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Kim M, Lee SA, Yun JH, Ko SR, Cho DH, Kim HS, Oh HM, Kim HS, Ahn CY. Cultivation of Chlorella sp. HS2 using wastewater from soy sauce factory. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140162. [PMID: 37709062 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of wastewater from industrial sectors into the design of microalgal biorefineries has significant potential for advancing the practical application of this emerging industry. This study tested various food industrial wastewaters to assess their suitability for microalgal cultivation. Among these wastewaters, defective soy sauce (DSS) and soy sauce wastewater (SWW) were chosen but DSS exhibited the highest nutrient content with 13,500 ppm total nitrogen and 3051 ppm total phosphorus. After diluting DSS by a factor of 50, small-scale cultivation of microalgae was conducted to optimize culture conditions. SWW exhibited optimal growth at 25-30 °C and 300-500 μE m-2 s-1, while DSS showed optimal growth at 30-35 °C. Based on a 100-mL lab-scale and 3-L outdoor cultivation with an extended cultivation period, DSS outperformed SWW, exhibiting higher final biomass productivity. Additionally, nutrient-concentrated nature of DSS is advantageous for transportation at an industrial scale, leading us to select it as the most promising feedstock for microalgal cultivation. With further optimization, DSS has the potential to serve as an effective microalgal cultivation feedstock for large-scale biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsik Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Dept. of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ah Lee
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advance Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Yun
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Ra Ko
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Cho
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Su Kim
- FarmHannong, Nonsan, Chungcheongnam-do, 33010, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Mock Oh
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sik Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Yong Ahn
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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de Raad M, Li YV, Kuehl JV, Andeer PF, Kosina SM, Hendrickson A, Saichek NR, Golini AN, Han LZ, Wang Y, Bowen BP, Deutschbauer AM, Arkin AP, Chakraborty R, Northen TR. A Defined Medium for Cultivation and Exometabolite Profiling of Soil Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:855331. [PMID: 35694313 PMCID: PMC9174792 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.855331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exometabolomics is an approach to assess how microorganisms alter, or react to their environments through the depletion and production of metabolites. It allows the examination of how soil microbes transform the small molecule metabolites within their environment, which can be used to study resource competition and cross-feeding. This approach is most powerful when used with defined media that enable tracking of all metabolites. However, microbial growth media have traditionally been developed for the isolation and growth of microorganisms but not metabolite utilization profiling through Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Here, we describe the construction of a defined medium, the Northen Lab Defined Medium (NLDM), that not only supports the growth of diverse soil bacteria but also is defined and therefore suited for exometabolomic experiments. Metabolites included in NLDM were selected based on their presence in R2A medium and soil, elemental stoichiometry requirements, as well as knowledge of metabolite usage by different bacteria. We found that NLDM supported the growth of 108 of the 110 phylogenetically diverse (spanning 36 different families) soil bacterial isolates tested and all of its metabolites were trackable through LC–MS/MS analysis. These results demonstrate the viability and utility of the constructed NLDM medium for growing and characterizing diverse microbial isolates and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus de Raad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yifan V. Li
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer V. Kuehl
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Peter F. Andeer
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Suzanne M. Kosina
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Andrew Hendrickson
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Saichek
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Amber N. Golini
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - La Zhen Han
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin P. Bowen
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Adam M. Deutschbauer
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Adam P. Arkin
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Romy Chakraborty
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Trent R. Northen
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Trent R. Northen,
