1
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Nobre ICDS, Coelho RR, de Souza FMC, Reis MA, Torres JB, Antonino JD. Insights from different reproductive gene knockdowns via RNA interference in the lady beetle Eriopis connexa: Establishing a new model for molecular studies on natural enemies. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 116:e22125. [PMID: 38973236 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Insect pest control can be achieved by the application of RNA interference (RNAi), a key molecular tool in functional genomics. Whereas most RNAi research has focused on insect pests, few studies have been performed on natural enemies. Validating the efficacy of RNAi in natural enemies is crucial for assessing its safety and enabling molecular research on these organisms. Here, we assessed the efficacy of RNAi in the ladybird beetle Eriopis connexa Germar (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), focusing on genes related to reproduction, such as vitellogenin (Vg) and its receptor (VgR). In the transcriptome of E. connexa, we found one VgR (EcVgR) and two Vg genes (EcVg1 and EcVg2). These genes have been validated by in silico analyses of functional domains and evolutionary relationships. Five-day-old females were injected with 500 ng/µL of a specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) (dsEcVg1, dsEcVg2, or dsEcVgR) for RNAi tests, while nonspecific dsRNA (dsGFP or dsAgCE8.1) was used as a control. Interestingly, dsEcVg2 was able to knockdown both Vg genes, while dsEcVg1 could silence only EcVg1. Additionally, the viability of the eggs was significantly reduced when both Vg genes were knocked down at the same time (after treatment with dsEcVg2 or "dsEcVg1+dsEcVg2"). Ultimately, malformed, nonviable eggs were produced when EcVgR was silenced. Interestingly, no dsRNA treatment had an impact on the quantity of eggs laid. Therefore, the feasibility of RNAi in E. connexa has been confirmed, suggesting that this coccinellid is an excellent Neotropical model for molecular research on natural enemies and for studying RNAi nontarget effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Ramos Coelho
- Departamento de Agronomia-Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Manoely Abreu Reis
- Departamento de Agronomia-Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Jorge Braz Torres
- Departamento de Agronomia-Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - José Dijair Antonino
- Departamento de Agronomia-Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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2
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Adeyinka OS, Nasir IA, Tabassum B. Host-induced silencing of the CpCHI gene resulted in developmental abnormalities and mortality in maize stem borer (Chilo partellus). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280963. [PMID: 36745624 PMCID: PMC9901779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNAi-based insecticides for crop protection have witnessed rapid improvement over the years. However, their potential to efficiently control maize stem borer (Chilo partellus) pests has remained underexplored. In this study, double-stranded C. partellus chitinase (dsCHI) toxicity was investigated in C. partellus larvae. Furthermore, we developed transgenic maize lines expressing dsRNA targeted against C. partellus chitinase transcripts and performed detached leaf insect feeding bioassays. Our results revealed that C. partellus chitinase transcript expression was significantly downregulated by 57% and 82% in the larvae. Larvae exhibited various phenotypic distortion levels across developmental stages, and 53% mortality occurred in transgenic fed larvae compared to those fed on nontransgenic leaves. In conclusion, we have identified the C. partellus chitinase gene as a potential target for RNAi-mediated control and demonstrated that oral delivery via bacteria and plant-mediated delivery are viable means of achieving C. partellus RNAi-mediated control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olawale Samuel Adeyinka
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences Jackson state University, Jackson, MS, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Idrees Ahmad Nasir
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Tabassum
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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3
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Azizan A, Alfaro AC, Jaramillo D, Venter L, Young T, Frost E, Lee K, Van Nguyen T, Kitundu E, Archer SDJ, Ericson JA, Foxwell J, Quinn O, Ragg NLC. Pathogenicity and virulence of bacterial strains associated with summer mortality in marine mussels (Perna canaliculus). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6855225. [PMID: 36449667 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria has emerged as a plausible key component of summer mortalities in mussels. In the current research, four bacterial isolates retrieved from moribund Greenshell࣪ mussels, Perna canaliculus, from a previous summer mortality event, were tentatively identified as Vibrio and Photobacterium species using morpho-biochemical characterization and MALDI-TOF MS and confirmed as V. celticus, P. swingsii, P. rosenbergii, and P. proteolyticum using whole genome sequencing. These isolates were utilized in a laboratory challenge where mussels were injected with cell concentrations ranging from 105 to 109 CFU/mussel. Of the investigated isolates, P. swingsii induced the highest mortality. Additionally, results from quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, focusing on known virulence genes were detected in all isolates grown under laboratory conditions. Photobacterium rosenbergii and P. swingsii showed the highest expression levels of these virulence determinants. These results indicate that Photobacterium spp. could be a significant pathogen of P. canaliculus, with possible importance during summer mortality events. By implementing screening methods to detect and monitor Photobacterium concentrations in farmed mussel populations, a better understanding of the host-pathogen relationship can be obtained, aiding the development of a resilient industry in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awanis Azizan
