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Chirumamilla VC, Hitchings L, Mulkey SB, Anwar T, Baker R, Larry Maxwell G, De Asis-Cruz J, Kapse K, Limperopoulos C, du Plessis A, Govindan RB. Functional brain network properties of healthy full-term newborns quantified by scalp and source-reconstructed EEG. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 147:72-80. [PMID: 36731349 PMCID: PMC9975070 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying the functional brain network properties of term low-risk newborns using high-density EEG (HD-EEG) and comparing these properties with those of established functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) - based networks. METHODS HD-EEG was collected from 113 low-risk term newborns before delivery hospital discharge and within 72 hours of birth. Functional brain networks were reconstructed using coherence at the scalp and source levels in delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands. These networks were characterized for the global and local network architecture. RESULTS Source-level networks in all the frequency bands identified the presence of the efficient small world (small-world propensity (SWP) > 0.6) architecture with four distinct modules linked by hub regions and rich-club (coefficient > 1) topology. The modular regions included primary, association, limbic, paralimbic, and subcortical regions, which have been demonstrated in fMRI studies. In contrast, scalp-level networks did not display consistent small world architecture (SWP < 0.6), and also identified only 2-3 modules in each frequency band.The modular regions of the scalp-network primarily included frontal and occipital regions. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that EEG sources in low-risk newborns corroborate fMRI-based connectivity results. SIGNIFICANCE EEG source analysis characterizes functional connectivity at the bedside of low-risk newborn infants soon after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Hitchings
- Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sarah B Mulkey
- Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Neurology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tayyba Anwar
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Neurology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Neurology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robin Baker
- Inova Women's and Children's Hospital, Fairfax, VA, USA; Fairfax Neonatal Associates, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Kushal Kapse
- Developing Brain Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Catherine Limperopoulos
- Developing Brain Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Adre du Plessis
- Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R B Govindan
- Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
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Felici M, Sgorbini M, Baragli P, Lanatà A, Marmorini P, Camillo F. Autonomic nervous system balance in parturient mares: Spontaneous vs induced delivery. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283116. [PMID: 36930584 PMCID: PMC10022798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Delivery is not easily predictable in horses and the consequences of dystocia can be serious for both the mare and foal. An induction protocol with low doses of oxytocin has been reported as a safe procedure. This study investigates the effect of induced delivery on at-term mares' sympathetic-vagal balance. Fourteen mares were included and divided into two groups, one subjected to spontaneous delivery (SD), and one to induced delivery (ID). In both groups, an ECG was recorded using an elastic belt with integrated smart textile electrodes. The recording started before the delivery (Basal), continued close to delivery (Pre-delivery) and during delivery (Delivery), and ended after parturition (Placental expulsion). From the ECGs, Heart Rate Variability (HRV) parameters relating to time and frequency domains and non-linear analysis were extrapolated. The HRV analysis was performed both within the same group (IntraGA) and between the two groups (InterGA). In the present study, spontaneous and induced delivery did not appear to differ in autonomic nervous system functioning. In IntraGA analysis, both for SD and ID mares, delivery and placental expulsion periods were parasympathetic dominated since vagal-related HRV parameters increased. Moreover, no differences were found in InterGA comparison between SD and ID mares, except for the pre-delivery period of ID mares, during which both branches of the autonomic nervous system were activated. These results are in line with the literature on parasympathetic dominance during parturition and no change in Heart Rate Variability following exogenous oxytocin administration in parturient mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Felici
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Baragli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Lanatà
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Camillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Mario Modenato”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Tamburro G, Jansen K, Lemmens K, Dereymaeker A, Naulaers G, De Vos M, Comani S. Automated detection and removal of flat line segments and large amplitude fluctuations in neonatal electroencephalography. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13734. [PMID: 35846889 PMCID: PMC9285485 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Artefact removal in neonatal electroencephalography (EEG) by visual inspection generally depends on the expertise of the operator, is time consuming and is not a consistent pre-processing step to the pipeline for the automated EEG analysis. Therefore, there is the need for the automated detection and removal of artefacts in neonatal EEG, especially of distinct and predominant artefacts such as flat line segments (mainly caused by instrumental error where contact between electrodes and head box is lost) and large amplitude fluctuations (related to neonatal movements). Method A threshold-based algorithm for the automated detection and removal of flat line segments and large amplitude fluctuations in neonatal EEG of infants at term-equivalent age is developed. The algorithm applies thresholds to the absolute second difference, absolute amplitude, absolute first difference and the ratio between the frequency content above 50 Hz and the frequency content across all frequencies. Results The algorithm reaches a median accuracy of 0.91, a median hit rate of 0.91 and a median false discovery rate of 0.37. Also, a significant improvement (≈10%) in the performance of a four-stage sleep classifier is observed after artefact removal with the proposed algorithm as compared to before its application. Significance An automated artefact removal method contributes to the pipeline of automated EEG analysis. The proposed algorithm has shown to have good performance and to be effective in neonatal EEG applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Tamburro
