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Han X, Qu L, Yu M, Ye L, Shi L, Ye G, Yang J, Wang Y, Fan H, Wang Y, Tan Y, Wang C, Li Q, Lei W, Chen J, Liu Z, Shen Z, Li Y, Hu S. Thiamine-modified metabolic reprogramming of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte under space microgravity. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:86. [PMID: 38584163 PMCID: PMC10999445 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01791-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
During spaceflight, the cardiovascular system undergoes remarkable adaptation to microgravity and faces the risk of cardiac remodeling. Therefore, the effects and mechanisms of microgravity on cardiac morphology, physiology, metabolism, and cellular biology need to be further investigated. Since China started constructing the China Space Station (CSS) in 2021, we have taken advantage of the Shenzhou-13 capsule to send human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) to the Tianhe core module of the CSS. In this study, hPSC-CMs subjected to space microgravity showed decreased beating rate and abnormal intracellular calcium cycling. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed a battery of metabolic remodeling of hPSC-CMs in spaceflight, especially thiamine metabolism. The microgravity condition blocked the thiamine intake in hPSC-CMs. The decline of thiamine utilization under microgravity or by its antagonistic analog amprolium affected the process of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It decreased ATP production, which led to cytoskeletal remodeling and calcium homeostasis imbalance in hPSC-CMs. More importantly, in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that thiamine supplementation could reverse the adaptive changes induced by simulated microgravity. This study represents the first astrobiological study on the China Space Station and lays a solid foundation for further aerospace biomedical research. These data indicate that intervention of thiamine-modified metabolic reprogramming in human cardiomyocytes during spaceflight might be a feasible countermeasure against microgravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lina Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingqun Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liujia Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guangfu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jingsi Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaning Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yingjun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianghai Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaoxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenya Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Shijun Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Giacinto O, Lusini M, Sammartini E, Minati A, Mastroianni C, Nenna A, Pascarella G, Sammartini D, Carassiti M, Miraldi F, Chello M, Pelliccia F. Cardiovascular Effects of Cosmic Radiation and Microgravity. J Clin Med 2024; 13:520. [PMID: 38256654 PMCID: PMC10816185 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent spaceflights involving nonprofessional people have opened the doors to the suborbital space tourism business. However, they have also drawn public attention to the safety and hazards associated with space travel. Unfortunately, space travel involves a myriad of health risks for people, ranging from DNA damage caused by radiation exposure to the hemodynamic changes that occur when living in microgravity. In fact, the primary pathogenetic role is attributed to cosmic radiation, since deep space lacks the protective benefit of Earth's magnetic shielding. The second risk factor for space-induced pathologies is microgravity, which may affect organ function and cause a different distribution of fluid inside the human body. Both cosmic radiation and microgravity may lead to the alteration of cellular homeostasis and molecular changes in cell function. These, in turn, might have a direct impact on heart function and structure. The aim of this review is to draw attention to the fact that spaceflights constitute a novel frontier in biomedical research. We summarize the most important clinical and experimental evidence regarding the cardiovascular effects of cosmic radiation and microgravity. Finally, we highlight that unraveling the mechanisms underlying how space radiation and microgravity affect the cardiovascular system is crucial for identifying potential countermeasures and developing effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Giacinto
- Research Unit of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Lusini
- Research Unit of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Minati
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Università Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ciro Mastroianni
- Research Unit of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Nenna
- Research Unit of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pascarella
- Research Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Sammartini
- Research Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Carassiti
- Research Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Miraldi
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Università Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Chello
- Research Unit of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Pelliccia
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Università Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Wang Z, Wang X, Chen Y, Wang C, Chen L, Jiang M, Liu X, Zhang X, Feng Y, Xu J. Loss and recovery of myocardial mitochondria in mice under different tail suspension time: Apoptosis and mitochondrial fission, fusion and autophagy. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:1189-1202. [PMID: 37565298 PMCID: PMC10988507 DOI: 10.1113/ep090518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Long-term weightlessness in animals can cause changes in myocardial structure and function, in which mitochondria play an important role. Here, a tail suspension (TS) Kunming mouse (Mus musculus) model was used to simulate the effects of weightlessness on the heart. We investigated the effects of 2 and 4 weeks of TS (TS2 and TS4) on myocardial mitochondrial ultrastructure and oxidative respiratory function and on the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and mitochondrial fission, autophagy and fusion-related signalling. Our study revealed significant changes in the ultrastructural features of cardiomyocytes in response to TS. The results showed: (1) mitochondrial swelling and disruption of cristae in TS2, but mitochondrial recovery and denser cristae in TS4; (2) an increase in the total number of mitochondria and number of sub-mitochondria in TS4; (3) no significant changes in the nuclear ultrastructure or DNA fragmentation among the two TS groups and the control group; (4) an increase in the bax/bcl-2 protein levels in the two TS groups, indicating increased activation of the bax-mediated apoptosis pathway; (5) no change in the phosphorylation ratio of dynamin-related protein 1 in the two TS groups; (6) an increase in the protein levels of optic atrophy 1 and mitofusin 2 in the two TS groups; and (7) in comparison to the TS2 group, an increase in the phosphorylation ratio of parkin and the ratio of LC3II to LC3I in TS4, suggesting an increase in autophagy. Taken together, these findings suggest that mitochondrial autophagy and fusion levels increased after 4 weeks of TS, leading to a restoration of the bax-mediated myocardial apoptosis pathway observed after 2 weeks of TS. NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? What are the effects of 2 and 4 weeks of tail suspension on myocardial mitochondrial ultrastructure and oxidative respiratory function and on the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis and mitochondrial fission, autophagy and fusion-related signalling? What is the main finding and its importance? Increased mitochondrial autophagy and fusion levels after 4 weeks of tail suspension help to reshape the morphology and increase the number of myocardial mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuShandongChina
