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Morita SY. Phospholipid biomarkers of coronary heart disease. J Pharm Health Care Sci 2024; 10:23. [PMID: 38734675 PMCID: PMC11088770 DOI: 10.1186/s40780-024-00344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease, also known as ischemic heart disease, is induced by atherosclerosis, which is initiated by subendothelial retention of lipoproteins. Plasma lipoproteins, including high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein, and chylomicron, are composed of a surface monolayer containing phospholipids and cholesterol and a hydrophobic core containing triglycerides and cholesteryl esters. Phospholipids play a crucial role in the binding of apolipoproteins and enzymes to lipoprotein surfaces, thereby regulating lipoprotein metabolism. High LDL-cholesterol is a well-known risk factor for coronary heart disease, and statins reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by lowering LDL-cholesterol levels. In contrast, the relationships of phospholipids in plasma lipoproteins with coronary heart disease have not yet been established. To further clarify the physiological and pathological roles of phospholipids, we have developed the simple high-throughput assays for quantifying all major phospholipid classes, namely phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol + cardiolipin, and sphingomyelin, using combinations of specific enzymes and a fluorogenic probe. These enzymatic fluorometric assays will be helpful in elucidating the associations between phospholipid classes in plasma lipoproteins and coronary heart disease and in identifying phospholipid biomarkers. This review describes recent progress in the identification of phospholipid biomarkers of coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ya Morita
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.
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2
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Chen Z, Pan Z, Huang C, Zhu X, Li N, Huynh H, Xu J, Huang L, Vaz FM, Liu J, Han Z, Ouyang K. Cardiac lipidomic profiles in mice undergo changes from fetus to adult. Life Sci 2024; 341:122484. [PMID: 38311219 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Lipids are essential cellular components with many important biological functions. Disturbed lipid biosynthesis and metabolism has been shown to cause cardiac developmental abnormality and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the composition and the molecular profiles of lipids in mammalian hearts between embryonic and adult stages and uncover the underlying links between lipid and cardiac development and maturation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected mouse hearts at the embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5), E15.5, and the age of 2 months, 4 months and 10 months, and performed lipidomic analysis to determine the changes of the composition, molecular species, and relative abundance of cardiac lipids between embryonic and adult stages. Additionally, we also performed the electronic microscopy and RNA sequencing in both embryonic and adult mouse hearts. KEY FINDINGS The relative abundances of certain phospholipids and sphingolipids including cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and ceramide, are different between embryonic and adult hearts. Such lipidomic changes are accompanied with increased densities of mitochondrial membranes and elevated expression of genes related to mitochondrial formation in adult mouse hearts. We also analyzed individual molecular species of phospholipids and sphingolipids, and revealed that the composition and distribution of lipid molecular species in hearts also change with development. SIGNIFICANCE Our study provides not only a lipidomic view of mammalian hearts when developing from the embryonic to the adult stage, but also a potential pool of lipid indicators for cardiac cell development and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze'e Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhixiang Pan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Can Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiangbin Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Helen Huynh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Junjie Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Kunfu Ouyang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.
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3
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Anari M, Montgomery MK. Phospholipid metabolism in the liver - Implications for phosphatidylserine in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115621. [PMID: 37217141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells contain more than a thousand different glycerophospholipid species that are essential membrane components and signalling molecules, with phosphatidylserine (PS) giving membranes their negative surface charge. Depending on the tissue, PS is important in apoptosis, blood clotting, cancer pathogenesis, as well as muscle and brain function, processes that are dependent on the asymmetrical distribution of PS on the plasma membrane and/or the capacity of PS to act as anchorage for various signalling proteins. Recent studies have implicated hepatic PS in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), either as beneficial in the context of suppressing hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, or on the other hand as a potential contributor to the progression of liver cancer. This review provides an extensive overview of hepatic phospholipid metabolism, including its biosynthetic pathways, intracellular trafficking and roles in health and disease, further taking a deeper dive into PS metabolism, including associate and causative evidence of the role of PS in advanced liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Anari
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Magdalene K Montgomery
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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4
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Bai Z, Huang X, Wu G, Zhou Y, Deng X, Yang J, Yin J, Nie S. Hepatic metabolism-related effects of polysaccharides from red kidney bean and small black soybean on type 2 diabetes. Food Chem 2023; 403:134334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Al-Jipouri A, Almurisi SH, Al-Japairai K, Bakar LM, Doolaanea AA. Liposomes or Extracellular Vesicles: A Comprehensive Comparison of Both Lipid Bilayer Vesicles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020318. [PMID: 36679199 PMCID: PMC9866119 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid and non-invasive pulmonary drug delivery (PDD) has attracted great attention compared to the other routes. However, nanoparticle platforms, like liposomes (LPs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs), require extensive reformulation to suit the requirements of PDD. LPs are artificial vesicles composed of lipid bilayers capable of encapsulating hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, whereas EVs are natural vesicles secreted by cells. Additionally, novel LPs-EVs hybrid vesicles may confer the best of both. The preparation methods of EVs are distinguished from LPs since they rely mainly on extraction and purification, whereas the LPs are synthesized from their basic ingredients. Similarly, drug loading methods into/onto EVs are distinguished whereby they are cell- or non-cell-based, whereas LPs are loaded via passive or active approaches. This review discusses the progress in LPs and EVs as well as hybrid vesicles with a special focus on PDD. It also provides a perspective comparison between LPs and EVs from various aspects (composition, preparation/extraction, drug loading, and large-scale manufacturing) as well as the future prospects for inhaled therapeutics. In addition, it discusses the challenges that may be encountered in scaling up the production and presents our view regarding the clinical translation of the laboratory findings into commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Jipouri
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.A.-J.); (A.A.D.)