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy,BIND – Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Katrien Jansen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lemmens
- Department of Development and Regeneration, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Gunnar Naulaers
- Department of Development and Regeneration, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Vos
- Department of Development and Regeneration, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), STADIUS Center for Dynamical Systems, Signal Processing and Data Analytics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Comani
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy,BIND – Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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In infants with congenital heart disease autonomic dysfunction is associated with pre-operative brain injury. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1723-1729. [PMID: 34963700 PMCID: PMC9237187 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01931-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain injury is a serious and common complication of critical congenital heart disease (CHD). Impaired autonomic development (assessed by heart rate variability (HRV)) is associated with brain injury in other high-risk neonatal populations. OBJECTIVE To determine whether impaired early neonatal HRV is associated with pre-operative brain injury in CHD. METHODS In infants with critical CHD, we evaluated HRV during the first 24 h of cardiac ICU (CICU) admission using time-domain (RMS 1, RMS 2, and alpha 1) and frequency-domain metrics (LF, nLF, HF, nHF). Pre-operative brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was scored for injury using an established system. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to determine the association between HRV and pre-operative brain injury. RESULTS We enrolled 34 infants with median birth gestational age of 38.8 weeks (IQR 38.1-39.1). Median postnatal age at pre-operative brain MRI was 2 days (IQR 1-3 days). Thirteen infants had MRI evidence of brain injury. RMS 1 and RMS 2 were inversely correlated with pre-operative brain injury. CONCLUSIONS Time-domain metrics of autonomic function measured within the first 24 h of admission to the CICU are associated with pre-operative brain injury, and may perform better than frequency-domain metrics under non-stationary conditions such as critical illness. IMPACT Autonomic dysfunction, measured by heart rate variability (HRV), in early transition is associated with pre-operative brain injury in neonates with critical congenital heart disease. These data extend our earlier findings by providing further evidence for (i) autonomic dysfunction in infants with CHD, and (ii) an association between autonomic dysfunction and brain injury in critically ill neonates. These data support the notion that further investigation of HRV as a biomarker for brain injury risk is warranted in infants with critical CHD.
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Schlatterer SD, Govindan RB, Barnett SD, Al-Shargabi T, Reich DA, Iyer S, Hitchings L, Larry Maxwell G, Baker R, du Plessis AJ, Mulkey SB. Autonomic development in preterm infants is associated with morbidity of prematurity. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:171-177. [PMID: 33654284 PMCID: PMC7922721 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have described an association between preterm birth and maturation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS); however, this may be impacted by multiple factors, including prematurity-related complications. Our aim was to evaluate for the effect of prematurity-related morbidity on ANS development in preterm infants in the NICU. METHODS We compared time and frequency domains of heart rate variability (HRV) as a measure of ANS tone in 56 preterm infants from 2 NICUs (28 from each). One cohort was from a high-morbidity regional referral NICU, the other from a community-based inborn NICU with low prematurity-related morbidity. Propensity score matching was used to balance the groups by a 1:1 nearest neighbor design. ANS tone was analyzed. RESULTS The two cohorts showed parallel maturational trajectory of the alpha 1 time-domain metric, with the cohort from the high-morbidity NICU having lower autonomic tone. The maturational trajectories between the two cohorts differed in all other time-domain metrics (alpha 2, RMS1, RMS2). There was no difference between groups by frequency-domain metrics. CONCLUSIONS Prematurity-associated morbidities correlate with autonomic development in premature infants and may have a greater impact on the extrauterine maturation of this system than birth gestational age. IMPACT Autonomic nervous system development measured by time-domain metrics of heart rate variability correlate with morbidities associated with premature birth. This study builds upon our previously published work that showed that development of autonomic tone was not impacted by gestational age at birth. This study adds to our understanding of autonomic nervous system development in a preterm extrauterine environment. Our study suggests that gestational age at birth may have less impact on autonomic nervous system development than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D. Schlatterer
- grid.239560.b0000 0004 0482 1586Children’s National Hospital, Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Washington, DC USA ,grid.253615.60000 0004 1936 9510Department of Neurology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC USA ,grid.253615.60000 0004 1936 9510Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC USA
| | - Rathinaswamy B. Govindan
- grid.239560.b0000 0004 0482 1586Children’s National Hospital, Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Washington, DC USA ,grid.253615.60000 0004 1936 9510Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC USA
| | - Scott D. Barnett
- grid.239560.b0000 0004 0482 1586Children’s National Hospital, Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Tareq Al-Shargabi
- grid.239560.b0000 0004 0482 1586Children’s National Hospital, Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Daniel A. Reich
- grid.239560.b0000 0004 0482 1586Children’s National Hospital, Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Sneha Iyer
