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Xiong LJ, Tian YF, Zhai CT, Li W. Application and Effectiveness of Chinese Medicine in Regulating Immune Checkpoint Pathways. Chin J Integr Med 2023; 29:1045-1056. [PMID: 37580466 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-023-3743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting immune checkpoint molecules has emerged as a key approach in cancer treatment, representing the forefront of antitumor research. However, studies on immune checkpoint molecules have mainly focused on targeted therapies. Chinese medicine (CM) research as a complementary medicine has revealed that immune checkpoint molecules also undergo disease-specific changes in the context of autoimmune diseases. This review article presents a comprehensive analysis of CM studies on immune checkpoint molecules in the last 5 years, with a focus on their role in different diseases and treatment modalities. CM research predominantly utilizes oral administration of herbal plant extracts or acupuncture techniques, which stimulate the immune system by activating specific acupoints through temperature and needling. In this study, we analyzed the modulation and mechanisms of immune checkpoint molecules associated with different coinhibitory and costimulatory molecules, and reviewed the immune functions of related molecules and CM studies in treating autoimmune diseases and tumors. By summarizing the characteristics and research value of CM in regulating immune checkpoint molecules, this review aims to provide a useful reference for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Jie Xiong
- College of Acupuncture, Massage and Rehabilitation, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yue-Feng Tian
- Second Clinical College, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China.
| | - Chun-Tao Zhai
- Second Clinical College, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China
| | - Wei Li
- Second Clinical College, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, 030619, China
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Shah V, Womack J, Zamora AE, Terhune SS, Dash RK. Simulating the Evolution of Signaling Signatures During CART-Cell and Tumor Cell Interactions. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-5. [PMID: 38083755 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies have been proven to have significant therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of cancer. The last decade has seen adoptive cell therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART-cell) therapy, gain FDA approval against specific cancers. Additionally, there are numerous clinical trials ongoing investigating additional designs and targets. Nevertheless, despite the excitement and promising potential of CART-cell therapy, response rates to therapy vary greatly between studies, patients, and cancers. There remains an unmet need to develop computational frameworks that more accurately predict CART-cell function and clinical efficacy. Here we present a coarse-grained model simulated with logical rules that demonstrates the evolution of signaling signatures following the interaction between CART-cells and tumor cells and allows for in silico based prediction of CART-cell functionality prior to experimentation.Clinical Relevance- Analysis of CART-cell signaling signatures can inform future CAR receptor design and combination therapy approaches aimed at improving therapy response.
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Shah V, Womack J, Zamora AE, Terhune SS, Dash RK. Simulating the Evolution of Signaling Signatures during CART-Cell - Tumor Cell Interactions. ARXIV 2023:arXiv:2302.04338v1. [PMID: 36798455 PMCID: PMC9934731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies have been proven to have significant therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of cancer. The last decade has seen adoptive cell therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CART-cell) therapy, gain FDA approval against specific cancers. Additionally, there are numerous clinical trials ongoing investigating additional designs and targets. Nevertheless, despite the excitement and promising potential of CART-cell therapy, response rates to therapy vary greatly between studies, patients, and cancers. There remains an unmet need to develop computational frameworks that more accurately predict CART-cell function and clinical efficacy. Here we present a coarse-grained model simulated with logical rules that demonstrates the evolution of signaling signatures following the interaction between CART-cells and tumor cells and allows for in silico based prediction of CART-cell functionality prior to experimentation.