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Kim M, Jeon S, Kang NK, Lee HG, Shin WS, Koh HG, Yun JH, Ahn CY, Oh HM, Chang YK. Molecular analysis of sugar transporters and glycolysis pathways in Ettlia sp. under heterotrophy using fructose and glucose. Biotechnol J 2021; 17:e2100214. [PMID: 34669258 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fructophilic behavior in microalgae is a rare trait that could benefit biorefineries by enabling substitution of carbon source with fructose, and our previous study identified that Ettlia sp. prefers fructose relative to glucose. In this study, by analyzing the transcription levels of genes related to sugar transport and the glycolysis pathway, the fructose utilization of Ettlia sp. was investigated. In a fructose-containing medium, the expression levels of fructokinase (EttFRK3) and glucokinase (EttGCK1 and EttGCK2) genes were significantly upregulated in heterotrophic cultivation of Ettlia sp. under fructose supplementation conditions. Further, a sugar transporter (EttSTF11) was significantly upregulated by 3.2-fold in 1 day, and this increase was analogous to the specific growth rate exhibited by the species. Subsequent cultivation tests with multi-sugar sources also showed a significant upregulation of EttSTF11 relative to other treatments without fructose. A phylogenetic tree derived from the analysis of different transporters of interest identified that EttSTF11 was adjacent to reference fructose transporters with a high bootstrap value of 71. Given that the transmembrane domains of EttSTF11 were analogous to those of reference fructose transporter genes, EttSTF11 appeared to play a critical role in fructose consumption and metabolism in Ettlia sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjib Jeon
- Research Institute of Industrial Technology Convergence, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 143 Hanggaul-ro, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hyung-Gwan Lee
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sub Shin
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Gi Koh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jin-Ho Yun
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Yong Ahn
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Mock Oh
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Advanced Biomass R&D Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Vieira NM, Dos Santos RCV, Germano VKDC, Ventorim RZ, de Almeida ELM, da Silveira FA, Ribeiro Júnior JI, da Silveira WB. Isolation of a new Papiliotrema laurentii strain that displays capacity to achieve high lipid content from xylose. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:382. [PMID: 32802724 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we isolated and selected oleaginous yeasts from rock field soils from two National Parks in Brazil (Caparaó and Serra dos Órgãos) with the potential to accumulate oil from xylose, the main pentose sugar found in lignocellulosic biomass. From the 126 isolates, two were selected based on their lipid contents. They were taxonomically identified as Papiliotrema laurentii (UFV-1 and UFV-2). Of the two, P. laurentii UFV-1 was selected as the best lipid producer. Under unoptimized conditions, lipid production by P. laurentii UFV-1 was higher in glucose than in xylose. To improve its lipid production from xylose, we applied response surface methodology (RSM) with a face-centered central composite design (CCF). We evaluated the effects of agitation rate, initial cell biomass (OD600), carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) and pH on lipid production. P. laurentii UFV-1 recorded the highest lipid content, 63.5% (w/w) of the cell dry mass, under the following conditions: C/N ratio = 100:1, pH value = 7.0, initial OD600 = 0.8 and agitation = 300 rpm. Under these optimized conditions, biomass, lipid titer and volumetric lipid productivity were 9.31 g/L, 5.90 g/L and 0.082 g/L.h, respectively. Additionally, we determined the fatty acid composition of P. laurentii UFV-1 as follows: C14:0 (0.5%), C16:0 (28.4-29.4%), C16:1 (0.2%), C18:0 (9.5-11%), C18:1 (58.6-60.5%), and C20:0 (0.7-0.8%). Based on this composition, the predicted properties of biodiesel showed that P. laurentii UFV-1 oil is suitable for use as feedstock in biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nívea Moreira Vieira
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Raquel Cristina Vieira Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Vanessa Kely de Castro Germano
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Rafaela Zandonade Ventorim
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luís Menezes de Almeida
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900 Brazil
| | - Fernando Augusto da Silveira
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900 Brazil
| | | | - Wendel Batista da Silveira
- Laboratory of Microbial Physiology, Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG 36570-900 Brazil