- grid.253615.60000 0004 1936 9510The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC USA
| | - Laura Hitchings
- grid.239560.b0000 0004 0482 1586Children’s National Hospital, Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | | | - Robin Baker
- Inova Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Fairfax, VA USA ,grid.430970.9Fairfax Neonatal Associates, Fairfax, VA USA
| | - Adre J. du Plessis
- grid.239560.b0000 0004 0482 1586Children’s National Hospital, Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Washington, DC USA ,grid.253615.60000 0004 1936 9510Department of Neurology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC USA ,grid.253615.60000 0004 1936 9510Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC USA
| | - Sarah B. Mulkey
- grid.239560.b0000 0004 0482 1586Children’s National Hospital, Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Washington, DC USA ,grid.253615.60000 0004 1936 9510Department of Neurology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC USA ,grid.253615.60000 0004 1936 9510Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC USA
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Cerritelli F, Frasch MG, Antonelli MC, Viglione C, Vecchi S, Chiera M, Manzotti A. A Review on the Vagus Nerve and Autonomic Nervous System During Fetal Development: Searching for Critical Windows. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:721605. [PMID: 34616274 PMCID: PMC8488382 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.721605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is one of the main biological systems that regulates the body's physiology. Autonomic nervous system regulatory capacity begins before birth as the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity contributes significantly to the fetus' development. In particular, several studies have shown how vagus nerve is involved in many vital processes during fetal, perinatal, and postnatal life: from the regulation of inflammation through the anti-inflammatory cholinergic pathway, which may affect the functioning of each organ, to the production of hormones involved in bioenergetic metabolism. In addition, the vagus nerve has been recognized as the primary afferent pathway capable of transmitting information to the brain from every organ of the body. Therefore, this hypothesis paper aims to review the development of ANS during fetal and perinatal life, focusing particularly on the vagus nerve, to identify possible "critical windows" that could impact its maturation. These "critical windows" could help clinicians know when to monitor fetuses to effectively assess the developmental status of both ANS and specifically the vagus nerve. In addition, this paper will focus on which factors-i.e., fetal characteristics and behaviors, maternal lifestyle and pathologies, placental health and dysfunction, labor, incubator conditions, and drug exposure-may have an impact on the development of the vagus during the above-mentioned "critical window" and how. This analysis could help clinicians and stakeholders define precise guidelines for improving the management of fetuses and newborns, particularly to reduce the potential adverse environmental impacts on ANS development that may lead to persistent long-term consequences. Since the development of ANS and the vagus influence have been shown to be reflected in cardiac variability, this paper will rely in particular on studies using fetal heart rate variability (fHRV) to monitor the continued growth and health of both animal and human fetuses. In fact, fHRV is a non-invasive marker whose changes have been associated with ANS development, vagal modulation, systemic and neurological inflammatory reactions, and even fetal distress during labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cerritelli
- Research and Assistance for Infants to Support Experience Lab, Foundation Center for Osteopathic Medicine Collaboration, Pescara, Italy
| | - Martin G. Frasch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marta C. Antonelli
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis”, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Chiara Viglione
- Research and Assistance for Infants to Support Experience Lab, Foundation Center for Osteopathic Medicine Collaboration, Pescara, Italy
| | - Stefano Vecchi
- Research and Assistance for Infants to Support Experience Lab, Foundation Center for Osteopathic Medicine Collaboration, Pescara, Italy
| | - Marco Chiera
- Research and Assistance for Infants to Support Experience Lab, Foundation Center for Osteopathic Medicine Collaboration, Pescara, Italy
| | - Andrea Manzotti
- Research and Assistance for Infants to Support Experience Lab, Foundation Center for Osteopathic Medicine Collaboration, Pescara, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, “V. Buzzi” Children's Hospital, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
- Research Department, Istituto Osteopatia Milano, Milan, Italy
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Cerebral cortical autonomic connectivity in low-risk term newborns. Clin Auton Res 2021; 31:415-424. [PMID: 33718981 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-021-00793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mature central autonomic network includes connectivity between autonomic nervous system brainstem centers and the cerebral cortex. The study objective was to evaluate the regional connectivity between the cerebral cortex and brainstem autonomic centers in term newborns by measuring coherence between high-density electroencephalography and heart rate variability as measured by electrocardiography. METHODS Low-risk term newborns with birth gestational age of 39-40 weeks were prospectively enrolled and studied using time-synced electroencephalography and electrocardiography for up to 60 min before discharge from the birth hospital. The ccortical autonomicc nervous system association was analyzed using coherence between electroencephalography-delta power and heart rate variability. Heart rate variability measured the parasympathetic tone (root mean square of successive differences of heart rate) and sympathetic tone (standard deviation of heart rate). RESULTS One hundred and twenty-nine low-risk term infants were included. High coherence delta-root mean square of successive differences was found in central, bitemporal, and occipital brain regions, with less robust coherence delta-standard deviation in the central region and bitemporal areas. CONCLUSIONS Our findings describe a topography of ccortical autonomicc connectivity present at term in low-risk newborns, which was more robust to parasympathetic than sympathetic brainstem centers and was independent of newborn state.
