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Santana TDD, Rodrigues TM, Andrade LDA, Santos ER, Ardisson-Araújo DMP. Three picorna-like viruses found associated with the spider mite, Tetranychus truncatus (Acari: Tetranychidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 206:108169. [PMID: 39019394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Herbivorous arthropods, such as mites and insects, host a variety of microorganisms that significantly influence their ecology and evolution. While insect viruses have been extensively studied, our understanding of the diversity and composition of mite viromes and the interactions with mite hosts remains limited. The Asian spider mite, Tetranychus truncatus Ehara (Acari: Tetranychidae), a major agricultural pest, has not yet been reported to harbor any viruses. Here, using publicly available RNA-Seq data, we identified and characterized three picorna-like viruses associated with T. truncatus: Tetranychus truncatus-associated iflavirus 1 (TtAIV-1), Tetranychus truncatus-associated picorna-like virus 1 (TtAV-1), and Tetranychus truncatus-associated picorna-like virus 2 (TtAV-2). TtAIV-1 has a typical Iflaviridae genome structure with a single ORF, representing the first iflavirus associated with the Tetranychus genus. TtAV-1 and TtAV-2 exhibit bicistronic arrangements similar to dicistroviruses and other picorna-like viruses, with complex secondary structures in their non-coding regions. Phylogenetic analysis places TtAIV-1 within Iflaviridae, possibly as a new species, while TtAV-1 and TtAV-2 form distinct clades within unclassified picorna-like viruses, suggesting new families within Picornavirales. We analyzed in silico the presence and abundance of these viruses in T. truncatus across four bioproject SRAs, mostly finding them co-associated, with viral reads reaching up to 30% of total reads. Their presence and abundance varied by mite treatment and origin, with no significant impact from Wolbachia infection or abamectin exposure, although TtAV-2 was absent in abamectin-treated mites. Temperature influenced virus abundance, and variations were observed among Chinese mite populations based on geography and host plant association. Our findings offer insights into picorna-like virus diversity and dynamics in T. truncatus, revealing potential roles in mite biology and suggesting applications for mite population control, thereby enhancing agricultural productivity and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago Magalhães Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Insect Virology, Cell Biology Department, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Araujo Andrade
- Laboratory of Insect Virology, Cell Biology Department, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Ethiane R Santos
- Laboratory of Insect Virology, Cell Biology Department, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel M P Ardisson-Araújo
- Laboratory of Insect Virology, Cell Biology Department, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
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Duron O. Nutritional symbiosis in ticks: singularities of the genus Ixodes. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:696-706. [PMID: 38942646 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Symbiosis with intracellular bacteria is essential for the nutrition of ticks, particularly through the biosynthesis of B vitamins. Yet, ticks of the genus Ixodes, which include major vectors of human pathogens, lack the nutritional symbionts usually found in other tick genera. This paradox raises questions about the mechanisms that Ixodes ticks use to prevent nutritional deficiencies. Nonetheless, Ixodes ticks commonly harbor other symbionts belonging to the order Rickettsiales. Although these obligate intracellular bacteria are primarily known as human pathogens, Rickettsiales symbionts often dominate the Ixodes microbial community without causing diseases. They also significantly influence Ixodes physiology, synthesize key B vitamins, and are crucial for immatures. These findings underscore unique associations between Rickettsiales and Ixodes ticks distinct from other tick genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Duron
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France.
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3
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Perumalsamy N, Sharma R, Subramanian M, Nagarajan SA. Hard Ticks as Vectors: The Emerging Threat of Tick-Borne Diseases in India. Pathogens 2024; 13:556. [PMID: 39057783 PMCID: PMC11279560 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hard ticks (Ixodidae) play a critical role in transmitting various tick-borne diseases (TBDs), posing significant global threats to human and animal health. Climatic factors influence the abundance, diversity, and vectorial capacity of tick vectors. It is imperative to have a comprehensive understanding of hard ticks, pathogens, eco-epidemiology, and the impact of climatic changes on the transmission dynamics of TBDs. The distribution and life cycle patterns of hard ticks are influenced by diverse ecological factors that, in turn, can be impacted by changes in climate, leading to the expansion of the tick vector's range and geographical distribution. Vector competence, a pivotal aspect of vectorial capacity, involves the tick's ability to acquire, maintain, and transmit pathogens. Hard ticks, by efficiently feeding on diverse hosts and manipulating their immunity through their saliva, emerge as competent vectors for various pathogens, such as viruses, parasites and bacteria. This ability significantly influences the success of pathogen transmission. Further exploration of genetic diversity, population structure, and hybrid tick vectors is crucial, as they play a substantial role in influencing vector competence and complicating the dynamics of TBDs. This comprehensive review deals with important TBDs in India and delves into a profound understanding of hard ticks as vectors, their biology, and the factors influencing their vector competence. Given that TBDs continue to pose a substantial threat to global health, the review emphasizes the urgency of investigating tick control strategies and advancing vaccine development. Special attention is given to the pivotal role of population genetics in comprehending the genetic diversity of tick populations and providing essential insights into their adaptability to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shriram Ananganallur Nagarajan
- Division of Vector Biology and Control, Indian Council of Medical Research—Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR-VCRC), Puducherry 605006, India; (N.P.); (R.S.); (M.S.)