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4
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Hamid O, Chiappori AA, Thompson JA, Doi T, Hu-Lieskovan S, Eskens FALM, Ros W, Diab A, Spano JP, Rizvi NA, Wasser JS, Angevin E, Ott PA, Forgie A, Yang W, Guo C, Chou J, El-Khoueiry AB. First-in-human study of an OX40 (ivuxolimab) and 4-1BB (utomilumab) agonistic antibody combination in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005471. [PMID: 36302562 PMCID: PMC9621185 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivuxolimab (PF-04518600) and utomilumab (PF-05082566) are humanized agonistic IgG2 monoclonal antibodies against OX40 and 4-1BB, respectively. This first-in-human, multicenter, open-label, phase I, dose-escalation/dose-expansion study explored safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor activity of ivuxolimab+utomilumab in patients with advanced solid tumors. METHODS Dose-escalation: patients with advanced bladder, gastric, or cervical cancer, melanoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who were unresponsive to available therapies, had no standard therapy available or declined standard therapy were enrolled into five dose cohorts: ivuxolimab (0.1-3 mg/kg every 2 weeks (Q2W)) intravenously plus utomilumab (20 or 100 mg every 4 weeks (Q4W)) intravenously. Dose-expansion: patients with melanoma (n=10) and NSCLC (n=20) who progressed on prior anti-programmed death receptor 1/programmed death ligand-1 and/or anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (melanoma) received ivuxolimab 30 mg Q2W intravenously plus utomilumab 20 mg Q4W intravenously. Adverse events (AEs) were graded per National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events V.4.03 and efficacy was assessed using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) V.1.1 and immune-related RECIST (irRECIST). Paired tumor biopsies and whole blood were collected to assess pharmacodynamic effects and immunophenotyping. Whole blood samples were collected longitudinally for immunophenotyping. RESULTS Dose-escalation: 57 patients were enrolled; 2 (3.5%) patients with melanoma (0.3 mg/kg+20 mg and 0.3 mg/kg+100 mg) achieved partial response (PR), 18 (31.6%) patients achieved stable disease (SD); the disease control rate (DCR) was 35.1% across all dose levels. Dose-expansion: 30 patients were enrolled; 1 patient with NSCLC achieved PR lasting >77 weeks. Seven of 10 patients with melanoma (70%) and 7 of 20 patients with NSCLC (35%) achieved SD: median (range) duration of SD was 18.9 (13.9-49.0) weeks for the melanoma cohort versus 24.1 (14.3-77.9+) weeks for the NSCLC cohort; DCR (NSCLC) was 40%. Grade 3-4 treatment-emergent AEs were reported in 28 (49.1%) patients versus 11 (36.7%) patients in dose-escalation and dose-expansion, respectively. There were no grade 5 AEs deemed attributable to treatment. Ivuxolimab area under the concentration-time curve increased in a dose-dependent manner at 0.3-3 mg/kg doses. CONCLUSIONS Ivuxolimab+utomilumab was found to be well tolerated and demonstrated preliminary antitumor activity in selected groups of patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02315066.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Hamid
- Translational Research and Immunotherapy, The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, A Cedars-Sinai Affiliate, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - Toshihiko Doi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Siwen Hu-Lieskovan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ferry A L M Eskens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willeke Ros
- Department of Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adi Diab
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Spano
- Medical Oncology, APHP-Sorbonne University, IPLEs Inserm1136, Pitie-Salpetrière Hospital-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Naiyer A Rizvi
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Wasser
- Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eric Angevin
- Drug Development Department, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Patrick A Ott
- Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alison Forgie
- Translational Oncology, Pfizer Inc, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Oncology Computational Biology, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, Calfornia, USA
| | - Cen Guo
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Chou
- Early Oncology Development and Clinical Research, Pfizer Inc, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anthony B El-Khoueiry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Tserunyan V, Finley SD. Computational analysis of 4-1BB-induced NFκB signaling suggests improvements to CAR cell design. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:129. [PMID: 36028884 PMCID: PMC9413922 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00937-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing cells are a powerful modality of adoptive cell therapy against cancer. The potency of signaling events initiated upon antigen binding depends on the costimulatory domain within the structure of the CAR. One such costimulatory domain is 4-1BB, which affects cellular response via the NFκB pathway. However, the quantitative aspects of 4-1BB-induced NFκB signaling are not fully understood.