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Autonomic nervous system maturation in the premature extrauterine milieu. Pediatr Res 2020; 89:863-868. [PMID: 32396923 PMCID: PMC8011288 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0952-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In premature infants, we investigated whether the duration of extrauterine development influenced autonomic nervous system (ANS) maturation. METHODS We performed a longitudinal cohort study of ANS maturation in preterm infants. Eligibility included birth gestational age (GA) < 37 weeks, NICU admission, and expected survival. The cohort was divided into three birth GA groups: Group 1 (≤29 weeks), Group 2 (30-33 weeks), and Group 3 (≥34 weeks). ECG data were recorded weekly and analyzed for sympathetic and parasympathetic tone using heart rate variability (HRV). Quantile regression modeled the slope of ANS maturation among the groups by postnatal age to term-equivalent age (TEA) (≥37 weeks). RESULTS One hundred infants, median (Q1-Q3) birth GA of 31.9 (28.7-33.9) weeks, were enrolled: Group 1 (n = 35); Group 2 (n = 40); and Group 3 (n = 25). Earlier birth GA was associated with lower sympathetic and parasympathetic tone. However, the rate of autonomic maturation was similar, and at TEA there was no difference in HRV metrics across the three groups. The majority of infants (91%) did not experience significant neonatal morbidities. CONCLUSION Premature infants with low prematurity-related systemic morbidity have maturational trajectories of ANS development that are comparable across a wide range of ex-utero durations regardless of birth GA. IMPACT Heart rate variability can evaluate the maturation of the autonomic nervous system. Metrics of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system show maturation in the premature extrauterine milieu. The autonomic nervous system in preterm infants shows comparable maturation across a wide range of birth gestational ages. Preterm newborns with low medical morbidity have maturation of their autonomic nervous system while in the NICU. Modern NICU advances appear to support autonomic development in the preterm infant.
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Harris BN. Stress hypothesis overload: 131 hypotheses exploring the role of stress in tradeoffs, transitions, and health. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 288:113355. [PMID: 31830473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stress is ubiquitous and thus, not surprisingly, many hypotheses and models have been created to better study the role stress plays in life. Stress spans fields and is found in the literature of biology, psychology, psychophysiology, sociology, economics, and medicine, just to name a few. Stress, and the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal/interrenal (HPA/I) axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS), are involved in a multitude of behaviors and physiological processes, including life-history and ecological tradeoffs, developmental transitions, health, and survival. The goal of this review is to highlight and summarize the large number of available hypotheses and models, to aid in comparative and interdisciplinary thinking, and to increase reproducibility by a) discouraging hypothesizing after results are known (HARKing) and b) encouraging a priori hypothesis testing. For this review I collected 214 published hypotheses or models dealing broadly with stress. In the main paper, I summarized and categorized 131 of those hypotheses and models which made direct connections among stress and/or HPA/I and SNS, tradeoffs, transitions, and health. Of those 131, the majority made predictions about reproduction (n = 43), the transition from health to disease (n = 38), development (n = 23), and stress coping (n = 18). Additional hypotheses were classified as stage-spanning or models (n = 37). The additional 83 hypotheses found during searches were tangentially related, or pertained to immune function or oxidative stress, and these are listed separately. Many of the hypotheses share underlying rationale and suggest similar, if not identical, predictions, and are thus not mutually exclusive; some hypotheses spanned classification categories. Some of the hypotheses have been tested multiple times, whereas others have only been examined a few times. It is the hope that multi-disciplinary stress researchers will begin to harmonize their naming of hypotheses in the literature so as to build a clearer picture of how stress impacts various outcomes across fields. The paper concludes with some considerations and recommendations for robust testing of stress hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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