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Lee JW, Lee MW, Ha JS, Kim DS, Jin E, Lee HG, Oh HM. Development of a species-specific transformation system using the novel endogenous promoter calreticulin from oleaginous microalgae Ettlia sp. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13947. [PMID: 32811857 PMCID: PMC7434781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae not only serve as raw materials for biofuel but also have uses in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. However, regulated gene expression in microalgae has only been achieved in a few strains due to the lack of genome information and unstable transformation. This study developed a species-specific transformation system for an oleaginous microalga, Ettlia sp. YC001, using electroporation. The electroporation was optimized using three parameters (waveform, field strength, and number of pulses), and the final selection was a 5 kV cm-1 field strength using an exponential decay wave with one pulse. A new strong endogenous promoter CRT (Pcrt) was identified using transcriptome and quantitative PCR analysis of highly expressed genes during the late exponential growth phase. The activities of this promoter were characterized using a codon optimized cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) as a reporter. The expression of CFP was similar under Pcrt and under the constitutive promoter psaD (PpsaD). The developed transformation system using electroporation with the endogenous promoter is simple to prepare, is easy to operate with high repetition, and utilizes a species-specific vector for high expression. This system could be used not only in molecular studies on microalgae but also in various industrial applications of microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Woo Lee
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Woo Lee
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-San Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Soo Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Gwan Lee
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee-Mock Oh
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Kim HS, Kim M, Park WK, Chang YK. Enhanced Lipid Production of Chlorella sp. HS2 Using Serial Optimization and Heat Shock. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:136-145. [PMID: 31693833 PMCID: PMC9745661 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1910.10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chlorella sp. HS2, which previously showed excellent performance in phototrophic cultivation and has tolerance for wide ranges of salinity, pH, and temperature, was cultivated heterotrophically. However, this conventional medium has been newly optimized based on a composition analysis using elemental analysis and ICP-OES. In addition, in order to maintain a favorable dissolved oxygen level, stepwise elevation of revolutions per minute was adopted. These optimizations led to 40 and 13% increases in the biomass and lipid productivity, respectively (7.0 and 2.25 g l-1d-1 each). To increase the lipid content even further, 12 h heat shock at 50°C was applied and this enhanced the biomass and lipid productivity up to 4 and 17% respectively (7.3 and 2.64 g l-1d-1, each) relative to the optimized conditions above, and the values were 17 and 14% higher than ordinary lipid-accumulating N-limitation (6.2 and 2.31 g l-1d-1). On this basis, heat shock was successfully adopted in novel Chlorella sp. HS2 cultivation as a lipid inducer for the first time. Considering its fast and cost-effective characteristics, heat shock will enhance the overall microalgal biofuel production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Su Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Engineering, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Advanced Biomass R&D Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Kim HS, Park WK, Lee B, Seon G, Suh WI, Moon M, Chang YK. Optimization of heterotrophic cultivation of Chlorella sp. HS2 using screening, statistical assessment, and validation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19383. [PMID: 31852948 PMCID: PMC6920485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae has a number of notable advantages, which include allowing high culture density levels as well as enabling the production of biomass in consistent and predictable quantities. In this study, the full potential of Chlorella sp. HS2 is explored through optimization of the parameters for its heterotrophic cultivation. First, carbon and nitrogen sources were screened in PhotobioBox. Initial screening using the Plackett-Burman design (PBD) was then adopted and the concentrations of the major nutrients (glucose, sodium nitrate, and dipotassium phosphate) were optimized via response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD). Upon validation of the model via flask-scale cultivation, the optimized BG11 medium was found to result in a three-fold improvement in biomass amounts, from 5.85 to 18.13 g/L, in comparison to a non-optimized BG11 medium containing 72 g/L glucose. Scaling up the cultivation to a 5-L fermenter resulted in a greatly improved biomass concentration of 35.3 g/L owing to more efficient oxygenation of the culture. In addition, phosphorus feeding fermentation was employed in an effort to address early depletion of phosphate, and a maximum biomass concentration of 42.95 g/L was achieved, with biomass productivity of 5.37 g/L/D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Su Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Engineering, Sangmyung University, 20 Hongimun 2-gil, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongsoo Lee
- Department of Microbial and Nano Materials, College of Science and Technology, Mokwon University, 88 Doanbuk-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35349, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongho Seon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - William I Suh
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myounghoon Moon
- Gwangju Bio/Energy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61003, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Advanced Biomass R&D Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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