Methods We developed an ordinary differential equation-based mathematical model representing canonical NFκB signaling activated by CD19scFv-4-1BB. After a global sensitivity analysis on model parameters, we ran Monte Carlo simulations of cell population-wide variability in NFκB signaling and quantified the mutual information between the extracellular signal and different levels of the NFκB signal transduction pathway. Results In response to a wide range of antigen concentrations, the magnitude of the transient peak in NFκB nuclear concentration varies significantly, while the timing of this peak is relatively consistent. Global sensitivity analysis showed that the model is robust to variations in parameters, and thus, its quantitative predictions would remain applicable to a broad range of parameter values. The model predicts that overexpressing NEMO and disabling IKKβ deactivation can increase the mutual information between antigen levels and NFκB activation. Conclusions Our modeling predictions provide actionable insights to guide CAR development. Particularly, we propose specific manipulations to the NFκB signal transduction pathway that can fine-tune the response of CD19scFv-4-1BB cells to the antigen concentrations they are likely to encounter. Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00937-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardges Tserunyan
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stacey D Finley
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Zhang Q, Zu C, Hu Y, Huang H. CAR-T cells for cancer immunotherapy-the barriers ahead and the paths through. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 41:567-581. [PMID: 35635212 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2080820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the major concerns and changes emerged during the rapidly extended clinical application of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T therapy based on our experience and understanding. In the past decades, the CAR-T cells have been questioned, sequentially, about their capability of inducing initial remission, their safety profile, their ability to sustain long-term persistence and response, and their potential to be industrialized. Significant advances, novel targeting strategies, innovative molecular structure, fine tuning of both CAR-T and host immune system, combination with other therapies, streamlined manufacturing, and etc., have been made to overcome these challenges. Although not perfectly resolved, rational pathways have been proposed to pass through the barriers. Here, we present the recent achievements on these pathways, and look into the possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
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Novel insights in CAR-NK cells beyond CAR-T cell technology; promising advantages. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 106:108587. [PMID: 35149294 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor T cell) technology, which has recently showed successful results in the treatment of hematological tumors, has been the focus of attention as one of the most potent approaches in tumor immunotherapy. However, side effects and limitations of this application, such as the risk of graft versus host disease (GvHD), make it challenging to be as accessible as other treatments. Natural killer cells (NK) could be transplanted without alloreactivity, making them as an off-the-shelf product. CAR-NK (chimeric antigen receptor NK cell) therapy can circumvent some serious limitations of CAR-T cell therapy. Application of CAR-NK cells have some considerable advantages over CAR-T cells. These include lack of cytokine release syndrome (CRS), neurotoxicity, and GvHD when using allogenic CAR-T cell. These features lessen the risk of tumor antigen loss and disease relapse. Moreover, NK cells which were derived from different sources, can make the CAR therapy more feasible. In this narrative review, we outlined the key features of CAR-NK cells as an alternative to CAR-T cell therapy in cancer immunotherapy and highlighted the main advantages.
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Abstract
This perspective article gathers the latest developments in mathematical and computational oncology tools that exploit network approaches for the mathematical modelling, analysis, and simulation of cancer development and therapy design. It instigates the community to explore new paths and synergies under the umbrella of the Special Issue “Networks in Cancer: From Symmetry Breaking to Targeted Therapy”. The focus of the perspective is to demonstrate how networks can model the physics, analyse the interactions, and predict the evolution of the multiple processes behind tumour-host encounters across multiple scales. From agent-based modelling and mechano-biology to machine learning and predictive modelling, the perspective motivates a methodology well suited to mathematical and computational oncology and suggests approaches that mark a viable path towards adoption in the clinic.
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Zhang H, Li F, Cao J, Wang X, Cheng H, Qi K, Wang G, Xu K, Zheng J, Fu YX, Yang X. A chimeric antigen receptor with antigen-independent OX40 signaling mediates potent antitumor activity. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/578/eaba7308. [PMID: 33504651 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba7308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells have shown great success in the treatment of B cell malignancies, this approach has limited efficacy in patients with solid tumors. Various modifications in CAR structure have been explored to improve this efficacy, including the incorporation of two costimulatory domains. Because costimulatory signals are transduced together with T cell receptor signals during T cell activation, we engineered a type of CAR-T cells with a costimulatory signal that was activated independently from the tumor antigen to recapitulate physiological stimulation. We screened 12 costimulatory receptors to identify OX40 as the most effective CAR-T function enhancer. Our data indicated that these new CAR-T cells showed superior proliferation capability compared to current second-generation CAR-T cells. OX40 signaling reduced CAR-T cell apoptosis through up-regulation of genes encoding Bcl-2 family members and enhanced proliferation through increased activation of the NF-κB (nuclear factor κB), MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), and PI3K-AKT (phosphoinositide 3-kinase to the kinase AKT) pathways. OX40 signaling not only enhanced the cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells but also reduced exhaustion markers, thereby maintaining their function in immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. In mouse tumor models and in patients with metastatic lymphoma, these CAR-T cells exhibited robust amplification and antitumor activity. Our findings provide an alternative option for CAR-T optimization with the potential to overcome the challenge of treating solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fanlin Li
