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Homma T, Uemura N, Tanaka K, Mori H, Okazaki M. Objective Assessment of the Repeated Botox Treatment to the Synkinesis of Facial Paralysis by the Integrated Electromyography. J Craniofac Surg 2024:00001665-990000000-01278. [PMID: 38231192 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widely used botox type A (BTX-A) is effective against synkinesis in facial palsy sequelae. Repeated injections are necessary and permanent improvements have been reported. We objectively evaluated the changes in synkinesis at >6 months after BTX-A injection, including changes over time with the number of administrations. METHODS In 48 patients who received multiple BTX-A injections, evaluation by the Sunnybrook Facial Grading System (FGS) and integrated electromyography (iEMG) was performed before treatment and at least 6 months after the first, second, and third BTX-A injection. The iEMG ratio on the affected and healthy sides was calculated for each mimetic muscle and mimic motion. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the FGS synkinesis score before treatment and after the third injection, although an improvement was observed. The iEMG ratio was significantly improved in the orbicularis oculi with open-mouth smile and lip pucker after the third dose compared to before treatment. The orbicularis oris showed a significant improvement when the eyelids were closed, while the platysma showed a significant improvement when the eyelids were closed and when the lip was pursed. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the orbicularis oculi and platysma had a greater effect on the iEMG ratio for the number of treatments than other factors. CONCLUSIONS Repeated BTX-A injections showed improvements in synkinesis for the orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, and platysma, even after >6 months, compared to before treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Homma
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Noriko Uemura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Hiroki Mori
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Mutsumi Okazaki
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Silva Neto JAD, Afonso SLA, Souza WCD. A Utilização da Imitação Facial em Tarefas de Reconhecimento de Expressões Emocionais. PSICOLOGIA: CIÊNCIA E PROFISSÃO 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-3703003249386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Resumo A imitação facial é um comportamento involuntário capaz de facilitar a transmissão de informações não verbais relevantes em diferentes contextos sociais. Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a capacidade de reconhecimento de expressões emocionais enquanto o observador tensiona a própria face ou imita a face-alvo. A hipótese utilizada foi a de que indivíduos que tensionam a própria face terão menor probabilidade de acertos na execução das tarefas de reconhecimento de expressões emocionais e aqueles que imitam a expressão terão uma maior probabilidade de acertos na execução das mesmas tarefas. A amostra foi composta por 30 participantes, divididos em dois grupos experimentais: o Grupo Imitação (GI) e o Grupo Ruído (GR), ambos com 18 participantes do sexo feminino e 12 do sexo masculino. O experimento consistiu em apresentar fotos de atores expressando facialmente uma emoção básica por 10 segundos. Neste período, os participantes deveriam, então, observar ou intervir facialmente, imitando ou tensionando a própria face (de acordo com o grupo alocado, Imitação ou Ruído). Após os 10 segundos executando a instrução (observar, imitar ou interferir), o participante deveria responder - entre as opções alegria, tristeza, nojo, raiva, surpresa e medo - a emoção correspondente à imagem. Os resultados apresentaram diferenças significativas quando comparadas as tarefas de tensionar ou imitar a face-alvo, sugerindo que a alteração da própria face do observador pode influenciar durante o desempenho de uma tarefa de reconhecimento de emoções em faces.