| | - Xing‐Chen Wang
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuShandongChina
| | - Ya‐Fei Chen
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuShandongChina
| | - Chuan‐Li Wang
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuShandongChina
| | - Le Chen
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuShandongChina
| | - Ming‐Yue Jiang
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuShandongChina
| | - Xi‐Wei Liu
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuShandongChina
| | - Xiao‐Xuan Zhang
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuShandongChina
| | - Yong‐Zhen Feng
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuShandongChina
| | - Jin‐Hui Xu
- College of Life SciencesQufu Normal UniversityQufuShandongChina
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Sperm of Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster under Space Flight. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147498. [PMID: 35886847 PMCID: PMC9319090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of reproductive function under long-term space flight conditions are of interest in planning the exploration of deep space. Motility, including the use of various inhibitors, cellular respiration, and the content of cytoskeletal proteins were studied, assessing the level of expression of the corresponding genes in spermatozoa of Drosophila melanogaster, which were in space flight conditions for 12 days. The experiment was carried out twice on board the Russian Segment of the International Space Station. Sperm motility speed after space flight, and subsequently 16 h after landing, is reduced relative to the control by 20% (p < 0.05). In comparison with the simulation experiment, we showed that this occurs as a result of the action of overloads and readaptation to the Earth’s gravity. At the same time, cellular respiration, the content of proteins of the respiratory chain, and the expression of their genes do not change. We used kinase inhibitor 6-(dimethylamino)purine (6-DMAP) and phosphatase inhibitors; 6-DMAP restored the reduced the speed of spermatozoa in the flight group to that of the control. These results can be useful in developing a strategy for protecting reproductive health during the development of other bodies in the solar system.
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Markina EA, Alekseeva OY, Andreeva ER, Buravkova LB. Short-Term Reloading After Prolonged Unloading Ensures Restoration of Stromal but Not Hematopoietic Precursor Activity in Tibia Bone Marrow of C57Bl/6N Mice. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:1228-1240. [PMID: 34714129 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone and muscle tissues are mostly susceptible to different kinds of hypodynamia, including real and simulated microgravity (sμg). To evaluate the effect of sμg on bone marrow (BM), male C57Bl/6N mice were divided into three groups: vivarium control (VC), 30-day hindlimb suspension (HS), and subsequent 12-h short-term support reloading (RL). The effects on BM total mononucleated cells (MNCs) as well as stromal and hematopoietic progenitors from murine tibia were studied. The number of BM MNCs, immunophenotype, proliferation, colony-forming units (CFUs), differentiation and secretory activity of hematopoietic and stromal BM cells were determined. HS led to a twofold decrease in MNCs, alteration of surface molecule expression profiles, suppression of proliferative activity of BM cells, and change of soluble mediators' levels. The stromal compartment was characterized by a decrease of CFU of fibroblasts and suppression of spontaneous osteo-commitment after HS. Among the hematopoietic precursors, a decrease in the total number of CFUs was found mainly at the expense of suppression of CFU-GM and CFU-GEMM. After RL, restoration of the stromal precursor's functional activity to control levels and overabundance of paracrine mediator's production were detected, whereas the complete recovery of hematopoietic precursor's activity did not occur. These data demonstrate the fast functional reaction of the stromal compartment on restoration of loading support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Markina
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Y Alekseeva
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena R Andreeva
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ludmila B Buravkova
- Cell Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Toniyan KA, Povorova VV, Gorbacheva EY, Boyarintsev VV, Ogneva IV. Organization of the Cytoskeleton in Ectopic Foci of the Endometrium with Rare Localization. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080998. [PMID: 34440202 PMCID: PMC8394853 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Endometriosis is a common pathology of the female reproductive system, often accompanied by pain and decreased fertility. However, its pathogenesis has not been sufficiently studied regarding the role of the cytoskeleton. In this study, we describe two clinical cases involving rare localization of extragenital endometriosis (umbilicus) and compare them with genital endometriosis of different localization (ovaries and uterus), as well as eutopic endometrium obtained with separate diagnostic curettage without confirmed pathology. (2) Methods: The relative content of actin and tubulin cytoskeleton proteins was determined by Western blotting, and the expression of genes encoding these proteins was determined by RT-PCR in the obtained intraoperative biopsies. The content of 5hmC was estimated by dot blot experiments, and the methylase/demethylase and acetylase/deacetylase contents were determined. (3) Results: The obtained results indicate that the content of the actin-binding protein alpha-actinin1 significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the groups with endometriosis, and this increase was most pronounced in patients with umbilical endometriosis. In addition, both the mRNA content of the ACTN1 gene and 5hmC content increased. It can be assumed that the increase in 5hmC is associated with a decrease in the TET3 demethylase content. Moreover, in the groups with extragenital endometriosis, alpha- and beta-tubulin content was decreased (p < 0.05) compared to the control levels. (4) Conclusions: In analyzing the results, further distance of ectopic endometrial foci from the eutopic localization may be associated with an increase in the content of alpha-actinin1, probably due to an increase in the expression of its gene and an increase in migration potential. In this case, a favorable prognosis can be explained by a decrease in tubulin content and, consequently, a decrease in the rate of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A. Toniyan
- Gynecology Department, FGBU KB1 (Volynskaya) UDP RF, 121352 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.T.); (V.V.P.); (E.Y.G.)