| | - Samah Hamed Almurisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia
| | - Khater Al-Japairai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang 26300, Malaysia
| | - Latifah Munirah Bakar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
| | - Abd Almonem Doolaanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University College MAIWP International (UCMI), Kuala Lumpur 68100, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.A.-J.); (A.A.D.)
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6
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Bischetti M, Alaimo N, Nardelli F, Punzi P, Amariei C, Ingenito R, Musco G, Gallo M, Cicero DO. Structural insights on the selective interaction of the histidine-rich piscidin antimicrobial peptide Of-Pis1 with membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184080. [PMID: 36328080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Of-Pis1 is a potent piscidin antimicrobial peptide (AMP), recently isolated from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). This rich in histidines and glycines 24-amino acid peptide displays high and broad antimicrobial activity and no significant hemolytic toxicity against human erythrocytes, suggesting low toxicity. To better understand the mechanism of action of Of-Pis1 and its potential selectivity, using NMR and CD spectroscopies, we studied the interaction with eukaryotic and procaryotic membranes and membrane models. Anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) micelles were used to mimic procaryotic membranes, while zwitterionic dodecyl phosphocholine (DPC) was used as eukaryotic membrane surrogate. In an aqueous environment, Of-Pis1 adopts a flexible random coil conformation. In DPC and SDS instead, the N-terminal region of Of-Pis1 forms an amphipathic α-helix with the non-polar face in close contact with the micelles. Slower solvent exchange and higher pKas of the histidine residues in SDS than in DPC suggest that Of-Pis1 interacts more tightly with SDS. Of-Pis1 also binds tightly and structurally perturbs LPS micelles. Of-Pis1 interacts with both Escherichia coli and mammalian cell membranes, but only in the presence of Escherichia coli membranes it populates the helical conformation. Furthermore, ligand-based NMR experiments support a tighter and more specific interaction with bacterial than with eukaryotic membranes. Overall, these data clearly show the selective interaction of this broadly active AMP with bacterial over eukaryotic membranes. The conformational information is discussed in terms of Of-Pis1 amino acid sequence and composition to provide insights useful to design more potent and selective AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bischetti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nadine Alaimo
- Structural Biology and Computational Chemistry, IRBM SpA, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Nardelli
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Punzi
- Peptides Chemistry Unit, IRBM SpA, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristi Amariei
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ingenito
- Peptides Chemistry Unit, IRBM SpA, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovana Musco
- Biomolecular NMR Laboratory, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Mariana Gallo
- Structural Biology and Computational Chemistry, IRBM SpA, Via Pontina Km 30 600, 00 071 Pomezia, Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniel Oscar Cicero
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Cardoso RV, Pereira PR, Freitas CS, Paschoalin VMF. Trends in Drug Delivery Systems for Natural Bioactive Molecules to Treat Health Disorders: The Importance of Nano-Liposomes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122808. [PMID: 36559301 PMCID: PMC9785269 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems are believed to increase pharmaceutical efficacy and the therapeutic index by protecting and stabilizing bioactive molecules, such as protein and peptides, against body fluids' enzymes and/or unsuitable physicochemical conditions while preserving the surrounding healthy tissues from toxicity. Liposomes are biocompatible and biodegradable and do not cause immunogenicity following intravenous or topical administration. Still, their most important characteristic is the ability to load any drug or complex molecule uncommitted to its hydrophobic or hydrophilic character. Selecting lipid components, ratios and thermo-sensitivity is critical to achieve a suitable nano-liposomal formulation. Nano-liposomal surfaces can be tailored to interact successfully with target cells, avoiding undesirable associations with plasma proteins and enhancing their half-life in the bloodstream. Macropinocytosis-dynamin-independent, cell-membrane-cholesterol-dependent processes, clathrin, and caveolae-independent mechanisms are involved in liposome internalization and trafficking within target cells to deliver the loaded drugs to modulate cell function. A successful translation from animal studies to clinical trials is still an important challenge surrounding the approval of new nano-liposomal drugs that have been the focus of investigations. Precision medicine based on the design of functionalized nano-delivery systems bearing highly specific molecules to drive therapies is a promising strategy to treat degenerative diseases.