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrea C Alfaro
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Diana Jaramillo
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand PO Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Leonie Venter
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tim Young
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,Centre for Biomedical & Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emily Frost
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Lee
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Thao Van Nguyen
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Eileen Kitundu
- Department of Food Sciences and Microbiology, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Stephen D J Archer
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jessica A Ericson
- Aquaculture Department, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Foxwell
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand PO Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Oliver Quinn
- Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand PO Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Norman L C Ragg
- Aquaculture Department, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
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4
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Kebede M, Fite T. RNA interference (RNAi) applications to the management of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Its current trends and future prospects. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:944774. [PMID: 36158573 PMCID: PMC9490220 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.944774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is among the invasive insect pests that damages maize and sorghum, the high-priority crops in newly colonized agro-ecologies, including African contexts. Owing to the increasing infestation of the pest and the limitations of current conventional methods for its management, there is a call for discovering advanced pest management approaches. RNA interference (RNAi) is an emerging molecular tool showing flexible potential for the management of S. frugiperda. We conducted a search of the recent application of RNAi literature using Google Scholar and Mendeley to find advanced papers on S. frugiperda management using RNAi molecular tools that led to growth inhibition, developmental aberrations, reduced fecundity, and mortality, mainly by disruption of normal biological processes of the pest. Although efforts have been made to accelerate the utility of RNAi, many factors limit the efficiency of RNAi to achieve successful control over S. frugiperda. Owing to RNAi’s potential bioactivity and economic and ecological acceptability, continued research efforts should focus on improving its broad applicability, including field conditions. Screening and identification of key target genes should be a priority task to achieve effective and sustainable management of this insect via RNAi. In addition, a clear understanding of the present status of RNAi utilization in S. frugiperda management is of paramount importance to improve its efficiency. Therefore, in this review, we highlight the biology of S. frugiperda and the RNAi mechanism as a foundation for the molecular management of the pest. Then, we discuss the current knowledge of the RNAi approach in S. frugiperda management and the factors affecting the efficiency of RNAi application. Finally, the prospects for RNAi-based insect pest management are highlighted for future research to achieve effective management of S. frugiperda.
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5
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Brar GS, Kaur G, Singh S, Shukla J, Pandher S. Identification and validation of stage-specific reference genes for gene expression analysis in Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Gene Expr Patterns 2022; 43:119233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2022.119233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Fu H, Huang T, Yin C, Xu Z, Li C, Liu C, Wu T, Song F, Feng F, Yang F. Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Normalization in Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae) Under Insecticides Stress. Front Physiol 2022; 12:818210. [PMID: 35087425 PMCID: PMC8786907 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.818210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae) is the most serious root maggot pest which causes substantial damage to the Chinese chive. Organophosphate (OP) and neonicotinoid insecticides are widely used chemical pesticides and play important roles in controlling B. odoriphaga. However, a strong selection pressure following repeated pesticide applications has led to the development of resistant populations of this insect. To understand the insecticide resistance mechanism in B. odoriphaga, gene expression analysis might be required. Appropriate reference gene selection is a critical prerequisite for gene expression studies, as the expression stability of reference genes can be affected by experimental conditions, resulting in biased or erroneous results. The present study shows the expression profile of nine commonly used reference genes [elongation factor 1α (EF-1α), actin2 (ACT), elongation factor 2α (EF-2α), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal protein L10 (RPL10), ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBC), and α-tubulin (TUB)] was systematically analyzed under insecticide stress. Moreover, we also evaluated their expression stability in other experimental conditions, including developmental stages, sexes, and tissues. Five programs (NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper, RefFinder, and ΔCt) were used to validate the suitability of candidate reference genes. The results revealed that the most appropriate sets of reference genes were RPL10 and ACT across phoxim; ACT and TUB across chlorpyrifos and chlorfluazuron; EF1α and TUB across imidacloprid; EF1α and EF2α across developmental stages; RPL10 and TUB across larvae; EF1α and ACT across tissues, and ACT and G6PDH across sex. These results will facilitate the standardization of RT-qPCR and contribute to further research on B. odoriphaga gene function under insecticides stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tubiao Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Cheng Yin
