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Wang H, Wen L, Jiang F, Ren P, Yang Y, Song S, Yang Z, Wang Y. A comprehensive review of advances in hepatocyte microencapsulation: selecting materials and preserving cell viability. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385022. [PMID: 38694507 PMCID: PMC11061843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver failure represents a critical medical condition with a traditionally grim prognosis, where treatment options have been notably limited. Historically, liver transplantation has stood as the sole definitive cure, yet the stark disparity between the limited availability of liver donations and the high demand for such organs has significantly hampered its feasibility. This discrepancy has necessitated the exploration of hepatocyte transplantation as a temporary, supportive intervention. In light of this, our review delves into the burgeoning field of hepatocyte transplantation, with a focus on the latest advancements in maintaining hepatocyte function, co-microencapsulation techniques, xenogeneic hepatocyte transplantation, and the selection of materials for microencapsulation. Our examination of hepatocyte microencapsulation research highlights that, to date, most studies have been conducted in vitro or using liver failure mouse models, with a notable paucity of experiments on larger mammals. The functionality of microencapsulated hepatocytes is primarily inferred through indirect measures such as urea and albumin production and the rate of ammonia clearance. Furthermore, research on the mechanisms underlying hepatocyte co-microencapsulation remains limited, and the practicality of xenogeneic hepatocyte transplantation requires further validation. The potential of hepatocyte microencapsulation extends beyond the current scope of application, suggesting a promising horizon for liver failure treatment modalities. Innovations in encapsulation materials and techniques aim to enhance cell viability and function, indicating a need for comprehensive studies that bridge the gap between small-scale laboratory success and clinical applicability. Moreover, the integration of bioengineering and regenerative medicine offers novel pathways to refine hepatocyte transplantation, potentially overcoming the challenges of immune rejection and ensuring the long-term functionality of transplanted cells. In conclusion, while hepatocyte microencapsulation and transplantation herald a new era in liver failure therapy, significant strides must be made to translate these experimental approaches into viable clinical solutions. Future research should aim to expand the experimental models to include larger mammals, thereby providing a clearer understanding of the clinical potential of these therapies. Additionally, a deeper exploration into the mechanisms of cell survival and function within microcapsules, alongside the development of innovative encapsulation materials, will be critical in advancing the field and offering new hope to patients with liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailian Wang
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lebin Wen
- Department of Thyroid, Sichuan Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengdi Jiang
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengyu Ren
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixin Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College of Norman Bethune University of Medical Sciences, Jilin, China
| | - Siyuan Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhengteng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Aminoroaya A, Khorasani SN, Bagheri R, Talebi Z, Malekkhouyan R, Das O, Neisiany RE. Facile encapsulation of cyanoacrylate-based bioadhesive by electrospray method and investigation of the process parameters. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5389. [PMID: 38443417 PMCID: PMC10914717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymer microcapsules containing cyanoacrylates have represented a promising option to develop self-healing biomaterials. This study aims to develop an electrospray method for the preparation of capsules using poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the encapsulant and ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate (EC) as the encapsulate. It also aims to study the effect of the electrospray process parameters on the size and morphology of the capsules. The capsules were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Moreover, the effects of electrospray process parameters on the size were investigated by Taguchi experimental design. FTIR and TGA approved the presence of both PMMA and EC without further reaction. FE-SEM micrograph demonstrated that an appropriate choice of solvents, utilizing an appropriate PMMA:EC ratio and sufficient PMMA concentration are critical factors to produce capsules dominantly with an intact and spherical morphology. Utilizing various flow rates (0.3-0.5 ml/h) and applied voltage (18-26 kV), capsules were obtained with a 600-1000 nm size range. At constantly applied voltages, the increase in flow rate increased the capsule size up to 40% (ANOVA, p ≤ 0.05), while at constant flow rates, the increase in applied voltage reduced the average capsule size by 3.4-26% (ANOVA, p ≤ 0.05). The results from the Taguchi design represented the significance of solution flow rate, applied voltage, and solution concentration. It was shown that the most effective parameter on the size of capsules is flow rate. This research demonstrated that electrospray can be utilized as a convenient method for the preparation of sub-micron PMMA capsules containing EC. Furthermore, the morphology of the capsules is dominated by solvents, PMMA concentration, and PMMA:EC ratio, while the average size of the capsules can be altered by adjusting the flow rate and applied voltage of the electrospray process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Aminoroaya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Saied Nouri Khorasani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Rouholah Bagheri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Zahra Talebi
- Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Roya Malekkhouyan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Oisik Das
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Lulea, Sweden.
| | - Rasoul Esmaeely Neisiany
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, 9617976487, Iran.