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8
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Morita SY, Ikeda Y. Regulation of membrane phospholipid biosynthesis in mammalian cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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9
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Phatale V, Vaiphei KK, Jha S, Patil D, Agrawal M, Alexander A. Overcoming skin barriers through advanced transdermal drug delivery approaches. J Control Release 2022; 351:361-380. [PMID: 36169040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Upon exhaustive research, the transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) has appeared as a potential, well-accepted, and popular approach to a novel drug delivery system. Ease of administration, easy handling, minimum systemic exposure, least discomfort, broad flexibility and tunability, controlled release, prolonged therapeutic effect, and many more perks make it a promising approach for effective drug delivery. Although, the primary challenge associated is poor skin permeability. Skin is an intact barrier that serves as a primary defense mechanism to preclude any foreign particle's entry into the body. Owing to the unique anatomical framework, i.e., compact packing of stratum corneum with tight junction and fast anti-inflammatory responses, etc., emerged as a critical physiological barrier for TDDS. Fusion with other novel approaches like nanocarriers, specially designed transdermal delivery devices, permeation enhancers, etc., can overcome the limitations. Utilizing such strategies, some of the products are under clinical trials, and many are under investigation. This review explores all dimensions that overcome poor permeability and allows the drug to attain maximum potential. The article initially compiles fundamental features, components, and design of TDDS, followed by critical aspects and various methods, including in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo methods of assessing skin permeability. The work primarily aimed to highlight the recent advancement in novel strategies for effective transdermal drug delivery utilizing active methods like iontophoresis, electroporation, sonophoresis, microneedle, needleless jet injection, etc., and passive methods such as the use of liposomes, SLN, NLC, micro/nanoemulsions, dendrimers, transferosomes, and many more nanocarriers. In all, this compilation will provide a recent insight on the novel updates along with basic concepts, the current status of clinical development, and challenges for the clinical translation of TDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Phatale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati (NIPER-G), Changsari, Guwahati 781101, India
| | - Klaudi K Vaiphei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati (NIPER-G), Changsari, Guwahati 781101, India
| | - Shikha Jha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati (NIPER-G), Changsari, Guwahati 781101, India
| | - Dnyaneshwar Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati (NIPER-G), Changsari, Guwahati 781101, India
| | - Mukta Agrawal
- SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Hyderabad 509301, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati (NIPER-G), Changsari, Guwahati 781101, India.
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Determination of Glycerophospholipids in Biological Material Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Charged Aerosol Detector HPLC-CAD-A New Approach for Isolation and Quantification. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103356. [PMID: 35630833 PMCID: PMC9146369 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The method of using high-performance liquid chromatography with a charged aerosol detector method (HPLC-CAD) was developed for the separation and determination of phospholipids isolated from cell membranes. The established cell lines—normal and neoplastic prostate cells and normal skin fibroblasts and melanoma cells—were selected for the study. Chromatographic separation was performed in the diol stationary phase using a gradient elution based on a mixture of n-hexane, isopropanol and water with the addition of triethylamine and acetic acid as buffer additives. Taking the elements of the Folch and Bligh–Dyer methods, an improved procedure for lipid isolation from biological material was devised. Ultrasound-assisted extraction included three extraction steps and changed the composition of the extraction solvent, which led to higher recovery of the tested phospholipids. This method was validated by assessing the analytical range, precision, intermediate precision and accuracy. The analytical range was adjusted to the expected concentrations in cell extracts of various origins (from 40 µg/mL for PS up to 10 mg/mL for PC). Both precision and intermediate precision were at a similar level and ranged from 3.5% to 9.0%. The recovery for all determined phospholipids was found to be between 95% and 110%. The robustness of the method in terms of the use of equivalent columns was also confirmed. Due to the curvilinear response of CAD, the quantification was based on an internal standard method combined with a power function transformation of the normalized peak areas, allowing the linearization of the signal with an R2 greater than 0.996. The developed method was applied for the isolation and determination of glycerophospholipids from cell membranes, showing that the profile of the tested substances was characteristic of various types of cells. This method can be used to assess changes in metabolism between normal cells and neoplastic cells or cells with certain pathologies or genetic changes.