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4
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Kelava S, Apanaskevich DA, Shao R, Gofton AW, Mans BJ, Teo EJM, Norval G, Barker D, Nakao R, Barker SC. Insights from entire mitochondrial genome sequences into the phylogeny of ticks of the genera Haemaphysalis and Archaeocroton with the elevation of the subgenus Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 back to the status of a genus. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 38:189-204. [PMID: 38469668 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
We used entire mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences (14.5-15 kbp) to resolve the phylogeny of the four main lineages of the Haematobothrion ticks: Alloceraea, Archaeocroton, Bothriocroton and Haemaphysalis. In our phylogenetic trees, Alloceraea was the sister to Archaeocroton sphenodonti, a tick of an archetypal reptile, the tuatara, from New Zealand, to the exclusion of the rest of the species of Haemaphysalis. The mt genomes of all four of the Alloceraea species that have been sequenced so far had a substantial insert, 132-312 bp, between the tRNA-Glu (E) gene and the nad1 gene in their mt genomes. This insert was not found in any of the other eight subgenera of Haemaphysalis. The mt genomes of 13 species of Haemaphysalis from NCBI GenBank were added to the most recent data set on Haemaphysalis and its close relatives to help resolve the phylogeny of Haemaphysalis, including five new subgenera of Haemaphysalis not previously considered by other authors: Allophysalis (structurally primitive), Aboimisalis (structurally primitive), Herpetobia (structurally intermediate), Ornithophysalis (structurally advanced) and Segalia (structurally advanced). We elevated Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 to the status of genus because Alloceraea Schulze, 1919 is phylogenetically distinct from the other subgenera of Haemaphysalis. Moreover, we propose that the subgenus Allophysalis is the sister to the rest of the Haemaphysalis (14 subgenera) and that the 'structurally primitive' subgenera Hoogstraal and Kim comprise early diverging lineages. Our matrices of the pairwise genetic difference (percent) of mt genomes and partial 16S rRNA sequences indicated that the mt genome sequence of Al. kitaokai (gb# OM368280) may not be Al. kitaokai Hoogstraal, 1969 but rather another species of Alloceraea. In a similar way, the mt genome sequence of H. (Herpetobia) nepalensis Hoogstraal, 1962 (gb# NC_064124) was only 2% genetically different to that of H. (Allophysalis) tibetensis Hoogstraal, 1965 (gb# OM368293): this indicates to us that they are the same species. Alloceraea cretacea may be better placed in a genus other than Alloceraea Schulze, 1919. Reptiles may have been the host to the most recent common ancestor of Archaeocroton and Alloceraea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kelava
- Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dmitry A Apanaskevich
- Institute for Coastal Sciences, US National Tick Collection, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia, USA
| | - Renfu Shao
- Centre for Bioinnovation, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander W Gofton
- Health and Biosecurity, CSIRO, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ben J Mans
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- The Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Ernest J M Teo
- Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gerrut Norval
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dayana Barker
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Stephen C Barker
- Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Cotes-Perdomo AP, Sánchez-Vialas A, Thomas R, Jenkins A, Uribe JE. New insights into the systematics of the afrotropical Amblyomma marmoreum complex (Acari: Ixodidae) and the genome of a novel Rickettsia africae strain using morphological and metagenomic approaches. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2024; 15:102323. [PMID: 38387163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The Amblyomma marmoreum complex includes afrotropical species, such as Amblyomma sparsum, a three-host tick that parasitizes reptiles, birds, and mammals, and is a recognized vector of Ehrlichia ruminantium. However, the lack of morphological, genetic and ecological data on A. sparsum has caused considerable confusion in its identification. In this study, we used microscopy and metagenomic approaches to analyze A. sparsum ticks collected from a puff adder snake (Bitis arietans) in southwest Senegal (an endemic rickettsioses area) in order to supplement previous morphological descriptions, provide novel genomic data for the A. marmoreum complex, and describe the genome of a novel spotted fever group Rickettsia strain. Based on stereoscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphological evaluations, we provide high-quality images and new insights about punctation and enameling in the adult male of A. sparsum to facilitate identification for future studies. The metagenomic approach allowed us assembly the complete mitochondrial genome of A. sparsum, as well as the nearly entire chromosome and complete plasmid sequences of a novel Rickettsia africae strain. Phylogenomic analyses demonstrated a close relationship between A. sparsum and Amblyomma nuttalli for the first time and confirmed the position of A. sparsum within the A. marmoreum complex. Our results provide new insights into the systematics of A. sparsum and A. marmoreum complex, as well as the genetic diversity of R. africae in the Afrotropical region. Future studies should consider the possibility that A. sparsum may be a vector for R. africae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Cotes-Perdomo
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern, Norway; Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), 2José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Vialas
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), 2José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Richard Thomas
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Andrew Jenkins
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern, Norway
| | - Juan E Uribe
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), 2José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain.
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Rollins RE, Margos G, Brachmann A, Krebs S, Mouchet A, Dingemanse NJ, Laatamna A, Reghaissia N, Fingerle V, Metzler D, Becker NS, Chitimia-Dobler L. German Ixodes inopinatus samples may not actually represent this tick species. Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:751-761. [PMID: 37516335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are important vectors of human and animal pathogens, but many questions remain unanswered regarding their taxonomy. Molecular sequencing methods have allowed research to start understanding the evolutionary history of even closely related tick species. Ixodes inopinatus is considered a sister species and highly similar to Ixodes ricinus, an important vector of many tick-borne pathogens in Europe, but identification between these species remains ambiguous with disagreement on the geographic extent of I. inopinatus. In 2018-2019, 1583 ticks were collected from breeding great tits (Parus major) in southern Germany, of which 45 were later morphologically identified as I. inopinatus. We aimed to confirm morphological identification using molecular tools. Utilizing two genetic markers (16S rRNA, TROSPA) and whole genome sequencing of specific ticks (n = 8), we were able to determine that German samples, morphologically identified as I. inopinatus, genetically represent I. ricinus regardless of previous morphological identification, and most likely are not I. ricinus/I. inopinatus hybrids. Further, our results showed that the entire mitochondrial genome, let alone singular mitochondrial genes (i.e., 16S), is unable to distinguish between I. ricinus and I. inopinatus. Our results suggest that I. inopinatus is geographically isolated as a species (northern Africa and potentially southern Spain and Portugal) and brings into question whether I. inopinatus exists in central Europe. Our results highlight the probable existence of I. inopinatus and the power of utilizing genomic data in answering questions regarding tick taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Rollins
- Institute of Avian Research "Vogelwarte Helgoland", Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Margos
- National Reference Center for Borrelia, Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Brachmann
- Genetics, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Gene Center, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexia Mouchet
- Behavioural Ecology Group, LMU Munich/Department of Biology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; IDEEV UMR Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, IRD, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Niels J Dingemanse