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Sapkota T, Shrestha BK, Shrestha S, Bhattarai N. Chitin Nanofibrils Enabled Core-Shell Microcapsules of Alginate Hydrogel. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2470. [PMID: 37686978 PMCID: PMC10489914 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
An engineered 3D architectural network of the biopolymeric hydrogel can mimic the native cell environment that promotes cell infiltration and growth. Among several bio-fabricated hydrogel structures, core-shell microcapsules inherit the potential of cell encapsulation to ensure the growth and transport of cells and cell metabolites. Herein, a co-axial electrostatic encapsulation strategy is used to create and encapsulate the cells into chitin nanofibrils integrated alginate hydrogel microcapsules. Three parameters that are critical in the electrostatic encapsulation process, hydrogel composition, flow rate, and voltage were optimized. The physicochemical characterization including structure, size, and stability of the core-shell microcapsules was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), FTIR, and mechanical tests. The cellular responses of the core-shell microcapsules were evaluated through in vitro cell studies by encapsulating NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells. Notably, the bioactive microcapsule showed that the cell viability was found excellent for more than 2 weeks. Thus, the results of this core-shell microcapsule showed a promising approach to creating 3D hydrogel networks suitable for different biomedical applications such as in vitro tissue models for toxicity studies, wound healing, and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thakur Sapkota
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (T.S.); (B.K.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Bishnu Kumar Shrestha
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (T.S.); (B.K.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sita Shrestha
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (T.S.); (B.K.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Narayan Bhattarai
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (T.S.); (B.K.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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Bastakoti BP, Bhattarai N, Ashie MD, Tettey F, Yusa SI, Nakashima K. Single-Micelle-Templated Synthesis of Hollow Barium Carbonate Nanoparticle for Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071739. [PMID: 37050353 PMCID: PMC10096637 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A laboratory-synthesized triblock copolymer poly(ethylene oxide-b-acrylic acid-b-styrene) (PEG-PAA-PS) was used as a template to synthesize hollow BaCO3 nanoparticles (BC-NPs). The triblock copolymer was synthesized using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization. The triblock copolymer has a molecular weight of 1.88 × 104 g/mol. Transmission electron microscopy measurements confirm the formation of spherical micelles with a PEG corona, PAA shell, and PS core in an aqueous solution. Furthermore, the dynamic light scattering experiment revealed the electrostatic interaction of Ba2+ ions with an anionic poly(acrylic acid) block of the micelles. The controlled precipitation of BaCO3 around spherical polymeric micelles followed by calcination allows for the synthesis of hollow BC-NPs with cavity diameters of 15 nm and a shell thickness of 5 nm. The encapsulation and release of methotrexate from hollow BC-NPs at pH 7.4 was studied. The cell viability experiments indicate the possibility of BC-NPs maintaining biocompatibility for a prolonged time.
