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Li X, Zhao X, Yin R, Yuan M, Zhang Y, Li X. TGF-β2-induced alterations of m6A methylation in hTERT RPE-1 cells. Exp Eye Res 2024; 241:109839. [PMID: 38395214 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a major type of RNA modification implicated in various pathophysiological processes. Transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in retinal pigmental epithelial (RPE) cells and promotes the progression of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). However, the role of m6A methylation in the EMT of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) retinal pigmental epithelium (RPE)-1 cells has not been clarified. Here, we extracted RNA from RPE cells subjected to 0 or 20 ng/mL TGF-β2 for 72 h and identified differentially methylated genes (DMGs) by m6A-Seq and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by RNA-Seq. We selected the genes related to EMT by conjoint m6A-Seq/RNA-Seq analysis and verified them by qRT-PCR. We then confirmed the function of m6A methylation in the EMT of RPE cells by knocking down the methyltransferase METTL3 and the m6A reading protein YTHDF1. Sequencing yielded 5814 DMGs and 1607 DEGs. Conjoint analysis selected 467 genes altered at the m6A and RNA levels that are closely associated with the EMT-related TGF-β, AGE-RAGE, PI3K-Akt, P53, and Wnt signaling pathways. We also identified ten core EMT genes ACTG2, BMP6, CDH2, LOXL2, SNAIL1, SPARC, BMP4, EMP3, FOXM1, and MYC. Their RNA levels were evaluated by qRT-PCR and were consistent with the sequencing results. We observed that METTL3 knockdown enhanced RPE cell migration and significantly upregulated the EMT markers N-cadherin (encoded by CDH2), fibronectin (FN), Snail family transcription repressor (SLUG), and vimentin. However, YTHDF1 knockdown had the opposite effects and decreased both cell migration and the N-cadherin, FN, and SLUG expression levels. The present study clarified TGF-β2-induced m6A- and RNA-level differences in RPE cells, indicated that m6A methylation might regulate EMT marker expression, and showed that m6A could regulate TGF-β2-induced EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhengzhou, China; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Eye Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xueru Zhao
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhengzhou, China; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Eye Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruijie Yin
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhengzhou, China; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Eye Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Min Yuan
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhengzhou, China; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Eye Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongya Zhang
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhengzhou, China; People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Eye Institute, Zhengzhou, China.
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Liu X, Li W, Xu L, Chen X, Zhao R, Guo Y, Ge J, Yang Z, Li L, Zhang J, Cao J, Shao Y, Guo X, Tian L, Liu M. Chidamide, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, inhibits laryngeal cancer progression in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 158:106398. [PMID: 36933859 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2023.106398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Although surgery is an important treatment for laryngeal cancer, surgery has a significant negative impact on the quality of life of patients, and many patients have poor tolerance to surgery. Therefore, alternative chemotherapeutic drugs are an important research hotspot. Chidamide is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that selectively inhibits the expression of type I and IIb histone deacetylases (1, 2, 3 and 10). It has a significant anticancer effect on a variety of solid tumours. This study verified the inhibitory effect of chidamide on laryngeal carcinoma. We conducted a variety of cellular and animal experiments to explore how chidamide inhibits the development of laryngeal cancer. The results showed that chidamide had significant antitumour activity against laryngeal carcinoma cells and xenografts and could induce cell apoptosis, ferroptosis and pyroptosis. This study provides a potential option for the treatment of laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Licheng Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoxue Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingchun Ge
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenming Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Shao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyue Guo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Linli Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Tian X, Peng X, Long X, Lin J, Zhang Y, Zhan L, Zhao G. Oxidized chondroitin sulfate eye drops ameliorate the prognosis of fungal keratitis with anti-inflammatory and antifungal effects. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7847-7861. [PMID: 36070420 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00114d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a refractory ophthalmic disease that can result in vision impairment and even blindness due to the severe fungal invasiveness and excessive inflammatory response. Therefore, antifungal treatment combined with local immunosuppressive therapy is regarded as the most effective strategy to improve the clinical outcome of FK. Oxidized polysaccharides with aldehyde groups possess obvious inhibitory activity towards microorganisms. Herein, we use chondroitin sulfate (CS), a recognized anti-inflammatory biopolysaccharide, to prepare oxidized chondroitin sulfate (OCS) via sodium periodate (NaIO4) oxidation for the treatment of FK. The chemical structure of OCS was characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, and XPS, revealing that the O-dihydroxy in the D-glucuronic acid unit of CS was selectively broken by NaIO4, forming active aldehyde groups. The introduction of aldehydes not only retains the anti-inflammatory