- Behavioural Ecology Group, LMU Munich/Department of Biology, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - AbdElkarim Laatamna
- Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP 3117, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Nassiba Reghaissia
- Laboratory of Sciences and Living Techniques, Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, University of Souk Ahras, Annaba Road 41000, Souk Ahras, Algeria
| | - Volker Fingerle
- National Reference Center for Borrelia, Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Metzler
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Noémie S Becker
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Germany
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Barnes M, Price DC. Endogenous Viral Elements in Ixodid Tick Genomes. Viruses 2023; 15:2201. [PMID: 38005880 PMCID: PMC10675110 DOI: 10.3390/v15112201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The documentation of endogenous viral elements (EVEs; virus-derived genetic material integrated into the genome of a nonviral host) has offered insights into how arthropods respond to viral infection via RNA interference pathways. Small non-coding RNAs derived from EVE loci serve to direct RNAi pathways in limiting replication and infection from cognate viruses, thus benefiting the host's fitness and, potentially, vectorial capacity. Here we use informatic approaches to analyze nine available genome sequences of hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae; Rhipicephalus sanguineus, R. microplus, R. annulatus, Ixodes ricinus, I. persulcatus, I. scapularis, Hyalomma asiaticum, Haemaphysalis longicornis, and Dermacentor silvarum) to identify endogenous viral elements and to illustrate the shared ancestry of all elements identified. Our results highlight a broad diversity of viral taxa as having given rise to 1234 identified EVEs in ticks, with Mononegavirales (specifically Rhabdoviridae) well-represented in this subset of hard ticks. Further investigation revealed extensive adintovirus integrations in several Ixodes species, the prevalence of Bunyavirales EVEs (notably not observed in mosquitoes), and the presence of several elements similar to known emerging human and veterinary pathogens. These results will inform subsequent work on current and past associations with tick species with regard to the viruses from which their "viral fossils" are derived and may serve as a reference for quality control of various tick-omics data that may suffer from misidentification of EVEs as viral genetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana C. Price
- Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
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Hornok S, Kontschán J, Takács N, Heyne H, Kovács ÁB, Plantard O, Keve G, Fedorov D, Gyuranecz M, Halajian A. Molecular-phylogenetic analyses of Ixodes species from South Africa suggest an African origin of bird-associated exophilic ticks (subgenus Trichotoixodes). Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:392. [PMID: 37898783 PMCID: PMC10612238 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), the genus Ixodes comprises the highest number of species, which in turn are most numerous in the Afrotropical zoogeographic region. In South Africa extensive morphological studies have been performed on Ixodes species but only few reports included molecular analyses. METHODS In this study, 58 Ixodes spp. ticks, collected from ten mammalian and eight avian host species in South Africa, were molecularly and phylogenetically analyzed. In addition, a newly collected sample of the Palearctic Ixodes trianguliceps was included in the analyses. RESULTS Among the ticks from South Africa, 11 species were identified morphologically. The majority of ticks from mammals represented the Ixodes pilosus group with two species (n = 20), followed by ticks resembling Ixodes rubicundus (n = 18) and Ixodes alluaudi (n = 3). In addition, single specimens of Ixodes rhabdomysae, Ixodes ugandanus, Ixodes nairobiensis and Ixodes simplex were also found. Considering bird-infesting ticks, Ixodes theilerae (n = 7), Ixodes uriae (n = 4) and ticks most similar to Ixodes daveyi (provisionally named I. cf. daveyi, n = 2) were identified. Molecular analyses confirmed two species in the I. pilosus group and a new species (I. cf. rubicundus) closely related to I. rubicundus sensu stricto. Phylogenetic trees based on concatenated mitochondrial or mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences indicated that the subgenus Afrixodes forms a monophyletic clade with bird-associated exophilic ticks (subgenus Trichotoixodes). Ixodes trianguliceps clustered separately whereas I. alluaudi with their morphologically assigned subgenus, Exopalpiger. CONCLUSIONS Phylogenetic analyses shed new lights on the relationships of Ixodes subgenera when including multiple sequences from subgenus Afrixodes and African as well as Palearctic species of subgenera Trichotoixodes and Exopalpiger. Subgenera Afrixodes and bird-associated Trichotoixodes share common ancestry, suggesting that the latter might have also originated in Africa. Regarding the subgenus Exopalpiger, I. alluaudi is properly assigned as it clusters among different Australian Ixodes, whereas I. trianguliceps should be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Hornok
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
- HUN-REN-UVMB Climate Change: New Blood-Sucking Parasites and Vector-Borne Pathogens Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Jenő Kontschán
- Plant Protection Institute, HUN-REN Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Plant Sciences, Albert Kázmér Faculty of Mosonmagyaróvár, Széchenyi István University, Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Nóra Takács
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-UVMB Climate Change: New Blood-Sucking Parasites and Vector-Borne Pathogens Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Heloise Heyne
- Epidemiology, Parasites & Vectors (EPV), ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research (ARC-OVR), Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Áron Botond Kovács
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Gergő Keve
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-UVMB Climate Change: New Blood-Sucking Parasites and Vector-Borne Pathogens Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Denis Fedorov
- HUN-REN-UVMB Climate Change: New Blood-Sucking Parasites and Vector-Borne Pathogens Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Health Safety, HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ali Halajian
- Research Administration and Development, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
- Department of Biodiversity, DSI-NRF SARChI Chair, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
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9
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Zamiti S, Mhadhbi M, Dhibi M, Darghouth MA, Ben Said M. Development and field evaluation of PCR assays based on minimum length Bm86 cDNA fragments required for Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma tick species delineation. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1209210. [PMID: 37456966 PMCID: PMC10340088 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1209210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus ticks are important genera that can transmit diseases to both animals and humans, including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, tick-borne encephalitis, and several types of spotted fever. The accurate identification of tick species is essential for the effective control and prevention of tick-borne diseases. However, traditional identification methods based on morphology can be challenging and subjective, leading to errors. The development of DNA markers has provided more precise and efficient methods for tick species identification, but the currently available markers have limitations in their discriminatory power and sensitivity. To address this need for more sensitive and specific markers, this study aimed to identify two minimum sequence fragments required for tick Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus species identification using the Bm86 cDNA marker, which has previously been shown to be in perfect agreement with the current taxonomy of hard ticks based on its complete sequence. Methods Based on our in silico determination that a minimum sequence of 398 bp for Rhipicephalus spp. (from 1487 to 1884) and 559 bp for Hyalomma species (from 539 to 1097) was necessary for species delineation, two distinct PCR assays were developed to apply these sequences in practice. Results and discussion Discrimination between species within each genus was achieved through sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis following the sequencing of the two PCR products. Subsequently, their performance was evaluated by testing them on the field-collected ticks of the Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus genera obtained from various host animals in different geographic regions of Tunisia. The use of shorter partial sequences specific to the tick genera Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma, which target the tick's RNA banks, could represent a significant advance in the field of tick species identification, providing a sensitive and discriminatory tool for interspecific and intraspecific diversity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Zamiti
