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Okman Koçoğlu İ, Erden PE, Kılıç E. Disposable biosensor based on ionic liquid, carbon nanofiber and poly(glutamic acid) for tyramine determination. Anal Biochem 2024; 684:115387. [PMID: 37951456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an electrochemical biosensor based on carbon nanofibers (CNF), ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (IL), poly(glutamic acid) (PGA) and tyrosinase (Tyr) modified screen printed carbon electrode (SPE) was constructed for tyramine determination. Optimum experimental parameters such as CNF and IL amount, polymerization conditions of glutamic acid, enzyme loading, pH of test solution and operating potential were explored. The construction steps of the Tyr/PGA/CNF-IL/SPE were pursued by scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The Tyr/PGA/CNF-IL/SPE biosensor exhibited linear response to tyramine in the range of 2.0 × 10-7 - 4.8 × 10-5 M with a low detection limit of 9.1 × 10-8 M and sensitivity of 302.6 μA mM-1. The other advantages of Tyr/PGA/CNF-IL/SPE include its high reproducibility, good stability and anti-interference ability. The presented biosensor was also applied for tyramine determination in malt drink and pickle juice samples and mean analytical recoveries of spiked tyramine were calculated as 100.6% and 100.4% respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- İrem Okman Koçoğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Karabük University, 78050, Karabük, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Esra Erden
- Department of Chemistry, Polatlı Faculty of Science and Arts, Ankara Haci Bayram Veli University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esma Kılıç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Theyagarajan K, Kim YJ. Recent Developments in the Design and Fabrication of Electrochemical Biosensors Using Functional Materials and Molecules. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040424. [PMID: 37185499 PMCID: PMC10135976 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors are superior technologies that are used to detect or sense biologically and environmentally significant analytes in a laboratory environment, or even in the form of portable handheld or wearable electronics. Recently, imprinted and implantable biosensors are emerging as point-of-care devices, which monitor the target analytes in a continuous environment and alert the intended users to anomalies. The stability and performance of the developed biosensor depend on the nature and properties of the electrode material or the platform on which the biosensor is constructed. Therefore, the biosensor platform plays an integral role in the effectiveness of the developed biosensor. Enormous effort has been dedicated to the rational design of the electrode material and to fabrication strategies for improving the performance of developed biosensors. Every year, in the search for multifarious electrode materials, thousands of new biosensor platforms are reported. Moreover, in order to construct an effectual biosensor, the researcher should familiarize themself with the sensible strategies behind electrode fabrication. Thus, we intend to shed light on various strategies and methodologies utilized in the design and fabrication of electrochemical biosensors that facilitate sensitive and selective detection of significant analytes. Furthermore, this review highlights the advantages of various electrode materials and the correlation between immobilized biomolecules and modified surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Theyagarajan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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Immobilization of carbonic anhydrase in a hydrophobic poly(ionic liquid): A new functional solid for CO2 capture. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dual-Mode electrochemical biosensors based on Chondroitin sulfate functionalized polypyrrole nanowires for ultrafast and ultratrace detection of acetamiprid pesticide. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Murphy M, Theyagarajan K, Thenmozhi K, Senthilkumar S. Direct electrochemistry of covalently immobilized hemoglobin on a naphthylimidazolium butyric acid ionic liquid/MWCNT matrix. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 199:111540. [PMID: 33383549 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the concentration levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is significant in both clinical and industrial applications. Herein, we develop a facile biosensor for the detection of H2O2 based on direct electron transfer of hemoglobin (Hb), which was covalently immobilized on a hydrophobic naphthylimidazolium butyric acid ionic liquid (NIBA-IL) over a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to obtain an Hb/NIBA-IL/MWCNT/GCE. Highly water-soluble Hb protein was firmly immobilized on NIBA-IL via stable amide bonding between the free NH2 groups of Hb and COOH groups of NIBA-IL via EDC/NHS coupling. Thus fabricated biosensor showed a well resolved redox peak with a cathodic peak potential (Epc) at -0.35 V and anodic peak potential (Epa) at -0.29 V with a formal potential (E°') of -0.32 V, which corresponds to the deeply buried FeIII/FeII redox centre of Hb, thereby direct electrochemistry of Hb was established. Further, the modified electrode demonstrated very good electrocatalytic activity towards H2O2 reduction and showed a wide linear range of detection from 0.01 to 6.3 mM with a limit of detection and sensitivity of 3.2 μM and 111 μA mM-1 cm-2, respectively. Moreover, the developed biosensor displayed high operational stability under dynamic conditions as well as during continuous potential cycles and showed reliable reproducibility. The superior performance of the fabricated biosensor is attributed to the effective covalent immobilization of Hb on the newly developed highly conducting and biocompatible NIBA-IL/MWCNT/GCE platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoharan Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, India
| | - K Theyagarajan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Kathavarayan Thenmozhi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, India.
| | - Sellappan Senthilkumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, 632014, India.
