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Shameer KS, Hardy ICW. Host-parasitoid trophic webs in complex agricultural systems. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024:101253. [PMID: 39153528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The composition and dynamics of ecological communities are complex because of the presence of large numbers of organisms, belonging to many different species, each with their own evolutionary history, and their numerous interactions. The construction and analysis of trophic webs summarizes interactions across trophic levels and links community structure to properties such as ecosystem services. We focus on agro-ecological communities, which may be simpler than natural communities but nonetheless present considerable challenges to describe and understand. We review the characteristics and study of communities comprised of plants, phytophagous insects and insect parasitoids with particular regard to the maintenance of sustainable agro-ecological communities and ecosystem services, especially biological pest control. We are constrained to largely overlook other members of these communities, such as hyper-parasitoids, predators, parasites and microbes. We draw chiefly on recent literature while acknowledging the importance of many advances made during the immediately preceding decades. Trophic web construction and analysis can greatly improve the understanding of the role and impact of herbivores and natural enemies in agro-ecological communities and the various species interactions, such as apparent competition, which assists biocontrol strategies. The study of trophic webs also helps in predicting community ecology consequences of externally-driven changes to agro-ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Shameer
- Insect Ecology and Ethology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Calicut University P.O., Malappuram, Kerala 673635, India; Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Ian C W Hardy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 27, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
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Alvarez-Baca JK, Montealegre X, Alfaro-Tapia A, Zepeda-Paulo F, Van Baaren J, Lavandero B, Le Lann C. Composition and Food Web Structure of Aphid-Parasitoid Populations on Plum Orchards in Chile. INSECTS 2023; 14:288. [PMID: 36975973 PMCID: PMC10051262 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
By increasing plant diversity in agroecosystems, it has been proposed that one can enhance and stabilize ecosystem functioning by increasing natural enemies' diversity. Food web structure determines ecosystem functioning as species at different trophic levels are linked in interacting networks. We compared the food web structure and composition of the aphid- parasitoid and aphid-hyperparasitoid networks in two differentially managed plum orchards: plums with inter-rows of oats as a cover crop (OCC) and plums with inter-rows of spontaneous vegetation (SV). We hypothesized that food web composition and structure vary between OCC and SV, with network specialization being higher in OCC and a more complex food web composition in SV treatment. We found a more complex food web composition with a higher species richness in SV compared to OCC. Quantitative food web metrics differed significantly among treatments showing a higher generality, vulnerability, interaction evenness, and linkage density in SV, while OCC presented a higher degree of specialization. Our results suggest that plant diversification can greatly influence the food web structure and composition, with bottom-up effects induced by plant and aphid hosts that might benefit parasitoids and provide a better understanding of the activity, abundance, and interactions between aphids, parasitoids, and hyperparasitoids in plum orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeniffer K. Alvarez-Baca
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
- ECOBIO (Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, 6553 Rennes, France
| | - Xiomara Montealegre
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Armando Alfaro-Tapia
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
- ECOBIO (Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, 6553 Rennes, France
- Centro Regional de Investigación e Innovación para la Sostenibilidad de la Agricultura y los Territorios Rurales, Centro Ceres, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Quillota 2260000, Chile
| | - Francisca Zepeda-Paulo
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Instituto Interdisciplinario para la Innovación -I3-, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Joan Van Baaren
- ECOBIO (Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, 6553 Rennes, France
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- ECOBIO (Écosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution)-UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, 6553 Rennes, France
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Abstract