- Laboratory of Parasitology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Moez Mhadhbi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Mokhtar Dhibi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Aziz Darghouth
- Laboratory of Parasitology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Laboratory of Parasitology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
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10
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Mans BJ. Paradigms in tick evolution. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:475-486. [PMID: 37061441 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of tick evolution may be classified into disciplines such as taxonomy and systematics, biogeography, evolution and development (evo-devo), ecology, and hematophagy. These disciplines overlap and impact each other to various extents. Advances in one field may lead to paradigm shifts in our understanding of tick evolution not apparent to other fields. The current study considers paradigm shifts that occurred, are in the process, or may occur in future for the disciplines that study tick evolution. Some disciplines have undergone significant changes, while others may still be developing their own paradigms. Integration of these various disciplines is essential to come to a holistic view of tick evolution; however, maturation of paradigms may be necessary before this vision can be attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Mans
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
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11
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Kelava S, Mans BJ, Shao R, Barker D, Teo EJM, Chatanga E, Gofton AW, Moustafa MAM, Nakao R, Barker SC. Seventy-eight entire mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rRNA genes provide insight into the phylogeny of the hard ticks, particularly the Haemaphysalis species, Africaniella transversale and Robertsicus elaphensis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102070. [PMID: 36455382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hoogstraal and Kim (1985) proposed from morphology, three groups of Haemaphysalis subgenera: (i) the "structurally advanced"; (ii) the "structurally intermediate"; and (iii) the "structurally primitive" subgenera. Nuclear gene phylogenies, however, did not indicate monophyly of these morphological groups but alas, only two mitochondrial (mt) genomes from the "structurally intermediate" subgenera had been sequenced. The phylogeny of Haemaphysalis has not yet been resolved. We aimed to resolve the phylogeny of the genus Haemaphysalis, with respect to the subgenus Alloceraea. We presented 15 newly sequenced and annotated mt genomes from 15 species of ticks, five species of which have not been sequenced before, and four new 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA nuclear gene sequences. Our datasets were constructed from 10 mt protein-coding genes, cox1, and the 18S and 28S nuclear rRNA genes. We found a 132-bp insertion between tRNA-Glu (E) gene and the nad1 gene in the mt genome of Haemaphysalis (Alloceraea) inermis that resembles insertions in H. (Alloceraea) kitaokai and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) geigyi. Our mt phylogenies had the three species of Amblyomma (Aponomma) we sequenced embedded in the main clade of Amblyomma: Am. (Aponomma) fimbriatum, Am. (Aponomma) gervaisi and Am. (Aponomma) latum. This is further support for the hypothesis that the evolution of eyes appears to have occurred in the most-recent-common-ancestor of Amblyocephalus (i.e. Amblyomminae plus Rhipicephalinae) and that eyes were subsequently lost in the most-recent-common-ancestor of the subgenus Am. (Aponomma). Either Africaniella transversale or Robertsicus elaphensis, or perhaps Af. transversale plus Ro. elaphensis, appear to be the sister-group to the rest of the metastriate Ixodida. Our cox1 phylogenies did not indicate monophyly of the "structurally primitive", "structurally intermediate" nor the "structurally advanced" groups of Haemaphysalis subgenera. Indeed, the subgenus Alloceraea may be the only monophyletic subgenus of the genus Haemaphysalis sequenced thus far. All of our mt genome and cox1 phylogenies had the subgenus Alloceraea in a clade that was separate from the rest of the Haemaphysalis ticks. If Alloceraea is indeed the sister to the rest of the Haemaphysalis subgenera this would resonate with the argument of Hoogstraal and Kim (1985), that Alloceraea was a subgenus of "primitive" Haemaphysalis. Alectorobius capensis from Japan had a higher genetic-identity to A. sawaii, which was also from Japan, than to the A. capensis from South Africa. This indicates that A. capensis from Japan may be a cryptic species with respect to the A. capensis from South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kelava
- Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ben J Mans
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; The Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1709, South Africa; The Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Renfu Shao
- Centre for Bioinnovation and School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Dayana Barker
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Ernest J M Teo
- Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elisha Chatanga
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | | | - Mohamed Abdallah Mohamed Moustafa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Stephen C Barker
- Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Caña-Bozada V, Robinson MW, Hernández-Mena DI, Morales-Serna FN. Exploring Evolutionary Relationships within Neodermata Using Putative Orthologous Groups of Proteins, with Emphasis on Peptidases. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8010059. [PMID: 36668966 PMCID: PMC9860727 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships within Neodermata were examined based on putative orthologous groups of proteins (OGPs) from 11 species of Monogenea, Trematoda, and Cestoda. The dataset included OGPs from BUSCO and OMA. Additionally, peptidases were identified and evaluated as phylogenetic markers. Phylogenies were inferred using the maximum likelihood method. A network analysis and a hierarchical grouping analysis of the principal components (HCPC) of orthologous groups of peptidases were performed. The phylogenetic analyses showed the monopisthocotylean monogeneans as the sister-group of cestodes, and the polyopisthocotylean monogeneans as the sister-group of trematodes. However, the sister-group relationship between Monopisthocotylea and Cestoda was not statistically well supported. The network analysis and HCPC also showed a cluster formed by polyopisthocotyleans and trematodes. The present study supports the non-monophyly of Monogenea. An analysis of mutation rates indicated that secreted peptidases and inhibitors, and those with multiple copies, are under positive selection pressure, which could explain the expansion of some families such as C01, C19, I02, and S01. Whilst not definitive, our study presents another point of view in the discussion of the evolution of Neodermata, and we hope that our data drive further discussion and debate on this intriguing topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Caña-Bozada
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Mazatlán 82112, Mexico
| | - Mark W. Robinson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - David I. Hernández-Mena
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida, Mérida 97310, Mexico
| | - Francisco N. Morales-Serna