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3
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Fabi SG, Callender VD, Lee WW, Dayan S. Aesthetic considerations for treating the North American multi-ethnic patient: Thriving in diversity international roundtable series. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:6976-6984. [PMID: 36176035 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The United States is becoming increasingly diverse, and between 2016 and 2019, an increase of 945 832 aesthetic procedures was recorded for Hispanic, African American, and Asian American patients combined. In aesthetics, where outcomes are technique dependent and tied to the clinician's ability to tailor treatment to the needs of individual patients, a knowledge of ethnic differences in anatomy and how aesthetic issues can be safely and effectively addressed in different groups is paramount. AIMS To discuss similarities and difference in anatomy and treatment preferences of patients from a variety of ethnic and racial backgrounds and how these differences may influence the products or techniques utilized to achieve natural-looking results and minimize side effects. PATIENTS/METHODS In support of clinicians who wish to serve a diverse patient population, a 6-part international roundtable series focused on diversity in aesthetics was conducted from August 24, 2021, to May 16, 2022. RESULTS The results of the first roundtable in the series, the North American Multiethnic Patient, are described here. CONCLUSIONS A diverse range of patients can benefit from the tailored use of fillers, fat transfer, neuromodulators, lasers, and energy-based devices, as long as differences in structural support, skin, and aging patterns, are appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie D Callender
- Dermatologist at Callender Dermatology & Cosmetic Center, Glenn Dale, Maryland, USA.,Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Wendy W Lee
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Steven Dayan
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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4
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Wołoszyn K, Hohol M, Kuniecki M, Winkielman P. Restricting movements of lower face leaves recognition of emotional vocalizations intact but introduces a valence positivity bias. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16101. [PMID: 36167865 PMCID: PMC9515079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking facial mimicry can disrupt recognition of emotion stimuli. Many previous studies have focused on facial expressions, and it remains unclear whether this generalises to other types of emotional expressions. Furthermore, by emphasizing categorical recognition judgments, previous studies neglected the role of mimicry in other processing stages, including dimensional (valence and arousal) evaluations. In the study presented herein, we addressed both issues by asking participants to listen to brief non-verbal vocalizations of four emotion categories (anger, disgust, fear, happiness) and neutral sounds under two conditions. One of the conditions included blocking facial mimicry by creating constant tension on the lower face muscles, in the other condition facial muscles remained relaxed. After each stimulus presentation, participants evaluated sounds' category, valence, and arousal. Although the blocking manipulation did not influence emotion recognition, it led to higher valence ratings in a non-category-specific manner, including neutral sounds. Our findings suggest that somatosensory and motor feedback play a role in the evaluation of affect vocalizations, perhaps introducing a directional bias. This distinction between stimulus recognition, stimulus categorization, and stimulus evaluation is important for understanding what cognitive and emotional processing stages involve somatosensory and motor processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Wołoszyn
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Hohol
- Copernicus Center for Interdisciplinary Studies, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Kuniecki
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Winkielman
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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5
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Wollmer MA, Magid M, Kruger THC, Finzi E. Treatment of Depression with Botulinum Toxin. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060383. [PMID: 35737044 PMCID: PMC9231293 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Injection of botulinum toxin (BoNT) into the glabellar region of the face is a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of depression. This treatment method has several advantages, including few side effects and a long-lasting, depot-like effect. Here we review the clinical and experimental evidence for the antidepressant effect of BoNT injections as well as the theoretical background and possible mechanisms of action. Moreover, we provide practical instructions for the safe and effective application of BoNT in the treatment of depression. Finally, we describe the current status of the clinical development of BoNT as an antidepressant and give an outlook on its potential future role in the management of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Axel Wollmer
- Asklepios Clinic North-Ochsenzoll, Asklepios Campus Hamburg, Medical Faculty, Semmelweis University, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-40-181887-2372
| | - Michelle Magid
- Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Tillmann H. C. Kruger
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Eric Finzi
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037, USA;
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6
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An JM, Shahriar SMS, Lee DY, Hwang SR, Lee YK. Pore Size-Dependent Stereoscopic Hydrogels Enhance the Therapeutic Efficiency of Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Nerve-Related Diseases. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19139-19153. [PMID: 35452222 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is a major neurotherapeutic protein that has been used at low doses for diverse pharmacological applications. However, the pleiotropic effect of BoNT depends on multiple periodic injections owing to its rapid elimination profile, short-term therapeutic effect, and high mortality rate when administered at high doses. In addition to low patient compliance, these drawbacks represent the significant challenges that limit the further clinical use of BoNT. This study developed a new hydrogel-based single dosage form of BoNT by employing a one-step cross-linking chemistry. Its controlled porous structures and composition facilitated uniform drug distribution inside the hydrogel and controllable release of BoNT mediated by slow diffusion. A single dose remained stable for at least 2.5 months and showed sustained effect for at least 20 weeks, meeting the requirements for a single-dose form of BoNT. Additionally, this dosage form was evaluated as safe from all aspects of toxicology. This delivery system resulted in a 100% survival rate after administering a BoNT dose of 30 units, while a dose of more than 5 units of naked BoNT caused a 100% mortality rate within a few days. Overall, this strategy could provide patients with the first single-dose treatment option of BoNT and improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Man An
