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Mahendra A, Murmu PP, Acharya SK, Islam A, Fiedler H, Gupta P, Granville S, Kennedy J. Shaping Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy of Co 2MnGa Heusler Alloy Using Ion Irradiation for Magnetic Sensor Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094564. [PMID: 37177768 PMCID: PMC10181601 DOI: 10.3390/s23094564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic sensors are key elements in many industrial, security, military, and biomedical applications. Heusler alloys are promising materials for magnetic sensor applications due to their high spin polarization and tunable magnetic properties. The dynamic field range of magnetic sensors is strongly related to the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). By tuning the PMA, it is possible to modify the sensing direction, sensitivity and even the accuracy of the magnetic sensors. Here, we report the tuning of PMA in a Co2MnGa Heusler alloy film via argon (Ar) ion irradiation. MgO/Co2MnGa/Pd films with an initial PMA were irradiated with 30 keV 40Ar+ ions with fluences (ions·cm-2) between 1 × 1013 and 1 × 1015 Ar·cm-2, which corresponds to displacement per atom values between 0.17 and 17, estimated from Monte-Carlo-based simulations. The magneto optical and magnetization results showed that the effective anisotropy energy (Keff) decreased from ~153 kJ·m-3 for the un-irradiated film to ~14 kJ·m-3 for the 1 × 1014 Ar·cm-2 irradiated film. The reduced Keff and PMA are attributed to ion-irradiation-induced interface intermixing that decreased the interfacial anisotropy. These results demonstrate that ion irradiation is a promising technique for shaping the PMA of Co2MnGa Heusler alloy for magnetic sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Mahendra
- Robinson Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Peter P Murmu
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
| | - Susant Kumar Acharya
- Robinson Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Atif Islam
- Robinson Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Holger Fiedler
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
| | - Prasanth Gupta
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Simon Granville
- Robinson Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - John Kennedy
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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Chojenka J, Zarzycki A, Perzanowski M, Krupiński M, Fodor T, Vad K, Marszałek M. Tuning of the Titanium Oxide Surface to Control Magnetic Properties of Thin Iron Films. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:289. [PMID: 36614641 PMCID: PMC9822368 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We describe the magnetic properties of thin iron films deposited on the nanoporous titanium oxide templates and analyze their dependance on nanopore radius. We then compare the results to a continuous iron film of the same thickness. Additionally, we investigate the evolution of the magnetic properties of these films after annealing. We demonstrate that the M(H) loops consist of two magnetic phases originating from the iron layer and iron oxides formed at the titanium oxide/iron interface. We perform deconvolution of hysteresis loops to extract information for each magnetic phase. Finally, we investigate the magnetic interactions between the phases and verify the presence of exchange coupling between them. We observe the altering of the magnetic properties by the nanopores as a magnetic hardening of the magnetic material. The ZFC-FC (Zero-field cooled/field cooled) measurements indicate the presence of a disordered glass state below 50 K, which can be explained by the formation of iron oxide at the titanium oxide-iron interface with a short-range magnetic order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliusz Chojenka
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Zarzycki
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Perzanowski
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Krupiński
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tamás Fodor
- Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Science, Bem tér 18/C, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Vad
- Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Science, Bem tér 18/C, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Marta Marszałek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
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Competition of Magnetic Anisotropies in Permalloy Antidot Lattices. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry8050055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antidot lattices made of magnetic thin films are good candidates to be employed in future magnetic recording media. In this manuscript we present a study on the effect of shape and field-induced magnetic anisotropies on the magnetization reversal of 10 nm and 50 nm thick permalloy antidot lattices. Rounded antidot square lattices were fabricated using a combination of electron beam evaporation and laser interference lithography, covering surfaces of a few cm2. We demonstrate that a magnetic anisotropy induced in the samples, as a consequence of an applied magnetic field during growth, competes with the shape anisotropy that dominates the response of the patterned thin films, and that the effect of the field-induced magnetic anisotropy scales with the thickness of the antidot thin films. Finally, we have quantified the anisotropy constant attributable to the uniaxial field-induced magnetic anisotropy in our antidot lattices. These findings are supported by micromagnetic simulations performed using MuMax3.