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenhua Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Li
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunguang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Fuqiang Song
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Fujuan Feng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Fengshan Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
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7
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Sellamuthu G, Amin S, Bílý J, Synek J, Modlinger R, Sen MK, Chakraborty A, Roy A. Reference Gene Selection for Normalizing Gene Expression in Ips Sexdentatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Under Different Experimental Conditions. Front Physiol 2021; 12:752768. [PMID: 34777015 PMCID: PMC8580292 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.752768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ips sexdentatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is one of the most destructive and economically important forest pests. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying its adaptation to toxic host compounds may unleash the potential for future management of this pest. Gene expression studies could be considered as one of the key experimental approaches for such purposes. A suitable reference gene selection is fundamental for quantitative gene expression analysis and functional genomics studies in I. sexdentatus. Twelve commonly used reference genes in Coleopterans were screened under different experimental conditions to obtain accurate and reliable normalization of gene expression data. The majority of the 12 reference genes showed a relatively stable expression pattern among developmental stages, tissue-specific, and sex-specific stages; however, some variabilities were observed during varied temperature incubation. Under developmental conditions, the Tubulin beta-1 chain (β-Tubulin) was the most stable reference gene, followed by translation elongation factor (eEF2) and ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3). In sex-specific conditions, RPS3, β-Tubulin, and eEF2 were the most stable reference genes. In contrast, different sets of genes were shown higher stability in terms of expression under tissue-specific conditions, i.e., RPS3 and eEF2 in head tissue, V-ATPase-A and eEF2 in the fat body, V-ATPase-A and eEF2 in the gut. Under varied temperatures, β-Tubulin and V-ATPase-A were most stable, whereas ubiquitin (UbiQ) and V-ATPase-A displayed the highest expression stability after Juvenile Hormone III treatment. The findings were validated further using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR)-based target gene expression analysis. Nevertheless, the present study delivers a catalog of reference genes under varied experimental conditions for the coleopteran forest pest I. sexdentatus and paves the way for future gene expression and functional genomic studies on this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gothandapani Sellamuthu
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Shan Amin
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Bílý
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jirí Synek
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Roman Modlinger
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Madhab Kumar Sen
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- EVA 4.0 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Amit Roy
- Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia.,EVA 4.0 Unit, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
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8
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Elston KM, Leonard SP, Geng P, Bialik SB, Robinson E, Barrick JE. Engineering insects from the endosymbiont out. Trends Microbiol 2021; 30:79-96. [PMID: 34103228 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Insects are an incredibly diverse group of animals with species that benefit and harm natural ecosystems, agriculture, and human health. Many insects have consequential associations with microbes: bacterial symbionts may be embedded in different insect tissues and cell types, inherited across insect generations, and required for insect survival and reproduction. Genetically engineering insect symbionts is key to understanding and harnessing these associations. We summarize different types of insect-bacteria relationships and review methods used to genetically modify endosymbiont and gut symbiont species. Finally, we discuss recent studies that use this approach to study symbioses, manipulate insect-microbe interactions, and influence insect biology. Further progress in insect symbiont engineering promises to solve societal challenges, ranging from controlling pests to protecting pollinator health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Elston
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sean P Leonard
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Peng Geng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sarah B Bialik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Elizabeth Robinson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Barrick
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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9
