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McNaughton B, Pinto N, Perali A, Milošević MV. Causes and Consequences of Ordering and Dynamic Phases of Confined Vortex Rows in Superconducting Nanostripes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4043. [PMID: 36432329 PMCID: PMC9699494 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the behaviour of vortices under nanoscale confinement in superconducting circuits is important for the development of superconducting electronics and quantum technologies. Using numerical simulations based on the Ginzburg-Landau theory for non-homogeneous superconductivity in the presence of magnetic fields, we detail how lateral confinement organises vortices in a long superconducting nanostripe, presenting a phase diagram of vortex configurations as a function of the stripe width and magnetic field. We discuss why the average vortex density is reduced and reveal that confinement influences vortex dynamics in the dissipative regime under sourced electrical current, mapping out transitions between asynchronous and synchronous vortex rows crossing the nanostripe as the current is varied. Synchronous crossings are of particular interest, since they cause single-mode modulations in the voltage drop along the stripe in a high (typically GHz to THz) frequency range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin McNaughton
- School of Science and Technology, Physics Division, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicola Pinto
- School of Science and Technology, Physics Division, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
- Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Science Division, INRiM (Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica), Strade delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Perali
- School of Pharmacy, Physics Unit, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Milorad V. Milošević
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Orús P, Sigloch F, Sangiao S, De Teresa JM. Superconducting W-C nanopillars fabricated by Ga+ focused ion beam induced deposition. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Sigloch F, Sangiao S, Orús P, de Teresa JM. Direct-write of tungsten-carbide nanoSQUIDs based on focused ion beam induced deposition. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4628-4634. [PMID: 36341293 PMCID: PMC9595190 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00602b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
NanoSQUIDs are quantum sensors that excel in detecting a small change in magnetic flux with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. Here, we employ resist-free direct-write Ga+ Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition (FIBID) techniques to grow W-C nanoSQUIDs, and we investigate their electrical response to changes in the magnetic flux. Remarkably, FIBID allows the fast (3 min) growth of 700 nm × 300 nm nanoSQUIDs based on narrow nanobridges (50 nm wide) that act as Josephson junctions. Albeit the SQUIDs exhibit a comparatively low modulation depth and obtain a high inductance, the observed transfer coefficient (output voltage to magnetic flux change) is comparable to other SQUIDs (up to 1300 μV/Φ 0), which correlates with the high resistivity of W-C in the normal state. We discuss here the potential of this approach to reduce the active area of the nanoSQUIDs to gain spatial resolution as well as their integration on cantilevers for scanning-SQUID applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Sigloch
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Soraya Sangiao
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza 50018 Spain
| | - Pablo Orús
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - José M de Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza 50018 Spain
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Orús P, Sigloch F, Sangiao S, De Teresa JM. Superconducting Materials and Devices Grown by Focused Ion and Electron Beam Induced Deposition. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081367. [PMID: 35458074 PMCID: PMC9029853 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1911, superconductivity has represented an equally inciting and fascinating field of study in several areas of physics and materials science, ranging from its most fundamental theoretical understanding, to its practical application in different areas of engineering. The fabrication of superconducting materials can be downsized to the nanoscale by means of Focused Ion/Electron Beam Induced Deposition: nanopatterning techniques that make use of a focused beam of ions or electrons to decompose a gaseous precursor in a single step. Overcoming the need to use a resist, these approaches allow for targeted, highly-flexible nanopatterning of nanostructures with lateral resolution in the range of 10 nm to 30 nm. In this review, the fundamentals of these nanofabrication techniques are presented, followed by a literature revision on the published work that makes use of them to grow superconducting materials, the most remarkable of which are based on tungsten, niobium, molybdenum, carbon, and lead. Several examples of the application of these materials to functional devices are presented, related to the superconducting proximity effect, vortex dynamics, electric-field effect, and to the nanofabrication of Josephson junctions and nanoSQUIDs. Owing to the patterning flexibility they offer, both of these techniques represent a powerful and convenient approach towards both fundamental and applied research in superconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Orús
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Fabian Sigloch
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Soraya Sangiao
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Orús P, Fomin VM, De Teresa JM, Córdoba R. Critical current modulation induced by an electric field in superconducting tungsten-carbon nanowires. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17698. [PMID: 34489493 PMCID: PMC8421514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical current of a superconducting nanostructure can be suppressed by applying an electric field in its vicinity. This phenomenon is investigated throughout the fabrication and electrical characterization of superconducting tungsten-carbon (W-C) nanostructures grown by Ga[Formula: see text] focused ion beam induced deposition (FIBID). In a 45 nm-wide, 2.7 [Formula: see text]m-long W-C nanowire, an increasing side-gate voltage is found to progressively reduce the critical current of the device, down to a full suppression of the superconducting state below its critical temperature. This modulation is accounted for by the squeezing of the superconducting current by the electric field within a theoretical model based on the Ginzburg-Landau theory, in agreement with experimental data. Compared to electron beam lithography or sputtering, the single-step FIBID approach provides with enhanced patterning flexibility and yields nanodevices with figures of merit comparable to those retrieved in other superconducting materials, including Ti, Nb, and Al. Exhibiting a higher critical temperature than most of other superconductors, in which this phenomenon has been observed, as well as a reduced critical value of the gate voltage required to fully suppress superconductivity, W-C deposits are strong candidates for the fabrication of nanodevices based on the electric field-induced superconductivity modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Orús
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Vladimir M Fomin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences (IIN), Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Material Research (IFW) Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Laboratory of Physics and Engineering of Nanomaterials, Department of Theoretical Physics, Moldova State University, Strada A. Mateevici 60, 2009, Chişinău, Republic of Moldova
- Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Kashirskoe shosse 31, Moscow, 115409, Russia
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Rosa Córdoba
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980, Paterna, Spain.