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Kudo K, Miki Y, Carreras J, Nakayama S, Nakamoto Y, Ito M, Nagashima E, Yamamoto K, Higuchi H, Morita SY, Inoue A, Aoki J, Ando K, Nakamura N, Murakami M, Kotani A. Secreted phospholipase A 2 modifies extracellular vesicles and accelerates B cell lymphoma. Cell Metab 2022; 34:615-633.e8. [PMID: 35294862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes act as intercellular communicators by transferring protein and microRNA cargoes, yet the role of EV lipids remains unclear. Here, we show that the pro-tumorigenic action of lymphoma-derived EVs is augmented via secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2)-driven lipid metabolism. Hydrolysis of EV phospholipids by group X sPLA2, which was induced in macrophages of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lymphoma, increased the production of fatty acids, lysophospholipids, and their metabolites. sPLA2-treated EVs were smaller and self-aggregated, showed better uptake, and increased cytokine expression and lipid mediator signaling in tumor-associated macrophages. Pharmacological inhibition of endogenous sPLA2 suppressed lymphoma growth in EBV-infected humanized mice, while treatment with sPLA2-modified EVs reversed this phenotype. Furthermore, sPLA2 expression in human large B cell lymphomas inversely correlated with patient survival. Overall, the sPLA2-mediated EV modification promotes tumor development, highlighting a non-canonical mechanistic action of EVs as an extracellular hydrolytic platform of sPLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kudo
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joaquim Carreras
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Shunya Nakayama
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nakamoto
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ito
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Etsuko Nagashima
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kei Yamamoto
- Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Higuchi
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shin-Ya Morita
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ando
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Naoya Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ai Kotani
- Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; Division of Hematological Malignancy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.
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12
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Tsuji T, Yuri T, Terada T, Morita SY. Application of enzymatic fluorometric assays to quantify phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin in human plasma lipoproteins. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 238:105102. [PMID: 34102186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and sphingomyelin (SM) are important surface components of plasma lipoproteins, including very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). However, the pathophysiological roles of PC, PE and SM in lipoproteins have not been well characterized owing to the difficulties in quantifying phospholipid classes in lipoproteins. In this study, we assessed the precision and accuracy of the enzymatic fluorometric assays for measuring PC, PE and SM in VLDL, LDL and HDL, which were isolated from human plasma by ultracentrifugation. The within-run coefficients of variation (CV) for the measurements of PC, PE and SM in lipoproteins were 1.5-2.8 %, 1.1-2.4 % and 0.9-2.3 %, respectively, whereas the between-run CVs for the PC, PE and SM assays were 2.7-4.7 %, 2.1-4.5 % and 1.6-3.3 %, respectively. Excellent linearity and almost complete recovery were achieved for all assays measuring PC, PE and SM in VLDL, LDL and HDL. Our preliminary results using these enzymatic fluorometric assays suggested that the phospholipid compositions were different among VLDL, LDL and HDL. In conclusion, we established high-throughput enzymatic fluorometric assays to quantify PC, PE and SM in human plasma VLDL, LDL and HDL, which will be useful for further investigation of pathophysiological roles of phospholipids in lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuji Tsuji
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu City, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Yuri
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu City, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Terada
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu City, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Morita
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu City, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.
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Design of liposomes as drug delivery system for therapeutic applications. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120571. [PMID: 33812967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are spherical vesicles consisting of one or more concentric phospholipid bilayers enclosing an aqueous core. Being both nontoxic and biodegradable, liposomes represent a powerful delivery system for several drugs. They have improved the therapeutic efficacy of drugs through stabilizing compounds, overcoming obstacles to cellular and tissue uptake and increasing drug biodistribution to target sites in vivo, while minimizing systemic toxicity. This review offers an overview of liposomes, thought the exploration of their key fundamentals. Initially, the main design aspects to obtain a successful liposomal formulation were addressed, following the techniques for liposome production and drug loading. Before application, liposomes required an extensive characterization to assurance in vitro and in vivo performance. Thus, several properties to characterize liposomes were explored, such as size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, shape, lamellarity, phase behavior, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro drug release. Topics related with liposomal functionalization and effective targeting strategies were also addressed, as well as stability and some limitations of liposomes. Finally, this review intends to explore the current market liposomes used as a drug delivery system in different therapeutic applications.