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Theyagarajan K, Elancheziyan M, Aayushi PS, Thenmozhi K. Facile strategy for immobilizing horseradish peroxidase on a novel acetate functionalized ionic liquid/MWCNT matrix for electrochemical biosensing. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:358-365. [PMID: 32634514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Facile yet simple platforms for the immobilization of biomolecules have always been a substantial requirement for the fabrication of proficient biosensors. In this study, we report a naphthyl substituted acetate functionalized ionic liquid (NpAc-IL) for the covalent anchoring of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), using which the direct electrochemistry of HRP was successfully accomplished and a H2O2 biosensor was developed. The naphthyl substitution on the NpAc-IL was utilized for the π-π stacking with the MWCNT modified GCE and the terminal -OCH3 group of NpAc-IL was used for the covalent attachment with the free -NH2 group of HRP via amide bond formation. High conducting nature of the newly designed ionic liquid (NpAc-IL), facilitated an improved communication with the deeply buried redox centre of the HRP, while the covalent bonding provided enhanced stability to the fabricated biosensor by stably holding the water soluble HRP enzyme on the electrode surface. Furthermore, incorporation of MWCNT on the sensor setup synergistically enhanced the sensitivity of the developed biosensor. Under optimized conditions, the fabricated biosensor showed an enhanced electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2 in the range of 0.01 to 2.07 mM with a limit of detection and sensitivity of 2.7 μM and 55.98 μA mM-1 cm-2 respectively. Further, the proposed biosensor was utilized for the sensing of H2O2 spiked in real samples. Moreover, the newly fabricated biosensor demonstrated excellent stability with improved sensitivity and selectivity towards H2O2 reduction. The superior analytical characteristics are attributed to the facile fabrication strategy using this newly developed acetate functionalized ionic liquid platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Theyagarajan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Mari Elancheziyan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Prakash Sinha Aayushi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Kathavarayan Thenmozhi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India.
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Theyagarajan K, Yadav S, Satija J, Thenmozhi K, Senthilkumar S. Gold Nanoparticle-Redox Ionic Liquid based Nanoconjugated Matrix as a Novel Multifunctional Biosensing Interface. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:6076-6085. [PMID: 33449637 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Creation of interfaces with a prudent design for the immobilization of biomolecules is substantial in the construction of biosensors for real-time monitoring. Herein, an adept biosensing interface was developed using a nanoconjugated matrix and has been employed toward the electrochemical determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The anionic gold nanoparticle (AuNP) was electrostatically tethered to cationic redox ionic liquid (IL), to which the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) enzyme was covalently immobilized to form a nanobioconjugate. The anthracene-substituted, aldehyde-functionalized redox IL (CHO-AIL) was judiciously designed with the (i) imidazolium cation for electrostatic interaction with AuNPs, (ii) anthracene moiety to mediate the electron transfer, and (iii) free aldehydic group for covalent bonding with a free amine group of the enzyme. Thus, the water-soluble HRP is effectively bonded to the CHO-AIL on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) via imine bond formation, which resulted in the formation of the HRP-CHO-AIL/GCE. Electrochemical investigations on the HRP-CHO-AIL/GCE reveal highly stable and distinct redox peaks for the anthracene/anthracenium couple at a formal potential (E°') of -0.47 V. Electrostatic tethering of anionic AuNPs to the HRP-CHO-AIL promotes the electron transfer process in the HRP-CHO-AIL/AuNPs/GCE, as observed by the reduction in the formal potential to -0.42 V along with the enhancement in peak currents. The HRP-CHO-AIL/AuNPs/GCE has been explored toward the electrocatalytic detection of H2O2, and the modified electrode demonstrated a linear response toward H2O2 in the concentration range of 0.02-2.77 mM with a detection limit of 3.7 μM. The developed biosensor ascertained predominant selectivity and sensitivity in addition to remarkable stability and reproducibility, corroborating the suitableness of the platform for the effectual biosensing of H2O2. The eminent performance realized with our biosensor setup is ascribed to the multifunctional efficacy of this newly designed nanobioconjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandaswamy Theyagarajan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Sangeeta Yadav
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India.,Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Kathavarayan Thenmozhi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Sellappan Senthilkumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
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Quaternary Ammonium Based Carboxyl Functionalized Ionic Liquid for Covalent Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase and Development of Electrochemical Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Murphy M, Manoj D, Saravanakumar D, Thenmozhi K, Senthilkumar S. Water insoluble, self-binding viologen functionalized ionic liquid for simultaneous electrochemical detection of nitrophenol isomers. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1138:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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