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- KB Biomed Inc., Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - S M Shatil Shahriar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- KB Biomed Inc., Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5940, United States
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Rim Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- KB Biomed Inc., Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
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Cross MP, Acevedo AM, Leger KA, Pressman SD. How and Why Could Smiling Influence Physical Health? A Conceptual Review. Health Psychol Rev 2022; 17:321-343. [PMID: 35285408 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2022.2052740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Smiling has been a topic of interest to psychologists for decades, with a myriad of studies tying this behavior to well-being. Despite this, we know surprisingly little about the nature of the connections between smiling and physical health. We review the literature connecting both naturally occurring smiles and experimentally manipulated smiles to physical health and health-relevant outcomes. This work is discussed in the context of existing affect and health-relevant theoretical models that help explain the connection between smiling and physical health including the facial feedback hypothesis, the undoing hypothesis, the generalized unsafety theory of stress, and polyvagal theory. We also describe a number of plausible pathways, some new and relatively untested, through which smiling may influence physical health such as trait or state positive affect, social relationships, stress buffering, and the oculocardiac reflex. Finally, we provide a discussion of possible future directions, including the importance of cultural variation and replication. Although this field is still in its infancy, the findings from both naturally occurring smile studies and experimentally manipulated smile studies consistently suggest that smiling may have a number of health-relevant benefits including beneficially impacting our physiology during acute stress, improved stress recovery, and reduced illness over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie P Cross
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Amanda M Acevedo
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kate A Leger
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sarah D Pressman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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8
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Bogdanova OV, Bogdanov VB, Miller LE, Hadj-Bouziane F. Simulated proximity enhances perceptual and physiological responses to emotional facial expressions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:109. [PMID: 34996925 PMCID: PMC8741866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical proximity is important in social interactions. Here, we assessed whether simulated physical proximity modulates the perceived intensity of facial emotional expressions and their associated physiological signatures during observation or imitation of these expressions. Forty-four healthy volunteers rated intensities of dynamic angry or happy facial expressions, presented at two simulated locations, proximal (0.5 m) and distant (3 m) from the participants. We tested whether simulated physical proximity affected the spontaneous (in the observation task) and voluntary (in the imitation task) physiological responses (activity of the corrugator supercilii face muscle and pupil diameter) as well as subsequent ratings of emotional intensity. Angry expressions provoked relative activation of the corrugator supercilii muscle and pupil dilation, whereas happy expressions induced a decrease in corrugator supercilii muscle activity. In proximal condition, these responses were enhanced during both observation and imitation of the facial expressions, and were accompanied by an increase in subsequent affective ratings. In addition, individual variations in condition related EMG activation during imitation of angry expressions predicted increase in subsequent emotional ratings. In sum, our results reveal novel insights about the impact of physical proximity in the perception of emotional expressions, with early proximity-induced enhancements of physiological responses followed by an increased intensity rating of facial emotional expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena V Bogdanova
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, University of Lyon, Bron Cedex, France. .,INCIA, CNRS UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Volodymyr B Bogdanov
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, University of Lyon, Bron Cedex, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Collège Science de la Sante, Institut Universitaire des Sciences de la Réadaptation, Handicap Activité Cognition Santé EA 4136, Bordeaux, France
| | - Luke E Miller
- Donders Centre for Cognition of Radboud University in Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fadila Hadj-Bouziane
- IMPACT Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, University of Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
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9
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Pancotti F, Mele S, Callegari V, Bivi R, Saracino F, Craighero L. Efficacy of Facial Exercises in Facial Expression Categorization in Schizophrenia. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070825. [PMID: 34206553 PMCID: PMC8301751 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Embodied cognition theories suggest that observation of facial expression induces the same pattern of muscle activation, and that this contributes to emotion recognition. Consequently, the inability to form facial expressions would affect emotional understanding. Patients with schizophrenia show a reduced ability to express and perceive facial emotions. We assumed that a physical training specifically developed to mobilize facial muscles could improve the ability to perform facial movements, and, consequently, spontaneous mimicry and facial expression recognition. Twenty-four inpatient participants with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to the experimental and control group. At the beginning and at the end of the study, both groups were submitted to a facial expression categorization test and their data compared. The experimental group underwent a training period during which the lip muscles, and the muscles around the eyes were mobilized through the execution of transitive actions. Participants were trained three times a week for five weeks. Results showed a positive impact of the physical training in the recognition of others’ facial emotions, specifically for the responses of “fear”, the emotion for which the recognition deficit in the test is most severe. This evidence suggests that a specific deficit of the sensorimotor system may result in a specific cognitive deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pancotti