activity but also confers OCS with antifungal property. In vitro antifungal experiments showed that OCS inhibits the growth, represses the biofilm formation and alters the membrane integrity of A. fumigatus. The toxicity of OCS was evaluated by cytotoxicity tests (CCK-8) and the Draize eye test in vitro and in vivo. qRT-PCR confirmed that OCS had similar anti-inflammatory activity as CS. In mice with A. fumigatus keratitis, OCS versus CS or PBS showed an excellent therapeutic effect, characterized by a lower corneal inflammation score, less fungal load, reduced neutrophil recruitment, and the downregulated expression of pro-inflammatory factors. Our findings demonstrate that OCS improves the prognosis of A. fumigatus keratitis in mice by inhibiting the growth of fungi, reducing the recruitment of neutrophils and inhibiting the inflammatory response. It provides innovative ideas for the development and application of OCS in medicine and biomaterials fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Xiaojing Long
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 40201, USA
| | - Lu Zhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
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Li Y, Song Z, Wang E, Dong L, Bai J, Wang D, Zhu J, Zhang C. Potential antifungal targets based on histones post-translational modifications against invasive aspergillosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:980615. [PMID: 36016791 PMCID: PMC9395700 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a primary cause of death in patients with hematological malignancies and transplant recipients, invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a condition that warrants attention. IA infections have been increasing, which remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. During the past decade, antifungal drug resistance has emerged, which is especially concerning for management given the limited options for treating azole-resistant infections and the possibility of failure of prophylaxis in those high-risk patients. Histone posttranslational modifications (HPTMs), mainly including acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination and phosphorylation, are crucial epigenetic mechanisms regulating various biological events, which could modify the conformation of histone and influence chromatin-associated nuclear processes to regulate development, cellular responsiveness, and biological phenotype without affecting the underlying genetic sequence. In recent years, fungi have become important model organisms for studying epigenetic regulation. HPTMs involves in growth and development, secondary metabolite biosynthesis and virulence in Aspergillus. This review mainly aims at summarizing the acetylation, deacetylation, methylation, demethylation, and sumoylation of histones in IA and connect this knowledge to possible HPTMs-based antifungal drugs. We hope this research could provide a reference for exploring new drug targets and developing low-toxic and high-efficiency antifungal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiman Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ente Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyan Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Zhang,
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Luan J, Peng X, Lin J, Zhang Y, Tian X, Zhan L, Zhao G. The therapeutic potential of chondroitin sulfate in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Mol Immunol 2022; 147:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ma S, Liu X, Yin J, Hao L, Diao Y, Zhong J. Exosomes and autophagy in ocular surface and retinal diseases: new insights into pathophysiology and treatment. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:174. [PMID: 35505403 PMCID: PMC9066793 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocular surface and retinal diseases are widespread problems that cannot be ignored in today's society. However, existing prevention and treatment still have many shortcomings and limitations, and fail to effectively hinder the occurrence and development of them. MAIN BODY The purpose of this review is to give a detailed description of the potential mechanism of exosomes and autophagy. The eukaryotic endomembrane system refers to a range of membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm that are interconnected structurally and functionally, which regionalize and functionalize the cytoplasm to meet the needs of cells under different conditions. Exosomal biogenesis and autophagy are two important components of this system and are connected by lysosomal pathways. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain multiple signaling molecules produced by multivesicular bodies derived from endosomes. Autophagy includes lysosome-dependent degradation and recycling pathways of cells or organelles. Recent studies have revealed that there is a common molecular mechanism between exosomes and autophagy, which have been, respectively, confirmed to involve in ocular surface and retinal diseases. CONCLUSION The relationship between exosomes and autophagy and is mostly focused on fundus diseases, while a deeper understanding of them will provide new directions for the pathological mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of ocular surface and retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisi Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayang Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuyao Diao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingxiang Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China. .,The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