Hyperparasitoids are some of the most diverse members of insect food webs. True hyperparasitoids parasitize the larvae of other parasitoids, reaching these larvae with their ovipositor through the herbivore that hosts the parasitoid larva. During pupation, primary parasitoids also may be attacked by pseudohyperparasitoids that lay their eggs on the parasitoid (pre)pupae. By attacking primary parasitoids, hyperparasitoids may affect herbivore population dynamics, and they have been identified as a major challenge in biological control. Over the past decades, research, especially on aphid- and caterpillar-associated hyperparasitoids, has revealed that hyperparasitoids challenge rules on nutrient use efficiency in trophic chains, account for herbivore outbreaks, or stabilize competitive interactions in lower trophic levels, and they may use cues derived from complex interaction networks to locate their hosts. This review focuses on the fascinating ecology of hyperparasitoids related to how they exploit and locate their often inconspicuous hosts and the insect community processes in which hyperparasitoids are prominent players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Jetske G de Boer
- Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Aeres University of Applied Sciences, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Messelink GJ, Lambion J, Janssen A, van Rijn PCJ. Biodiversity in and around Greenhouses: Benefits and Potential Risks for Pest Management. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100933. [PMID: 34680702 PMCID: PMC8540207 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The role of plant diversity near greenhouses is heavily debated because it may have both negative and positive effects on pest control inside greenhouses. In this review, we discuss these potential risks and benefits. Although there is the risk of an increased influx of some pests and of viruses transmitted by pests, we argue that biodiversity in the adjacent environment usually has limited effects on pest abundance in greenhouses in temperate climates, as most greenhouse pests in temperate climates are of exotic origin. The main benefit of increased biodiversity near greenhouses is the immigration of natural enemies that can suppress pests inside greenhouses. An open question is how this can be promoted by specific plant communities, plant characteristics, and habitats while minimising risks. Plant biodiversity inside greenhouses can also support biological control. We summarise general methods that growers can use to enhance pest control with functional biodiversity and suggest that it is particularly important to study how biodiversity inside and outside greenhouses can be linked to enhancement of biological pest control with both released and naturally occurring species of natural enemies. Abstract One of the ecosystem services of biodiversity is the contribution to pest control through conservation and stimulation of natural enemies. However, whether plant diversity around greenhouses is beneficial or a potential risk is heavily debated. In this review, we argue that most greenhouse pests in temperate climates are of exotic origin and infest greenhouses mainly through transportation of plant material. For indigenous pests, we discuss the potential ways in which plant diversity around greenhouses can facilitate or prevent pest migrations into greenhouses. As shown in several studies, an important benefit of increased plant diversity around greenhouses is the stimulation of indigenous natural enemies that migrate to greenhouses, where they suppress both indigenous and exotic pests. How this influx can be supported by specific plant communities, plant characteristics, and habitats while minimising risks of increasing greenhouse pest densities, virus transmission, or hyperparasitism needs further studies. It also requires a better understanding of the underlying processes that link biodiversity with pest management. Inside greenhouses, plant biodiversity can also support biological control. We summarise general methods that growers can use to enhance pest control with functional biodiversity and suggest that it is particularly important to study how biodiversity inside and outside greenhouses can be linked to enhancement of biological pest control with both released and naturally occurring species of natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben J. Messelink
- BU Greenhouse Horticulture, Wageningen Research, Violierenweg 1, 2665 MV Bleiswijk, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Jérôme Lambion
- Groupe de Recherche and Agriculture Biologique (GRAB), Maison de la Bio 255, Chemin de la Castelette, 84911 Avignon, France;
| | - Arne Janssen
- IBED, Department Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.J.); (P.C.J.v.R.)
- Department of Entomology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paul C. J. van Rijn
- IBED, Department Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.J.); (P.C.J.v.R.)
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Postic E, Le Ralec A, Buchard C, Granado C, Outreman Y. Variations in community assemblages and trophic networks of aphids and parasitoids in protected crops. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Postic
- UMR IGEPP Agrocampus Ouest INRAE Université de Rennes 1 Rennes 35000 France
- AOPn Fraises de France Estillac 47310 France
| | - Anne Le Ralec
- UMR IGEPP Agrocampus Ouest INRAE Université de Rennes 1 Rennes 35000 France
| | - Christelle Buchard
- UMR IGEPP Agrocampus Ouest INRAE Université de Rennes 1 Le Rheu 35650 France
| | | | - Yannick Outreman
- UMR IGEPP Agrocampus Ouest INRAE Université de Rennes 1 Rennes 35000 France
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