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Sonia Mele
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Callegari
- Integrated Department of Mental Health and Addictive Behavior, Local Health Trust of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (V.C.); (R.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Raffaella Bivi
- Integrated Department of Mental Health and Addictive Behavior, Local Health Trust of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (V.C.); (R.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesca Saracino
- Integrated Department of Mental Health and Addictive Behavior, Local Health Trust of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy; (V.C.); (R.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Laila Craighero
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0532-455928
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Dobel C, Algermissen E, Thielker J, Geißler K, Volk GF, Klingner C, Witte OW, Junghöfer M, Guntinas-Lichius O. Ratings of Emotional Expressions in Static and Dynamic Facial Recordings Before and After Upper Face Botulinum Injections-An Observational Prospective Study. Aesthet Surg J 2021; 41:NP609-NP615. [PMID: 33367647 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjaa393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Botulinum toxin A (BTX), a neurotoxin widely used for facial aesthetics, causes dose-dependent muscle paralysis. It was hypothesized that treatment of mimic muscles with BTX might have a positive impact on emotional expression in static images (photographs), but a negative impact in dynamic recordings (videos). OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare of emotional expression recorded in photographs and videos before and after treatment with BTX. METHODS Twenty healthy women (mean age, 45 years) received a dose of 19 mouse units of XEOMIN (Merz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany) into the procerus, occipitofrontalis, and orbicularis oculi muscles. Photographs and videos of the participants' faces with neutral and happy expressions were recorded before treatment and 2 weeks later. Recordings were rated by naive raters blind to the conditions and in balanced order. RESULTS Videos were generally rated as more pleasant, arousing, attractive, and genuine than photographs (all Ps > 0.001). This was especially the case for videos with neutral expression (P = 0.003). Independent of presentation mode and facial expression, women were rated as more attractive after BTX treatment (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the hypothesis, the reduced mobility had no detectable negative impact on dynamic emotional expression, but videos received more positive ratings, particularly for neutral expressions. It is thus recommended to assess emotional expression with dynamic recordings to evaluate the effects of treatment with BTX. BTX seems to improve perceived attractiveness, although the cause of this effect remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Dobel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Eva Algermissen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jovanna Thielker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Geißler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerd Fabian Volk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Markus Junghöfer
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University of Münster, Germany
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Schulze J, Neumann I, Magid M, Finzi E, Sinke C, Wollmer MA, Krüger THC. Botulinum toxin for the management of depression: An updated review of the evidence and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 135:332-340. [PMID: 33578275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin (BTX) treatment of glabellar frown lines is one of the most common procedures in aesthetic medicine. In addition to its cosmetic effect, the neurotoxin has been shown to have a positive influence on mood and affect. Several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have examined the effect of botulinum toxin on the treatment of depression. Combining the results of the five RCTs in a random effects meta-analysis revealed that patients treated with BTX showed a more intense improvement of depressive symptoms in comparison to subjects that received placebo injections (d = 0.98). Despite methodological limitations, the results of this study emphasize the effectiveness of BTX in the treatment of depression and therefore pave the way for its use in the field of psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Schulze
- Hannover Medical School, Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Insa Neumann
- Asklepios Clinic North - Ochsenzoll, Asklepios Campus Hamburg, Medical Faculty, Semmelweis University, Langenhorner Chaussee 560, 22419, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Magid
- Department of Psychiatry, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity St., Bldg. B, Stop Z0600, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Eric Finzi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, George Washington School of Medicine, 2120 L Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Christopher Sinke
- Hannover Medical School, Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Axel Wollmer
- Asklepios Clinic North - Ochsenzoll, Asklepios Campus Hamburg, Medical Faculty, Semmelweis University, Langenhorner Chaussee 560, 22419, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tillmann H C Krüger
- Hannover Medical School, Division of Clinical Psychology and Sexual Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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12
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Palagi E, Celeghin A, Tamietto M, Winkielman P, Norscia I. The neuroethology of spontaneous mimicry and emotional contagion in human and non-human animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 111:149-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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13
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The Mimicry Among Us: Intra- and Inter-Personal Mechanisms of Spontaneous Mimicry. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-019-00324-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This review explores spontaneous mimicry in the context of three questions. The first question concerns the role of spontaneous mimicry in processing conceptual information. The second question concerns the debate whether spontaneous mimicry is driven by simple associative processes or reflects higher-order processes such as goals, intentions, and social context. The third question addresses the implications of these debates for understanding atypical individuals and states. We review relevant literature and argue for a dynamic, context-sensitive role of spontaneous mimicry in social cognition and behavior. We highlight how the modulation of mimicry is often adaptive but also point out some cases of maladaptive modulations that impair an individuals’ engagement in social life.
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