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Dynamic and static properties of stadium-shaped antidot arrays. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20024. [PMID: 33208879 PMCID: PMC7674446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we performed a detailed numerical analysis on the static and dynamic properties of magnetic antidot arrays as a function of their geometry. In particular, we explored how by varying the shape of these antidot arrays from circular holes to stadium-shaped holes, we can effectively control the magnetic properties of the array. Using micromagnetic simulations we evidenced that coercivity is very sensitive to the shape of antidots, while the remanence is more robust to these changes. Furthermore, we studied the dynamic susceptibility of these systems, finding that it is possible to control both the position and the number of resonance peaks simply by changing the geometry of the holes. Thus, this work provides useful insights on the behavior of antidot arrays for different geometries, opening routes for the design and improvement of two-dimensional technologies.
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Saavedra E, Corona RM, Vidal-Silva N, Palma JL, Altbir D, Escrig J. Dynamic and static properties of stadium-shaped antidot arrays. Sci Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mnl.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn this work we performed a detailed numerical analysis on the static and dynamic properties of magnetic antidot arrays as a function of their geometry. In particular, we explored how by varying the shape of these antidot arrays from circular holes to stadium-shaped holes, we can effectively control the magnetic properties of the array. Using micromagnetic simulations we evidenced that coercivity is very sensitive to the shape of antidots, while the remanence is more robust to these changes. Furthermore, we studied the dynamic susceptibility of these systems, finding that it is possible to control both the position and the number of resonance peaks simply by changing the geometry of the holes. Thus, this work provides useful insights on the behavior of antidot arrays for different geometries, opening routes for the design and improvement of two-dimensional technologies.
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Weak Antilocalization Tailor-Made by System Topography in Large Scale Bismuth Antidot Arrays. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13153246. [PMID: 32707828 PMCID: PMC7436095 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Using a two-carriers model and the Hikami-Larkin-Nagaoka (HLN) theory, we investigate the influence of large area patterning on magnetotransport properties in bismuth thin films with a thickness of 50 nm. The patterned systems have been produced by means of nanospheres lithography complemented by RF-plasma etching leading to highly ordered antidot arrays with the hexagonal symmetry and a variable antidot size. Simultaneous measurements of transverse and longitudinal magnetoresistance in a broad temperature range provided comprehensive data on transport properties and enabled us to extract the values of charge carrier densities and mobilities. Weak antilocalization signatures observed at low temperatures provided information on spin-orbit scattering length ranging from 20 to 30 nm, elastic scattering length of approx. 60 nm, and strong dependence on temperature phase coherence length. We show that in the absence of antidots the charge carrier transport follow 2-dimensional behavior and the dimensionality for phase-coherent processes changes from two to three dimensions at temperature higher than 10 K. For the antidot arrays, however, a decrease of the power law dephasing exponent is observed which is a sign of the 1D-2D crossover caused by the geometry of the system. This results in changes of scattering events probability and phase coherence lengths depending on the antidot diameters, which opens up opportunity to tailor the magnetotransport characteristics.
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Directed Self-Assembly of Polystyrene Nanospheres by Direct Laser-Writing Lithography. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020280. [PMID: 32045986 PMCID: PMC7075237 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we performed a systematic study on the effect of the geometry of pre-patterned templates and spin-coating conditions on the self-assembling process of colloidal nanospheres. To achieve this goal, large-scale templates, with different size and shape, were generated by direct laser-writer lithography over square millimetre areas. When deposited over patterned templates, the ordering dynamics of the self-assembled nanospheres exhibits an inverse trend with respect to that observed for the maximisation of the correlation length ξ on a flat surface. Furthermore, the self-assembly process was found to be strongly dependent on the height (H) of the template sidewalls. In particular, we observed that, when H is 0.6 times the nanospheres diameter and spinning speed 2500 rpm, the formation of a confined and well ordered monolayer is promoted. To unveil the defects generation inside the templates, a systematic assessment of the directed self-assembly quality was performed by a novel method based on Delaunay triangulation. As a result of this study, we found that, in the best deposition conditions, the self-assembly process leads to well-ordered monolayer that extended for tens of micrometres within the linear templates, where 96.2% of them is aligned with the template sidewalls.
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