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Verma S, Singh A, Varshney A, Chandru RA, Acharya M, Rajput J, Sangwan VS, Tiwari AK, Bhowmick T, Tiwari A. Infectious Keratitis: An Update on Role of Epigenetics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:765890. [PMID: 34917084 PMCID: PMC8669721 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms modulate gene expression and function without altering the base sequence of DNA. These reversible, heritable, and environment-influenced mechanisms generate various cell types during development and orchestrate the cellular responses to external stimuli by regulating the expression of genome. Also, the epigenetic modifications influence common pathological and physiological responses including inflammation, ischemia, neoplasia, aging and neurodegeneration etc. In recent past, the field of epigenetics has gained momentum and become an increasingly important area of biomedical research As far as eye is concerned, epigenetic mechanisms may play an important role in many complex diseases such as corneal dystrophy, cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, ocular neoplasia, uveitis, and age-related macular degeneration. Focusing on the epigenetic mechanisms in ocular diseases may provide new understanding and insights into the pathogenesis of complex eye diseases and thus can aid in the development of novel treatments for these diseases. In the present review, we summarize the clinical perspective of infectious keratitis, role of epigenetics in infectious keratitis, therapeutic potential of epigenetic modifiers and the future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Verma
- Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College (University of Delhi), New Delhi, India
| | - Aastha Singh
- Department of Cornea and Uveitis, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhil Varshney
- Department of Cornea and Uveitis, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - R Arun Chandru
- Pandorum Technologies Ltd., Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Manisha Acharya
- Department of Cornea and Uveitis, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Rajput
- Pandorum Technologies Ltd., Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Tuhin Bhowmick
- Pandorum Technologies Ltd., Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Anil Tiwari
- Department of Cornea and Uveitis, Dr. Shroff's Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Jadi PK, Sharma P, Bhogapurapu B, Roy S. Alternative Therapeutic Interventions: Antimicrobial Peptides and Small Molecules to Treat Microbial Keratitis. Front Chem 2021; 9:694998. [PMID: 34458234 PMCID: PMC8386189 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.694998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial keratitis is a leading cause of blindness worldwide and results in unilateral vision loss in an estimated 2 million people per year. Bacteria and fungus are two main etiological agents that cause corneal ulcers. Although antibiotics and antifungals are commonly used to treat corneal infections, a clear trend with increasing resistance to these antimicrobials is emerging at rapid pace. Extensive research has been carried out to determine alternative therapeutic interventions, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are increasingly recognized for their clinical potential in treating infections. Small molecules targeted against virulence factors of the pathogens and natural compounds are also explored to meet the challenges and growing demand for therapeutic agents. Here we review the potential of AMPs, small molecules, and natural compounds as alternative therapeutic interventions for the treatment of corneal infections to combat antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, we have also discussed about the different formats of drug delivery systems for optimal administration of drugs to treat microbial keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar Jadi
- Prof, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Prerana Sharma
- Prof, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bharathi Bhogapurapu
- Prof, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sanhita Roy
- Prof, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Guo Q, Lin Y, Hu J. Inhibition of miR-665-3p Enhances Autophagy and Alleviates Inflammation in Fusarium solani-Induced Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:24. [PMID: 33481985 PMCID: PMC7838549 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Accumulated evidence has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are closely related with the regulation of autophagy, which plays vital roles in fungal keratitis (FK). Microarray data showed elevated expression of miR-665-3p in mouse corneal tissues after infection with Fusarium solani (F. solani). Here, we investigated the effect of miR-665-3p in regulating autophagy in experimental F. solani keratitis and determined the potential molecular mechanisms involved. Methods In this article, we established an in vivo mouse model of FK and an in vitro model of corneal stromal cells by inoculating with F. solani. We divided them into the following six groups: control, chloroquine (CQ), rapamycin (Rapa), miR-665-3p antagomir (ant-665), miR-665-3p agomir (miR-665), and the negative control group (miR-NC). The levels of autophagy were detected by electron microscopy, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Then, we used a dual-luciferase reporter assay to determine the binding of miR-665-3p to the autophagy-related gene (ATG)5 3'UTR. Detection of IL-1β protein levels and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of corneal tissues were used to observe the effect of miR-665-3p on inflammation in FK. Results Here, we showed that inhibition of miR-665-3p expression in FK upregulated autophagy and alleviated inflammation. Nevertheless, the opposite results were found by overexpressing miR-665-3p. Additionally, ATG5 was a direct target gene for miR-665-3p. Conclusions Together, our data demonstrated that miR-665-3p might be involved in F. solani keratitis of mice by regulating autophagic pathways and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunqin Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fu Zhou, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fu Zhou, China
| | - Jianzhang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fu Zhou, China