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mazatlán 82040, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Hekimoglu O, Elverici M, Yorulmaz T. A survey of hard ticks associated with cave dwelling mammals in Turkey. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:102008. [PMID: 35932514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Members of the subgenus Eschatocephalus Frauenfeld, 1853 are highly specialized cave-dwelling ectoparasites of bats. We conducted a comprehensive field-based survey on bat ticks in Turkey and provided information about the phylogenetic placement of collected species. Sampling was carried out at 26 caves from 18 provinces around Turkey between 2019 and 2021. Eighty-one tick specimens collected from the cave environment or on various cave roosting bats resulted in five species: Ixodes vespertilionis, Ixodes simplex, Ixodes ariadnae, Ixodes kaiseri, and Haemaphysalis erinacei. While I. simplex was the most frequently collected species with a rate of 56.2% mainly from bats (Miniopterus schreibersii), I. vespertilionis was the most prevalent species (65.4%) and found mainly on cave walls. The first record of I. ariadnae was provided for Turkey. Phylogenetic trees were built using mt 16S rDNA and COI markers. Our results demonstrated the presence of two distinct lineages of I. vespertilionis in Turkey; one lineage grouped with European isolates, whereas three sequences clustered separately. The phylogenetic pattern of I. simplex was consistent with previous results; this clade was clustered distantly to other bat tick species. The significance of the surprising records of H. erinacei and I. kaiseri in caves is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olcay Hekimoglu
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Ecology, 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mert Elverici
- Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Tarkan Yorulmaz
- Çankırı Karatekin University, Yapraklı Vocational School, Department of Forestry, Hunting and Wildlife Program, Çankırı, Turkey
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Integrated Jingmenvirus Polymerase Gene in Ixodes ricinus Genome. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091908. [PMID: 36146715 PMCID: PMC9501327 DOI: 10.3390/v14091908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the jingmenviruses group have been found in arthropods and mammals on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Two viruses of this group were isolated from patients with fever after a tick bite. Using a nested RT-PCR assay targeting a jingmenvirus polymerase gene fragment, we screened ticks collected in seven regions of Russia and found that the abundant jingmenvirus-positive were of Ixodes ricinus species, with the prevalence ranging from 19.8% to 34.3%. In all cases, DNase/RNase treatment suggested that the detected molecule was DNA and subsequent next generation sequencing (NGS) proved that the viral polymerase gene was integrated in the I. ricinus genome. The copy number of the integrated polymerase gene was quantified by qPCR relative to the ITS2 gene and estimated as 1.32 copies per cell. At least three different genetic variants of the integrated polymerase gene were found in the territory of Russia. Phylogenetic analysis of the integrated jingmenvirus polymerase gene showed the highest similarity with the sequence of the correspondent gene obtained in Serbia from I. ricinus.
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Lu XY, Zhang QF, Jiang DD, Du CH, Xu R, Guo XG, Yang X. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Ixodes granulatus (Ixodidae) and its phylogenetic implications. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2347-2358. [PMID: 35650429 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are deemed to be second only to mosquitoes as the most common vector of human infectious diseases worldwide that give rise to human and animal diseases and economic losses to livestock production. Our understanding of the phylogenetic analysis between tick lineages has been restricted by the phylogenetic markers of individual genes. Genomic data research could help advance our understanding of phylogenetic analysis and molecular evolution. Mitochondrial genomic DNA facilitated the phylogenetic analysis of eukaryotes containing ticks. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the circular complete mitogenome information of Ixodes granulatus. The 14,540-bp mitogenome consists of 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNAs), and 22 genes for transfer RNA (tRNAs), and the origin of the L-strand replication region. The directions of the coding strand and component genes in the non-Australasian Ixodes mitochondrial genome were similar to those found in most other Australasian Ixodes, except for the loss of a lengthy control region. The phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) computational algorithms showed that I. granulatus exhibits a close relationship with I. hexagonus and I. ricinus. To our knowledge, this is the first study exploring the complete mitogenome for the species I. granulatus. Our results provide new insights for further research on the evolution, population genetics, systematics, and molecular ecology of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yan Lu
- Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671000, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan-Fu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan-Dan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, 671000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hong Du
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan, 671000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xu
- College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Guo Guo
- Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali University, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xing Yang
- Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671000, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Lu XY, Zhang QF, Jiang DD, Wang T, Sun Y, Du CH, Zhang L, Yang X. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Haemaphysalis (Alloceraea) kolonini (Ixodidae) and its phylogenetic implications. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1951-1962. [PMID: 35505098 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ticks transmit diverse pathogens that cause human and animal diseases, leading to an increasing number of new challenges around the world. Genomic data research could help advance our learning of phylogenetic analysis and molecular evolution. Mitochondrial genome DNA has been helpful in illustrating the phylogenetic analysis of eukaryotes containing ticks. In this research, we sequenced and assembled the circular complete mitogenome information of Haemaphysalis kolonini. The 14,948-bp mitogenome consists of 37 genes which included 13 genes for protein-coding, two genes for ribosomal RNA, 22 genes for transfer RNA, and two control regions (D-loops). Overall, the composition and arrangement of genes were compared with Haemaphysalis ticks previously recorded in Genbank. The phylogenetic tree based on Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) computational algorithms showed that H. kolonini has a close relationship with Haemaphysalis inermis. The complete mitogenome data provide a preferable perception to the phylogenetic relationship than the single-gene data analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first research exploring the complete mitogenome for the species H. kolonini. Our results provide new insights for further research on the evolution, population genetics, systematics, and molecular ecology of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yan Lu
- Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671000, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan-Fu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan-Dan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, 671000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hong Du
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xing Yang
- Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, 671000, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Chitimia-Dobler L, Mans BJ, Handschuh S, Dunlop JA. A remarkable assemblage of ticks from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Parasitology 2022; 149:1-36. [PMID: 35241194 PMCID: PMC10090602 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Four fossil ticks (Arachnida: Parasitiformes: Ixodida) are described from mid-Cretaceous (ca. 100 Ma) Burmese amber of Myanmar. Ixodes antiquorum sp. nov. (Ixodidae) is the first Mesozoic record of Ixodes and the oldest representative of the most species-rich extant tick genus. Its affinities appear to lie with modern Australian forms, consistent with the hypothesis that Burmese amber hosted Gondwanan faunal elements. Even more remarkable is Khimaira fossus gen. et sp. nov. which combines a body resembling that of a soft tick (Argasidae) with a basis capitulum more like that of a hard tick (Ixodidae). We refer it to Khimairidae fam. nov. as a possible transitional form between the two main families of ticks alive today. Another member of the extinct Deinocrotonidae is described as Deinocroton copia sp. nov., while the first described adult female for Cornupalpatum burmanicum is associated with a dinosaur feather barb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben J. Mans
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- The Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Stephan Handschuh