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Tsuji T, Morita SY, Nakamura Y, Ikeda Y, Kambe T, Terada T. Alterations in cellular and organellar phospholipid compositions of HepG2 cells during cell growth. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2731. [PMID: 33526799 PMCID: PMC7851136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The human hepatoblastoma cell line, HepG2, has been used for investigating a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, less information is available about the phospholipid metabolism in HepG2 cells. In the present report, to clarify the relationship between cell growth and phospholipid metabolism in HepG2 cells, we examined the phospholipid class compositions of the cells and their intracellular organelles by using enzymatic fluorometric methods. In HepG2 cells, the ratios of all phospholipid classes, but not the ratio of cholesterol, markedly changed with cell growth. Of note, depending on cell growth, the phosphatidic acid (PA) ratio increased and phosphatidylcholine (PC) ratio decreased in the nuclear membranes, the sphingomyelin (SM) ratio increased in the microsomal membranes, and the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratio increased and the phosphatidylserine (PS) ratio decreased in the mitochondrial membranes. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of enzymes related to PC, PE, PS, PA, SM and cardiolipin syntheses changed during cell growth. We suggest that the phospholipid class compositions of organellar membranes are tightly regulated by cell growth. These findings provide a basis for future investigations of cancer cell growth and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuji Tsuji
- grid.472014.4Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Shin-ya Morita
- grid.472014.4Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Nakamura
- grid.472014.4Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Yoshito Ikeda
- grid.472014.4Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Terada
- grid.472014.4Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
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Kumar A, Patel S, Bhatkar D, Sarode SC, Sharma NK. A novel method to detect intracellular metabolite alterations in MCF-7 cells by doxorubicin induced cell death. Metabolomics 2021; 17:3. [PMID: 33389242 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic reprogramming within cancer cells has been recognized as a potential barrier to chemotherapy. Additionally, metabolic tumor heterogeneity is the one of factors behind discernible hallmarks such as drug resistance, relapse of the tumor and the formation of secondary tumors. METHODS In this paper, cell-based assays including PI/annexin V staining and immunoblot assay were performed to show the apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 cells treated with DOX. Further, MCF-7 cells were lysed in a hypotonic buffer and the whole cell lysate was purified by a novel and specifically designed metabolite (~ 100 to 1000 Da) fractionation system called vertical tube gel electrophoresis (VTGE). Further, purified intracellular metabolites were subjected to identification by LC-HRMS technique. RESULTS Cleaved PARP 1 in MCF-7 cells treated with DOX was observed in the present study. Concomitantly, data showed the absence of active caspase 3 in MCF-7 cells. Novel findings are to identify key intracellular metabolites assisted by VTGE system that include lipid (CDP-DG, phytosphingosine, dodecanamide), non-lipid (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N1-acetylspermidine and gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine) and tripeptide metabolites in MCF-7 cells treated by DOX. Interestingly, we reported the first evidence of doxorubicinone, an aglycone form of DOX in MCF-7 cells that are potentially linked to the mechanism of cell death in MCF-7 cells. CONCLUSION This paper reported novel methods and processes that involve VTGE system based purification of hypotonically lysed novel intracellular metabolites of MCF-7 cells treated by DOX. Here, these identified intracellular metabolites corroborate to caspase 3 independent and mitochondria induced apoptotic cell death in MCF-7 cells. Finally, these findings validate a proof of concept on the applications of novel VTGE assisted purification and analysis of intracellular metabolites from various cell culture models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Sheetal Patel
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Devyani Bhatkar
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, 411033, India.
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth Pune, Pune, MH, 411033, India.
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Morita SY, Tsuji T, Terada T. Protocols for Enzymatic Fluorometric Assays to Quantify Phospholipid Classes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031032. [PMID: 32033167 PMCID: PMC7037927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids, consisting of a hydrophilic head group and two hydrophobic acyl chains, are essential for the structures of cell membranes, plasma lipoproteins, biliary mixed micelles, pulmonary surfactants, and extracellular vesicles. Beyond their structural roles, phospholipids have important roles in numerous biological processes. Thus, abnormalities in the metabolism and transport of phospholipids are involved in many diseases, including dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, cholestasis, drug-induced liver injury, neurological diseases, autoimmune diseases, respiratory diseases, myopathies, and cancers. To further clarify the physiological, pathological, and molecular mechanisms and to identify disease biomarkers, we have recently developed enzymatic fluorometric assays for quantifying all major phospholipid classes, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol + cardiolipin, and sphingomyelin. These assays are specific, sensitive, simple, and high-throughput, and will be applicable to cells, intracellular organelles, tissues, fluids, lipoproteins, and extracellular vesicles. In this review, we present the detailed protocols for the enzymatic fluorometric measurements of phospholipid classes in cultured cells.
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