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Tian X, Peng X, Lin J, Zhang Y, Zhan L, Yin J, Zhang R, Zhao G. Isorhamnetin Ameliorates Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis by Reducing Fungal Load, Inhibiting Pattern-Recognition Receptors and Inflammatory Cytokines. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:38. [PMID: 33783487 PMCID: PMC8010362 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.3.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Isorhamnetin is a natural flavonoid with both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, but its effect on fungal keratitis (FK) remains unknown. The current study aims to investigate the antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects of isorhamnetin against mouse Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Methods In vitro, the lowest effective concentration of isorhamnetin was assessed by minimum inhibitory concentration and cytotoxicity tests in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and RAW264.7 cells. The antifungal property was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and propidium iodide uptake test. The anti-inflammatory effect of isorhamnetin in HCECs and RAW264.7 cells was observed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In the eyes of mice with A. fumigatus keratitis, FK severity was evaluated using clinical score, plate counting, histological staining and periodic acid Schiff staining. In vivo, the anti-inflammatory effect of isorhamnetin was examined by immunofluorescence staining, myeloperoxidase assay, Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and qRT-PCR. Results In HCECs and RAW264.7 cells, isorhamnetin significantly inhibited A. fumigatus conidia growth and hyphae viability at 80 µg/mL without affecting cell viability. In vitro, isorhamnetin altered A. fumigatus hyphal morphology and membrane integrity. In A. fumigatus keratitis mouse model, isorhamnetin treatment alleviated the severity of FK by reducing corneal fungal load and inhibiting neutrophil recruitment. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR-2, TLR-4, Dectin-1, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α were significantly decreased in isorhamnetin-treated groups in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions Isorhamnetin improves the prognosis of A. fumigatus keratitis in mice by inhibiting the growth of A. fumigatus, reducing the recruitment of neutrophils and downregulating inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Lu Zhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiao Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ranran Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Experimental Models for Fungal Keratitis: An Overview of Principles and Protocols. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071713. [PMID: 32708830 PMCID: PMC7408389 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is a potentially blinding infection of the cornea that afflicts diverse patient populations worldwide. The development of better treatment options requires a more thorough understanding of both microbial and host determinants of pathology, and a spectrum of experimental models have been developed toward this end. In vivo (animal) models most accurately capture complex pathological outcomes, but protocols may be challenging to implement and vary widely across research groups. In vitro models allow for the molecular dissection of specific host cell–fungal interactions, but they do so without the appropriate environmental/structural context; ex vivo (corneal explant) models provide the benefits of intact corneal tissue, but they do not provide certain pathological features, such as inflammation. In this review, we endeavor to outline the key features of these experimental models as well as describe key technical variations that could impact study design and outcomes.
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Lv J, Zhang K, Chen Q, Chen Q, Huang W, Cui L, Li M, Li J, Chen L, Shen C, Yang Z, Bei Y, Li L, Wu X, Zeng S, Xu F, Lin H. Deep learning-based automated diagnosis of fungal keratitis with in vivo confocal microscopy images. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:706. [PMID: 32617326 PMCID: PMC7327373 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.03.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to develop an intelligent system based on a deep learning algorithm for automatically diagnosing fungal keratitis (FK) in in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) images. Methods A total of 2,088 IVCM images were included in the training dataset. The positive group consisted of 688 images with fungal hyphae, and the negative group included 1,400 images without fungal hyphae. A total of 535 images in the testing dataset were not included in the training dataset. Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition (ResNet) was used to build the intelligent system for diagnosing FK automatically. The system was verified by external validation in the testing dataset using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, specificity and sensitivity. Results In the testing dataset, 515 images were diagnosed correctly and 20 were misdiagnosed (including 6 with fungal hyphae and 14 without). The system achieved an AUC of 0.9875 with an accuracy of 0.9626 in detecting fungal hyphae. The sensitivity of the system was 0.9186, with a specificity of 0.9834. When 349 diabetic patients were included in the training dataset, 501 images were diagnosed correctly and thirty-four were misdiagnosed (including 4 with fungal hyphae and 30 without). The AUC of the system was 0.9769. The accuracy, specificity and sensitivity were 0.9364, 0.9889 and 0.8256, respectively. Conclusions The intelligent system based on a deep learning algorithm exhibited satisfactory diagnostic performance and effectively classified FK in various IVCM images. The context of this deep learning automated diagnostic system can be extended to other types of keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Ling Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jianyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lifei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Chaolan Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yixuan Bei
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Lanjian Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaohang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siming Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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