sanches-Neto FO, Coutinho ND, Mundim KC, Palazzetti F, Carvalho-Silva VH. "Transitivity": A Code for Computing Kinetic and Related Parameters in Chemical Transformations and Transport Phenomena. Molecules 2019; 24:E3478. [PMID: 31557893 PMCID: PMC6803931 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Transitivity function, defined in terms of the reciprocal of the apparent activation energy, measures the propensity for a reaction to proceed and can provide a tool for implementing phenomenological kinetic models. Applications to systems which deviate from the Arrhenius law at low temperature encouraged the development of a user-friendly graphical interface for estimating the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of physical and chemical processes. Here, we document the Transitivity code, written in Python, a free open-source code compatible with Windows, Linux and macOS platforms. Procedures are made available to evaluate the phenomenology of the temperature dependence of rate constants for processes from the Arrhenius and Transitivity plots. Reaction rate constants can be calculated by the traditional Transition-State Theory using a set of one-dimensional tunneling corrections (Bell (1935), Bell (1958), Skodje and Truhlar and, in particular, the deformed ( d -TST) approach). To account for the solvent effect on reaction rate constant, implementation is given of the Kramers and of Collins-Kimball formulations. An input file generator is provided to run various molecular dynamics approaches in CPMD code. Examples are worked out and made available for testing. The novelty of this code is its general scope and particular exploit of d -formulations to cope with non-Arrhenius behavior at low temperatures, a topic which is the focus of recent intense investigations. We expect that this code serves as a quick and practical tool for data documentation from electronic structure calculations: It presents a very intuitive graphical interface which we believe to provide an excellent working tool for researchers and as courseware to teach statistical thermodynamics, thermochemistry, kinetics, and related areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo G Machado
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Centro de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação. Universidade Estadual de Goiás, 75132-400 Anápolis, GO, Brazil.
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Caixa Postal 4478, 70904-970 Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Flávio O Sanches-Neto
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Centro de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação. Universidade Estadual de Goiás, 75132-400 Anápolis, GO, Brazil.
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Caixa Postal 4478, 70904-970 Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Nayara D Coutinho
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Kleber C Mundim
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Caixa Postal 4478, 70904-970 Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Federico Palazzetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Valter H Carvalho-Silva
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Centro de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação. Universidade Estadual de Goiás, 75132-400 Anápolis, GO, Brazil.
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Caixa Postal 4478, 70904-970 Brasília, Brazil.
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Abstract
In pressurized glass-forming systems, the apparent (changeable) activation volume Va(P) is the key property governing the previtreous behavior of the structural relaxation time (τ) or viscosity (η), following the Super-Barus behavior: [Formula: see text], T = const. It is usually assumed that Va(P) = V#(P), where [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]. This report shows that Va(P) ≪ V#(P) for P → Pg, where Pg denotes the glass pressure, and the magnitude V#(P) is coupled to the pressure steepness index (the apparent fragility). V#(P) and Va(P) coincides only for the basic Barus dynamics, where Va(P) = Va = const in the given pressure domain, or for P → 0. The simple and non-biased way of determining Va(P) and the relation for its parameterization are proposed. The derived relation resembles Murnaghan - O'Connel equation, applied in deep Earth studies. It also offers a possibility of estimating the pressure and volume at the absolute stability limit. The application of the methodology is shown for diisobutyl phthalate (DIIP, low-molecular-weight liquid), isooctyloxycyanobiphenyl (8*OCB, liquid crystal) and bisphenol A/epichlorohydrin (EPON 828, epoxy resin), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Drozd-Rzoska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sokołowska, 29/37.01-142, Warsaw, Poland.
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