- VetCore Facility for Research, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210Vienna, Austria
| | - Jason A. Dunlop
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115Berlin, Germany
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18
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Markwell SM, Ross JL, Olson CL, Brat DJ. Necrotic reshaping of the glioma microenvironment drives disease progression. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:291-310. [PMID: 35039931 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor and has a dismal prognosis. The development of central necrosis represents a tipping point in the evolution of these tumors that foreshadows aggressive expansion, swiftly leading to mortality. The onset of necrosis, severe hypoxia and associated radial glioma expansion correlates with dramatic tumor microenvironment (TME) alterations that accelerate tumor growth. In the past, most have concluded that hypoxia and necrosis must arise due to "cancer outgrowing its blood supply" when rapid tumor growth outpaces metabolic supply, leading to diffusion-limited hypoxia. However, growing evidence suggests that microscopic intravascular thrombosis driven by the neoplastic overexpression of pro-coagulants attenuates glioma blood supply (perfusion-limited hypoxia), leading to TME restructuring that includes breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, immunosuppressive immune cell accumulation, microvascular hyperproliferation, glioma stem cell enrichment and tumor cell migration outward. Cumulatively, these adaptations result in rapid tumor expansion, resistance to therapeutic interventions and clinical progression. To inform future translational investigations, the complex interplay among environmental cues and myriad cell types that contribute to this aggressive phenotype requires better understanding. This review focuses on contributions from intratumoral thrombosis, the effects of hypoxia and necrosis, the adaptive and innate immune responses, and the current state of targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Markwell
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Ward 3-140, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James L Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cheryl L Olson
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Ward 3-140, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel J Brat
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Ward 3-140, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Lu X, Zuo X, Jiang D, Yang X. The complete mitochondrial genome of Ixodes vespertilionis (Acari: Ixodidae). MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2021; 6:3001-3003. [PMID: 34568562 PMCID: PMC8462910 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1976686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Ixodes vespertilionis is a tick parasitizing on the bodies of bats. In our study, the complete mitogenome of I. vespertilionis was determined by using Illumina sequencing technology. The mitogenome was 14,559 bp in size and was predicted to encode 37 genes including 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and one control region. The gene order of the mitogenome is identical to Argasidae and non-Australasian Prostriata. The phylogenetic analysis by the Maximum-likelihood method reveals that I. vespertilionis is phylogenetically closest to Ixodes simplex. These data provide novel reference for further studies on the population genetics and phylogenetics of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Lu
- Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, PR China
| | - Xiuhua Zuo
- Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Dali Yunnan, PR China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, PR China
| | - Xing Yang
- Integrated Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, PR China
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20
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Ontano AZ, Gainett G, Aharon S, Ballesteros JA, Benavides LR, Corbett KF, Gavish-Regev E, Harvey MS, Monsma S, Santibáñez-López CE, Setton EVW, Zehms JT, Zeh JA, Zeh DW, Sharma PP. Taxonomic Sampling and Rare Genomic Changes Overcome Long-Branch Attraction in the Phylogenetic Placement of Pseudoscorpions. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:2446-2467. [PMID: 33565584 PMCID: PMC8136511 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-branch attraction is a systematic artifact that results in erroneous groupings of fast-evolving taxa. The combination of short, deep internodes in tandem with long-branch attraction artifacts has produced empirically intractable parts of the Tree of Life. One such group is the arthropod subphylum Chelicerata, whose backbone phylogeny has remained unstable despite improvements in phylogenetic methods and genome-scale data sets. Pseudoscorpion placement is particularly variable across data sets and analytical frameworks, with this group either clustering with other long-branch orders or with Arachnopulmonata (scorpions and tetrapulmonates). To surmount long-branch attraction, we investigated the effect of taxonomic sampling via sequential deletion of basally branching pseudoscorpion superfamilies, as well as varying gene occupancy thresholds in supermatrices. We show that concatenated supermatrices and coalescent-based summary species tree approaches support a sister group relationship of pseudoscorpions and scorpions, when more of the basally branching taxa are sampled. Matrix completeness had demonstrably less influence on tree topology. As an external arbiter of phylogenetic placement, we leveraged the recent discovery of an ancient genome duplication in the common ancestor of Arachnopulmonata as a litmus test for competing hypotheses of pseudoscorpion relationships. We generated a high-quality developmental transcriptome and the first genome for pseudoscorpions to assess the incidence of arachnopulmonate-specific duplications (e.g., homeobox genes and miRNAs). Our results support the inclusion of pseudoscorpions in Arachnopulmonata (new definition), as the sister group of scorpions. Panscorpiones (new name) is proposed for the clade uniting Scorpiones and Pseudoscorpiones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Z Ontano
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Guilherme Gainett
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shlomi Aharon
- National Natural History Collections, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jesús A Ballesteros
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ligia R Benavides
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin F Corbett
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Efrat Gavish-Regev
- National Natural History Collections, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mark S Harvey
- Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, WA, Australia
| | | | | | - Emily V W Setton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jakob T Zehms
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeanne A Zeh
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution & Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - David W Zeh
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution & Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Prashant P Sharma
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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21
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Sequence diversity and evolution of a group of iflaviruses associated with ticks. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1843-1852. [PMID: 33870470 PMCID: PMC8195936 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied a group of tick-associated viruses with characteristics of members of the family Iflaviridae, a family of viruses frequently found in arthropods. Our aim was to gain insight into the evolutionary dynamics of this group of viruses, which may be linked to the biology of ticks. We explored assembled RNA-Seq data sets for different species of ticks. We identified members of five different iflavirus species, four of them novel, and discovered nine new genome sequences, including variants. Five variants represented a virus species associated with Ixodes ricinus. Unexpectedly, a sequence found in the Ixodes scapularis cell line ISE6 was nearly identical to the sequences of I. ricinus variants, suggesting a contamination of this cell line by I. ricinus material. Analysing patterns of substitutions between these variants, we detected a strong excess of synonymous mutations, suggesting evolution under strong positive selection. The phylogenies of the viruses and of their tick hosts were not congruent, suggesting recurrent host changes across tick genera during their evolution. Overall, our work constitutes a step in the understanding of the interactions between this family of viruses and ticks.
