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Celliers PM, Millot M. Imaging velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR) diagnostics for high energy density sciences. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:011101. [PMID: 36725591 DOI: 10.1063/5.0123439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two variants of optical imaging velocimetry, specifically the one-dimensional streaked line-imaging and the two-dimensional time-resolved area-imaging versions of the Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector (VISAR), have become important diagnostics in high energy density sciences, including inertial confinement fusion and dynamic compression of condensed matter. Here, we give a brief review of the historical development of these techniques, then describe the current implementations at major high energy density (HED) facilities worldwide, including the OMEGA Laser Facility and the National Ignition Facility. We illustrate the versatility and power of these techniques by reviewing diverse applications of imaging VISARs for gas-gun and laser-driven dynamic compression experiments for materials science, shock physics, condensed matter physics, chemical physics, plasma physics, planetary science and astronomy, as well as a broad range of HED experiments and laser-driven inertial confinement fusion research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Celliers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Marius Millot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Diffusion in dense supercritical methane from quasi-elastic neutron scattering measurements. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1958. [PMID: 33785748 PMCID: PMC8009954 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Methane, the principal component of natural gas, is an important energy source and raw material for chemical reactions. It also plays a significant role in planetary physics, being one of the major constituents of giant planets. Here, we report measurements of the molecular self-diffusion coefficient of dense supercritical CH4 reaching the freezing pressure. We find that the high-pressure behaviour of the self-diffusion coefficient measured by quasi-elastic neutron scattering at 300 K departs from that expected for a dense fluid of hard spheres and suggests a density-dependent molecular diameter. Breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein-Sutherland relation is observed and the experimental results suggest the existence of another scaling between self-diffusion coefficient D and shear viscosity η, in such a way that Dη/ρ=constant at constant temperature, with ρ the density. These findings underpin the lack of a simple model for dense fluids including the pressure dependence of their transport properties.
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Ravasio A, Bethkenhagen M, Hernandez JA, Benuzzi-Mounaix A, Datchi F, French M, Guarguaglini M, Lefevre F, Ninet S, Redmer R, Vinci T. Metallization of Shock-Compressed Liquid Ammonia. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:025003. [PMID: 33512205 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.025003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is predicted to be one of the major components in the depths of the ice giant planets Uranus and Neptune. Their dynamics, evolution, and interior structure are insufficiently understood and models rely imperatively on data for equation of state and transport properties. Despite its great significance, the experimentally accessed region of the ammonia phase diagram today is still very limited in pressure and temperature. Here we push the probed regime to unprecedented conditions, up to ∼350 GPa and ∼40 000 K. Along the Hugoniot, the temperature measured as a function of pressure shows a subtle change in slope at ∼7000 K and ∼90 GPa, in agreement with ab initio simulations we have performed. This feature coincides with the gradual transition from a molecular liquid to a plasma state. Additionally, we performed reflectivity measurements, providing the first experimental evidence of electronic conduction in high-pressure ammonia. Shock reflectance continuously rises with pressure above 50 GPa and reaches saturation values above 120 GPa. Corresponding electrical conductivity values are up to 1 order of magnitude higher than in water in the 100 GPa regime, with possible significant contributions of the predicted ammonia-rich layers to the generation of magnetic dynamos in ice giant interiors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ravasio
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, École Polytechnique-Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - M Bethkenhagen
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5276, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - J-A Hernandez
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, École Polytechnique-Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
- Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - A Benuzzi-Mounaix
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, École Polytechnique-Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - F Datchi
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7590, MNHN, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - M French
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - M Guarguaglini
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, École Polytechnique-Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - F Lefevre
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, École Polytechnique-Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - S Ninet
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7590, MNHN, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - R Redmer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - T Vinci
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, École Polytechnique-Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
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Ishikawa W, Sato S. Mechanical C-C Bond Formation by Laser Driven Shock Wave. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2104-2111. [PMID: 33448583 PMCID: PMC7540696 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically induced C-C bond formation was demonstrated by the laser driven shock wave generated in liquid normal alkanes at room temperature. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis revealed the dehydrogenation condensation between two alkane molecules, for seven normal alkanes from pentane to undecane. Major products were identified to be linear and branched alkane molecules with double the number of carbons, and exactly coincided with the molecules predicted by supposing that a C-C bond was formed between two starting molecules. The production of the alkane molecules showed that the C-C bond formation occurred almost evenly at all the carbon positions. The dependence of the production on the laser pulse energy clearly indicated that the process was attributed to the shock wave. The C-C bond formation observed was not a conventional passive chemical reaction but an unprecedented active reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Ishikawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced MaterialsTohoku UniversityAoba-kuSendai980-8577Japan
| | - Shunichi Sato
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced MaterialsTohoku UniversityAoba-kuSendai980-8577Japan
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