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Orús P, Córdoba R, Hlawacek G, De Teresa JM. Superconducting properties of in-plane W-C nanowires grown by He + focused ion beam induced deposition. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:085301. [PMID: 33171446 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc91c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Focused ion beam induced deposition (FIBID) is a nanopatterning technique that uses a focused beam of charged ions to decompose a gaseous precursor. So far, the flexible patterning capabilities of FIBID have been widely exploited in the fabrication of superconducting nanostructures, using the W(CO)6 precursor mostly in combination with a focused beam of Ga+ ions. Here, the fabrication and characterization of superconducting in-plane tungsten-carbon (W-C) nanostructures by He+ FIBID of the W(CO)6 precursor is reported. A patterning resolution of 10 nm has been achieved, which is virtually unattainable for Ga+ FIBID. When the nanowires are patterned with widths of 20 nm and above, the deposited material is superconducting below 3.5-4 K. In addition, nanowires with widths of 60 and 90 nm have been found to sustain long-range controlled nonlocal superconducting vortex transfer along 3 μm. Overall, these findings strengthen the capabilities of He+ FIBID of W-C in the growth and patterning of in-plane superconducting nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Orús
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Córdoba
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Paterna, 46980 València, Spain
| | - Gregor Hlawacek
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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Optimization of Pt-C Deposits by Cryo-FIBID: Substantial Growth Rate Increase and Quasi-Metallic Behaviour. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10101906. [PMID: 32987887 PMCID: PMC7600287 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition (FIBID) under cryogenic conditions (Cryo-FIBID) technique is based on obtaining a condensed layer of precursor molecules by cooling the substrate below the condensation temperature of the gaseous precursor material. This condensed layer is irradiated with ions according to a desired pattern and, subsequently, the substrate is heated above the precursor condensation temperature, revealing the deposits with the shape of the exposed pattern. In this contribution, the fast growth of Pt-C deposits by Cryo-FIBID is demonstrated. Here, we optimize various parameters of the process in order to obtain deposits with the lowest-possible electrical resistivity. Optimized ~30 nm-thick Pt-C deposits are obtained using ion irradiation area dose of 120 μC/cm2 at 30 kV. This finding represents a substantial increment in the growth rate when it is compared with deposits of the same thickness fabricated by standard FIBID at room temperature (40 times enhancement). The value of the electrical resistivity in optimized deposits (~4 × 104 µΩ cm) is suitable to perform electrical contacts to certain materials. As a proof of concept of the potential applications of this technology, a 100 µm × 100 µm pattern is carried out in only 43 s of ion exposure (area dose of 23 μC/cm2), to be compared with 2.5 h if grown by standard FIBID at room temperature. The ion trajectories and the deposit composition have been simulated using a binary-collision-approximation Monte Carlo code, providing a solid basis for the understanding of the experimental results.
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Córdoba R, Ibarra A, Mailly D, Guillamón I, Suderow H, De Teresa JM. 3D superconducting hollow nanowires with tailored diameters grown by focused He + beam direct writing. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:1198-1206. [PMID: 32832315 PMCID: PMC7431759 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the patterning of innovative three-dimensional (3D) nano-objects is required for the development of future advanced electronic components. Helium ion microscopy in combination with a precursor gas can be used for direct writing of three-dimensional nanostructures with a precise control of their geometry, and a significantly higher aspect ratio than other additive manufacturing technologies. We report here on the deposition of 3D hollow tungsten carbide nanowires with tailored diameters by tuning two key growth parameters, namely current and dose of the ion beam. Our results show the control of geometry in 3D hollow nanowires, with outer and inner diameters ranging from 36 to 142 nm and from 5 to 28 nm, respectively; and lengths from 0.5 to 8.9 µm. Transmission electron microscopy experiments indicate that the nanowires have a microstructure of large grains with a crystalline structure compatible with the face-centered cubic WC1- x phase. In addition, 3D electron tomographic reconstructions show that the hollow center of the nanowires is present along the whole nanowire length. Moreover, these nanowires become superconducting at 6.8 K and show high values of critical magnetic field and critical current density. Consequently, these 3D nano-objects could be implemented as components in the next generation of electronics, such as nano-antennas and sensors, based on 3D superconducting architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Córdoba
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Alfonso Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA)-Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Dominique Mailly
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Isabel Guillamón
- Laboratorio de Bajas Temperaturas y Altos Campos Magnéticos, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hermann Suderow
- Laboratorio de Bajas Temperaturas y Altos Campos Magnéticos, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María De Teresa
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA)-Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y de Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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