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Li M, Li X, Wang C, Li Q, Zhu S, Zhang Y, Li X, Yang F, Zhu X. Selection and Validation of Reference Genes For qRT-PCR Analysis of Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Front Physiol 2021; 12:663338. [PMID: 33935809 PMCID: PMC8079785 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.663338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is an important cosmopolitan pest in cereal crops. Reference genes can significantly affect qRT-PCR results. Therefore, selecting appropriate reference genes is a key prerequisite for qRT-PCR analyses. This study was conducted to identify suitable qRT-PCR reference genes in R. padi. We systematically analyzed the expression profiles of 11 commonly used reference genes. The ΔCt method, the BestKeeper, NormFinder, geNorm algorithms, and the RefFinder online tool were used to evaluate the suitability of these genes under diverse experimental conditions. The data indicated that the most appropriate sets of reference genes were β-actin and GAPDH (for developmental stages), AK and TATA (for populations), RPS18 and RPL13 (for tissues), TATA and GAPDH (for wing dimorphism), EF-1α and RPS6 (for antibiotic treatments), GAPDH and β-actin (for insecticide treatments), GAPDH, TATA, RPS18 (for starvation-induced stress), TATA, RPS6, and AK (for temperatures), and TATA and GAPDH (for all conditions). Our study findings, which revealed the reference genes suitable for various experimental conditions, will facilitate the standardization of qRT-PCR programs, while also improving the accuracy of qRT-PCR analyses, with implications for future research on R. padi gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, China
| | - Xinan Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuchi Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, China
| | - Saige Zhu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, China
| | - Fengshan Yang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Beijing, China
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10
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Lv Y, Li Y, Liu X, Xu K. Identification of Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Reference Genes for Gene Expression Analysis. Front Genet 2020; 11:586098. [PMID: 33240331 PMCID: PMC7670040 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.586098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is widely used in the detection of gene expression level. However, there is no suitable ginger reference gene for qPCR analysis. Therefore, it is the primary task to select and validate the appropriate ginger reference gene to normalize the expression of target genes. In this study, 14 candidate reference genes were selected and analyzed in different tissues (leaf, and rhizome), different development stages, different varieties, and abiotic stress (ABA and salt stress). Expression stability was calculated using geNorm and NormFinder, Bestkeeper, and RefFinder. For abiotic stress and total conditions, 28S and COX were identified as the most stable genes. In addition, RPII was the most stable in the different development stages and different varieties. TEF2 and RPL2 were the least stably expressed in the tissue and all the conditions. In order to verify the feasibility of these genes as reference genes, we used the most stable and least stable reference genes to normalize the expression levels of ZoSPS genes under different conditions. This work can provide theoretical support for future research on ginger gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lv
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Tai'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tai'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai'an, China
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11
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Deng Y, Zhao H, Yang S, Zhang L, Zhang L, Hou C. Screening and Validation of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Under Different Honey Bee Viral Infections and dsRNA Treatment. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1715. [PMID: 32849362 PMCID: PMC7406718 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey bee viruses are one of the most important pathogens that have contributed to the decrease in honey bee colony health. To analyze the infection dynamics of honey bee viruses, quantification of viral gene expression by RT-qPCR is necessary. However, suitable reference genes have not been reported from viral and RNAi studies of honey bee. Here, we evaluated the expression of 11 common reference genes (ache2, rps18, β-actin, tbp, tif, rpl32, gadph, ubc, α-tubulin, rpl14, and rpsa) from Apis mellifera (Am) and Apis cerana (Ac) under Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), and Chinese sacbrood virus (CSBV) infection as well as dsRNA-PGRP-SA treatment, and we confirmed their validation by evaluating the levels of the defensin 1 and prophenoloxidase (ppo) genes during viral infection. Our results showed that the expression of selected genes varied under different viral infections. ache2, rps18, β-actin, tbp, and tif can be used to normalize expression levels in Apis mellifera under IAPV infection, while the combination of actin and tif is suitable for CBPV-infected experiments. The combination of rpl14, tif, rpsa, ubc, and ache2 as well as more reference genes is suitable for CSBV treatment in Apis cerana. Rpl14, tif, rps18, ubc, and α-tubulin were the most stable reference genes under dsRNA treatment in Apis mellifera. Furthermore, the geNorm and NormFinder algorithms showed that tif was the best suitable reference gene for these four treatments. This study screened and validated suitable reference genes for the quantification of viral levels in honey bee, as well as for RNAi experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Deng
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sa Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Chunsheng Hou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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12
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Ren M, Zafar MM, Mo H, Yang Z, Li F. Fighting against fall armyworm by using multiple genes pyramiding and silencing (MGPS) technology. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1703-1706. [PMID: 31782080 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maozhi Ren
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Muhammad Mubashar Zafar
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Huijuan Mo
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Zhaoen Yang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
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