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, SSC RF-IBMP RAS, 123007 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria V. Povorova
- Gynecology Department, FGBU KB1 (Volynskaya) UDP RF, 121352 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.T.); (V.V.P.); (E.Y.G.)
| | - Elena Yu. Gorbacheva
- Gynecology Department, FGBU KB1 (Volynskaya) UDP RF, 121352 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.T.); (V.V.P.); (E.Y.G.)
| | - Valery V. Boyarintsev
- Emergency and Extreme Medicine Department, FGBU DPO CGMA UDP RF, 121359 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Irina V. Ogneva
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, SSC RF-IBMP RAS, 123007 Moscow, Russia
- Medical and Biological Physics Department, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Ogneva IV, Usik MA, Burtseva MV, Biryukov NS, Zhdankina YS, Sychev VN, Orlov OI. Drosophila melanogaster Sperm under Simulated Microgravity and a Hypomagnetic Field: Motility and Cell Respiration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175985. [PMID: 32825268 PMCID: PMC7503777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the Earth's gravitational and magnetic fields in the evolution and maintenance of normal processes of various animal species remains unclear. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of simulated microgravity and hypomagnetic conditions for 1, 3, and 6 h on the sperm motility of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In addition to the usual diet, the groups were administered oral essential phospholipids at a dosage of 500 mg/kg in medium. The speed of the sperm tails was determined by video recording and analysis of the obtained video files, protein content by western blotting, and cell respiration by polarography. The results indicated an increase in the speed of movement of the sperm tails after 6 h in simulated microgravity. The levels of proteins that form the axoneme of the sperm tail did not change, but cellular respiration was altered. A similar effect occurred with the administration of essential phospholipids. These results may be due to a change in the level of phosphorylation of motor proteins. Exposure to hypomagnetic conditions led to a decrease in motility after 6 h against a background of a decrease in the rate of cellular respiration due to complex I of the respiratory chain. This effect was not observed in the flies that received essential phospholipids. However, after 1 h under hypomagnetic conditions, the rate of cellular respiration also increased due to complex I, including that in the sperm of flies receiving essential phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Ogneva
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a, Khoroshevskoyoe shosse, 123007 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.U.); (M.V.B.); (N.S.B.); (Y.S.Z.); (V.N.S.); (O.I.O.)
- Department of Medical and Biological Physics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-4991956398; Fax: +7-4991952253
| | - Maria A. Usik
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a, Khoroshevskoyoe shosse, 123007 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.U.); (M.V.B.); (N.S.B.); (Y.S.Z.); (V.N.S.); (O.I.O.)
- Department of Medical and Biological Physics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V. Burtseva
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a, Khoroshevskoyoe shosse, 123007 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.U.); (M.V.B.); (N.S.B.); (Y.S.Z.); (V.N.S.); (O.I.O.)
| | - Nikolay S. Biryukov
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a, Khoroshevskoyoe shosse, 123007 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.U.); (M.V.B.); (N.S.B.); (Y.S.Z.); (V.N.S.); (O.I.O.)
- Department of Medical and Biological Physics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuliya S. Zhdankina
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a, Khoroshevskoyoe shosse, 123007 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.U.); (M.V.B.); (N.S.B.); (Y.S.Z.); (V.N.S.); (O.I.O.)
- Department of Medical and Biological Physics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Sychev
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a, Khoroshevskoyoe shosse, 123007 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.U.); (M.V.B.); (N.S.B.); (Y.S.Z.); (V.N.S.); (O.I.O.)
| | - Oleg I. Orlov
- Cell Biophysics Laboratory, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 76a, Khoroshevskoyoe shosse, 123007 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.U.); (M.V.B.); (N.S.B.); (Y.S.Z.); (V.N.S.); (O.I.O.)
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