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Longyao Biotechnology Limited, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hai Cheng
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Kunming Qi
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xuanming Yang
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Abstract
Modern cancer immunotherapy has revolutionised oncology and carries the potential to radically change the approach to cancer treatment. However, numerous questions remain to be answered to understand immunotherapy response better and further improve the benefit for future cancer patients. Computational models are promising tools that can contribute to accelerated immunotherapy research by providing new clues and hypotheses that could be tested in future trials, based on preceding simulations in addition to the empirical rationale. In this topical review, we briefly summarise the history of cancer immunotherapy, including computational modelling of traditional cancer immunotherapy, and comprehensively review computational models of modern cancer immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (as monotherapy and combination treatment), co-stimulatory agonistic antibodies, bispecific antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. The modelling approaches are classified into one of the following categories: data-driven top-down vs mechanistic bottom-up, simplistic vs detailed, continuous vs discrete, and hybrid. Several common modelling approaches are summarised, such as pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models, Lotka-Volterra models, evolutionary game theory models, quantitative systems pharmacology models, spatio-temporal models, agent-based models, and logic-based models. Pros and cons of each modelling approach are critically discussed, particularly with the focus on the potential for successful translation into immuno-oncology research and routine clinical practice. Specific attention is paid to calibration and validation of each model, which is a necessary prerequisite for any successful model, and at the same time, one of the main obstacles. Lastly, we provide guidelines and suggestions for the future development of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damijan Valentinuzzi
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska ulica 19, 1111 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Huang R, Li X, He Y, Zhu W, Gao L, Liu Y, Gao L, Wen Q, Zhong JF, Zhang C, Zhang X. Recent advances in CAR-T cell engineering. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:86. [PMID: 32616000 PMCID: PMC7333410 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy is regarded as an effective solution for relapsed or refractory tumors, particularly for hematological malignancies. Although the initially approved anti-CD19 CAR-T therapy has produced impressive outcomes, setbacks such as high relapse rates and resistance were experienced, driving the need to discover engineered CAR-T cells that are more effective for therapeutic use. Innovations in the structure and manufacturing of CAR-T cells have resulted in significant improvements in efficacy and persistence, particularly with the development of fourth-generation CAR-T cells. Paired with an immune modifier, the use of fourth-generation and next-generation CAR-T cells will not be limited because of cytotoxic effects and will be an efficient tool for overcoming the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we summarize the recent transformations in the ectodomain, transmembrane domain, and endodomain of the CAR structure, which, together with innovative manufacturing technology and improved cell sources, improve the prospects for the future development of CAR-T cell therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/chemistry
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Engineering/trends
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/trends
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/therapy
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/therapy
- Protein Binding
- Protein Domains
- Protein Engineering
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/agonists
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Transduction, Genetic
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihao Huang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Yundi He
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Wen Zhu
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Li Gao
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Qin Wen
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Jiang F Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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12
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Gaspar M, Pravin J, Rodrigues L, Uhlenbroich S, Everett KL, Wollerton F, Morrow M, Tuna M, Brewis N. CD137/OX40 Bispecific Antibody Induces Potent Antitumor Activity that Is Dependent on Target Coengagement. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:781-793. [PMID: 32273279 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Following the success of immune checkpoint blockade therapy against cancer, agonistic antibodies targeting T-cell costimulatory pathways are in clinical trials. The TNF superfamily of receptors (TNFRSF) members CD137 and OX40 are costimulatory receptors that stimulate T-cell proliferation and activation upon interaction with their cognate ligands. Activating CD137 and OX40 with agonistic mAbs stimulates the immune system due to their broad expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells and has antitumor effects in preclinical models. Most TNFRSF agonist antibodies require crosslinking via Fcγ receptors (FcγR), which can limit their clinical activity. FS120 mAb2, a dual agonist bispecific antibody targeting CD137 and OX40, activated both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in an FcγR-independent mechanism, dependent on concurrent binding. A mouse surrogate version of the bispecific antibody displayed antitumor activity in syngeneic tumor models, independent of T regulatory cell depletion and of FcγR interaction, but associated with peripheral T-cell activation and proliferation. When compared with a crosslink-independent CD137 agonist mAb, the FS120 surrogate induced lower liver T-cell infiltration. These data support initiation of clinical development of FS120, a first-in-class dual agonist bispecific antibody for the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Pravin
- F-star Therapeutics Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Neil Brewis
- F-star Therapeutics Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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