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22
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Hornok S, Meyer-Kayser E, Kontschán J, Takács N, Plantard O, Cullen S, Gaughran A, Szekeres S, Majoros G, Beck R, Boldogh SA, Horváth G, Kutasi C, Sándor AD. Morphology of Pholeoixodes species associated with carnivores in the western Palearctic: Pictorial key based on molecularly identified Ixodes (Ph.) canisuga, I. (Ph.) hexagonus and I. (Ph.) kaiseri males, nymphs and larvae. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101715. [PMID: 33819744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Three Palearctic members of the subgenus Pholeoixodes, i.e., Ixodes canisuga, Ixodes hexagonus and Ixodes kaiseri are frequently collected from dogs, cats, red foxes, badgers and other carnivorous/insectivorous hosts in Europe. While a pictorial identification key has been reported for female Pholeoixodes ticks, a similar work has not been done on their male, nymphal and larval specimens. This study was initiated in order to clarify and re-examine those morphological characters of these three tick species, which can be used relatively easily to identify/distinguish them. In the case of larvae the aims included finding alternatives to chaetotaxy, which is difficult to observe and its usefulness is also affected by uncertainties in literature data. For this, 609 Pholeoixodes ticks (males, nymphs and larvae) were collected from carnivores, hedgehogs and their environment in six European countries (representing Western, Central and Southeastern Europe), followed by detailed morphological examination and/or molecular analyses to confirm the identity of their species. Based on the morphology of 84 molecularly analyzed specimens and a new identification key compiled accordingly, altogether 116 I. canisuga, 277 I. hexagonus and 216 I. kaiseri males, nymphs and larvae were identified. Ixodes kaiseri was not found in Western Europe, where I. canisuga predominated. In Central Europe, all three Pholeoixodes species were collected, the largest number of specimens represented by I. hexagonus. On the other hand, in Southeastern Europe I. kaiseri had the highest abundance. In conclusion, the morphology of internal spur on the first coxae (as the traditionally used character to distinguish I. hexagonus from other Pholeoixodes species) is trustworthy to recognize males but is less informative in the case of nymphs and larvae. The latter can be identified more properly by observing the morphology of basis capituli. In particular, nymphs and larvae of I. canisuga have anteriorly flattened basis capituli, forming a plateau that surrounds the base of the hypostome. On the other hand, nymphs and larvae of I. hexagonus and I. kaiseri lack a similar plateau, but (unlike I. canisuga) have cornuae, which are either posterolaterally or caudally directed, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Hornok
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | - Jenő Kontschán
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Takács
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Siobhán Cullen
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Aoibheann Gaughran
- Behavioural and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sándor Szekeres
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Majoros
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Relja Beck
- Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sándor A Boldogh
- Department of Nature Conservation, Aggtelek National Park Directorate, Jósvafő, Hungary
| | | | - Csaba Kutasi
- Bakony Museum of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zirc, Hungary
| | - Attila D Sándor
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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23
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Toma L, Mancuso E, d'Alessio SG, Menegon M, Spina F, Pascucci I, Monaco F, Goffredo M, Di Luca M. Tick species from Africa by migratory birds: a 3-year study in Italy. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 83:147-164. [PMID: 33206312 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The role of resident or migratory birds in dispersal of tick species and tick-borne pathogens is still poorly known in Italy. We report here the results of a 3-year project based on sampling ticks from migratory birds, as well as from the vegetation at three stop-over sites for migrants, namely the islands of Ventotene (Latium), Asinara (Sardinia) and Ustica (Sicily). During the spring seasons from 2017-2019, in total 2681 ticks were collected, 2344 of which were sampled from migratory birds and 337 from the vegetation. Ticks were identified by morphology or by molecular tools when necessary. In total, 16 tick species were identified among which the following were exclusively found on birds: Hyalomma rufipes (43.3%), Hy. truncatum (0.1%), Ixodes frontalis (11.8%), Ix. inopinatus (0.2%), Ix. ricinus (3%), Haemaphysalis punctata (0.08%), Hae. erinacei (0.1%), Amblyomma variegatum (0.08%) and Argas vulgaris 0.1%), whereas five species were exclusively collected from the vegetation: Rhipicephalus bursa (10.5%), Rh. turanicus (5.9%), Rh. sanguineus sensu lato (2%), Rh. pusillus (2.4%), Hae. sulcata (0.08%). Hy. marginatum (10.3%) and Ix. ventalloi (9.3%) were found both on birds and on the vegetation on the island Ustica. It is worth noting that the search for ticks on the vegetation did not detect allochthonous tick species. Although we found several interesting local species and allochthonous ticks like Hy. rufipes, Am. variegatum and Ar. vulgaris on birds, further investigations are needed to better define the possible role of migratory birds in the introduction of ticks and tick-borne diseases in Italy, above all after the evidence of imported ticks positive to Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus in several European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Toma
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - E Mancuso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - S G d'Alessio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - M Menegon
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - F Spina
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Bird Migration Research Area, Via Ca' Fornacetta 9, Ozzano dell' Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - I Pascucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "T. Rosati" Sezione Di Pesaro, Via Canonici 140, 61122, Villa Fastiggi, Pesaro, Italy
| | - F Monaco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - M Goffredo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - M Di Luca
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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24
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Abstract
With one exception (epidemic relapsing fever), borreliae are obligately maintained in nature by ticks. Although some Borrelia spp. may be vertically transmitted to subsequent generations of ticks, most require amplification by a vertebrate host because inheritance is not stable. Enzootic cycles of borreliae have been found globally; those receiving the most attention from researchers are those whose vectors have some degree of anthropophily and, thus, cause zoonoses such as Lyme disease or relapsing fever. To some extent, our views on the synecology of the borreliae has been dominated by an applied focus, viz., analyses that seek to understand the elements of human risk for borreliosis. But, the elements of borrelial perpetuation do not necessarily bear upon risk, nor do our concepts of risk provide the best structure for analyzing perpetuation. We identify the major global themes for the perpetuation of borreliae, and summarize local variations on those themes, focusing on key literature to outline the factors that serve as the basis for the distribution and abundance of borreliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam R. Telford
- Dept of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Heidi K. Goethert
- Dept of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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25
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Cote J, Ada E, Hochberg R. Elemental Enrichment of the Exoskeleton in Three Species of Tick (Arachnida: Ixodidae). J Parasitol 2020; 106:742-754. [DOI: 10.1645/20-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cote
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854
| | - Earl Ada
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854
| | - Rick Hochberg
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854
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26
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Hu E, Meng Y, Ma Y, Song R, Hu Z, Li M, Hao Y, Fan X, Wei L, Fan S, Chen S, Zhai X, Li Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Guo Q, Bayin C. De novo assembly and analysis of the transcriptome of the Dermacentor marginatus genes differentially expressed after blood-feeding and long-term starvation. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:563. [PMID: 33172483 PMCID: PMC7654163 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ixodid tick Dermacentor marginatus is a vector of many pathogens wide spread in Eurasia. Studies of gene sequence on many tick species have greatly increased the information on tick protective antigen which might have the potential to function as effective vaccine candidates or drug targets for eco-friendly acaricide development. In the current study, RNA-seq was applied to identify D. marginatus sequences and analyze differentially expressed unigenes. Methods To obtain a broader picture of gene sequences and changes in expression level, RNA-seq was performed to obtain the whole-body transcriptome data of D. marginatus adult female ticks after engorgement and long-term starvation. Subsequently, the real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was applied to validate the RNA-seq data. Results RNA-seq produced 30,251 unigenes, of which 32% were annotated. Gene expression was compared among groups that differed by status as newly molted, starved and engorged female adult ticks. Nearly one third of the unigenes in each group were differentially expressed compared to the other two groups, and the most numerous were genes encoding proteins involved in catalytic and binding activities and apoptosis. Selected up-regulated differentially expressed genes in each group were associated to protein, lipids, carbohydrate and chitin metabolism. Blood-feeding and long-term starvation also caused genes differentially expressed in the defense response and antioxidant response. RT-qPCR results indicated 6 differentially expressed transcripts showed similar trends in expression changes with RNA-seq results confirming that the gene expression profiles in transcriptome data is in consistent with RT-qPCR validation. Conclusions Obtaining the sequence information of D. marginatus and characterizing the expression pattern of the genes involved in blood-feeding and during starvation would be helpful in understanding molecular physiology of D. marginatus and provides data for anti-tick vaccine and drug development for controlling the tick.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercha Hu
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiqi Song
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxiang Hu
- Bayingol Vocational and Technical College, Korla, 841000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunwei Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinli Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Songqin Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejie Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchang Li
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyong Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chahan Bayin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Kelava S, Mans BJ, Shao R, Moustafa MAM, Matsuno K, Takano A, Kawabata H, Sato K, Fujita H, Ze C, Plantard O, Hornok S, Gao S, Barker D, Barker SC, Nakao R. Phylogenies from mitochondrial genomes of 120 species of ticks: Insights into the evolution of the families of ticks and of the genus Amblyomma. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 12:101577. [PMID: 33120251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolution and phylogenetic relationships of the ticks at both the family and genus levels are contested. The genus Amblyomma and its subgenera are in a state of flux; moreover, the relationships among the three tick families are controversial due to conflicting phylogenetic support for different arrangements of the three families of living ticks. With 18 newly sequenced mitochondrial (mt) genomes of ticks included, we executed the largest mt genome phylogenetic study of ticks so far. Phylogenetic trees were inferred from one sea spider mt genome, one horseshoe crab, five mite mt genomes and 146 tick mt genomes from 120 species: 153 mt genomes in total. Sixteen phylogenetic trees were inferred from 10 datasets using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. We describe the first novel mt gene-arrangement for the metastriate Ixodidae in Amblyomma (Africaniella) transversale. Also, three unusual partial 16S rRNA gene inserts were found in the mt genome of Haemaphysalis (Alloceraea) kitaokai: we consider the possible role of past genome translocation events in the formation of these inserts. Our phylogenies revealed evidence that: (i) the genus Amblyomma is polyphyletic with respect to Amblyomma (Africaniella) transversale; (ii) the subgenus Aponomma is apparently embedded in the genus Amblyomma; (iii) Haemaphysalis (Segalia) parva and Haemaphysalis (Alloceraea) kitaokai form a clade to the exclusion of other Haemaphysalis species; and (iv) the phylogenetic position of the family Nuttalliellidae is unstable among phylogenies from different datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kelava
- Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ben J Mans
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; The Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa; The Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, 1709, South Africa
| | - Renfu Shao
- School of Science and Engineering, GeneCology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | | | - Keita Matsuno
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ai Takano
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawabata
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kozue Sato
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hiromi Fujita
- Mahara Institute of Medical Acarology, 56-3 Aratano, Anan-shi, Tokushima, 779-1510, Japan
| | - Chen Ze
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | | | - Sandor Hornok
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Shan Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Dayana Barker
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Stephen C Barker
- Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
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28
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Mans BJ. Quantitative Visions of Reality at the Tick-Host Interface: Biochemistry, Genomics, Proteomics, and Transcriptomics as Measures of Complete Inventories of the Tick Sialoverse. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:574405. [PMID: 33042874 PMCID: PMC7517725 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.574405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Species have definitive genomes. Even so, the transcriptional and translational products of the genome are dynamic and subject to change over time. This is especially true for the proteins secreted by ticks at the tick-host feeding interface that represent a complex system known as the sialoverse. The sialoverse represent all of the proteins derived from tick salivary glands for all tick species that may be involved in tick-host interaction and the modulation of the host's defense mechanisms. The current study contemplates the advances made over time to understand and describe the complexity present in the sialoverse. Technological advances at given periods in time allowed detection of functions, genes, and proteins enabling a deeper insight into the complexity of the sialoverse and a concomitant expansion in complexity with as yet, no end in sight. The importance of systematic classification of the sialoverse is highlighted with the realization that our coverage of transcriptome and proteome space remains incomplete, but that complete descriptions may be possible in the future. Even so, analysis and integration of the sialoverse into a comprehensive understanding of tick-host interactions may require further technological advances given the high level of expected complexity that remains to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Mans
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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