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Risangud N, de Jongh PA, Wilson P, Haddleton DM. Synthesis of biodegradable liquid-core microcapsules composed of isocyanate functionalized poly(ε-caprolactone)-containing copolymers. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bate TSR, Gadd VL, Forbes SJ, Callanan A. Response differences of HepG2 and Primary Mouse Hepatocytes to morphological changes in electrospun PCL scaffolds. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3059. [PMID: 33542251 PMCID: PMC7862353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81761-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver disease cases are rapidly expanding across the globe and the only effective cure for end-stage disease is a transplant. Transplant procedures are costly and current supply of donor livers does not satisfy demand. Potential drug treatments and regenerative therapies that are being developed to tackle these pressing issues require effective in-vitro culture platforms. Electrospun scaffolds provide bio-mimetic structures upon which cells are cultured to regulate function in-vitro. This study aims to shed light on the effects of electrospun PCL morphology on the culture of an immortalised hepatic cell line and mouse primary hepatocytes. Each cell type was cultured on large 4-5 µm fibres and small 1-2 µm fibres with random, aligned and highly porous cryogenically spun configurations. Cell attachment, proliferation, morphology and functional protein and gene expression was analysed. Results show that fibre morphology has a measurable influence on cellular morphology and function, with the alteration of key functional markers such as CYP1A2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S R Bate
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Victoria L Gadd
- Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anthony Callanan
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Agrawal G, Ramesh A, Aishwarya P, Sally J, Ravi M. Devices and techniques used to obtain and analyze three-dimensional cell cultures. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3126. [PMID: 33460298 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell cultures are indispensable for both basic and applied research. Advancements in cell culture and analysis increase their utility for basic research and translational applications. A marked development in this direction is advent of three-dimensional (3D) cultures. The extent of advancement in 3D cell culture methods over the past decade has warranted referring to a single cell type being cultured as an aggregate or spheroid using simple scaffolds as "traditional." In recent years, the development of "next-generation" devices has enabled cultured cells to mimic their natural environments much better than the traditional 3D culture systems. Automated platforms like chip-based devices, magnetic- and acoustics-based assembly devices, di-electrophoresis (DEP), micro pocket cultures (MPoC), and 3D bio-printing provide a dynamic environment compared to the rather static conditions of the traditional simple scaffold-based 3D cultures. Chip-based technologies, which are centered on principles of microfluidics, are revolutionizing the ways in which cell culture and analysis can be compacted into table-top instruments. A parallel evolution in analytical devices enabled efficient assessment of various complex physiological and pathological endpoints. This is augmented by concurrent development of software enabling rapid large-scale automated data acquisition and analysis like image cytometry, elastography, optical coherence tomography, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and biosensors. The techniques and devices utilized for the purpose of 3D cell culture and subsequent analysis depend primarily on the requirement of the study. We present here an in-depth account of the devices for obtaining and analyzing 3D cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gatika Agrawal
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Science, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Anuradha Ramesh
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Science, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Pargaonkar Aishwarya
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Science, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Jennifer Sally
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Science, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Maddaly Ravi
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Science, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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Bhattarai SR, Saudi S, Khanal S, Aravamudhan S, Rorie CJ, Bhattarai N. Electrodynamic assisted self-assembled fibrous hydrogel microcapsules: a novel 3D in vitro platform for assessment of nanoparticle toxicity. RSC Adv 2021; 11:4921-4934. [PMID: 35424445 PMCID: PMC8694512 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09189h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP) toxicity assessment is a critical step in assessing the health impacts of NP exposure to both consumers and occupational workers. In vitro assessment models comprising cells cultured in a two-dimensional tissue culture plate (2D-TCP) are an efficient and cost-effective choice for estimating the safety risks of NPs. However, in vitro culture of cells in 2D-TCPs distorts cell–integrin and cell–cell interactions and is not able to replicate an in vivo phenotype. Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro platforms provide a unique alternative to bridge the gap between traditional 2D in vitro and in vivo models. In this study, novel microcapsules of alginate hydrogel incorporated with natural polymeric nanofibers (chitin nanofibrils) and synthetic polymeric nanofibers poly(lactide-co-glycolide) are designed as a 3D in vitro platform. This study demonstrates for the first time that electrodynamic assisted self-assembled fibrous 3D hydrogel (3D-SAF hydrogel) microcapsules with a size in the range of 300–500 μm in diameter with a Young's modulus of 12.7–42 kPa can be obtained by varying the amount of nanofibers in the hydrogel precursor solutions. The 3D-SAF microcapsules were found to mimic the in vivo cellular microenvironment for cells to grow, as evaluated using A549 cells. Higher cellular spreading and prolonged proliferation of A549 cells were observed in 3D-SAF microcapsules compared to control microcapsules without the nanofibers. The 3D-SAF microcapsule integrated well plate was used to assess the toxicity of model NPs, e.g., Al2O3 and ZnO. The toxicity levels of the model NPs were found to be dependent on the chemistry of the NPs and their physical agglomeration in the test media. Our results demonstrate that 3D-SAF microcapsules with an in vivo mimicking microenvironment can be developed as a physiologically relevant platform for high-throughput toxicity screening of NPs or pharmaceutical drugs. Electrohydrodynamic-assisted fabrication of novel nano-net-nanofibrous 3D-SAF hydrogel microcapsules leads to them having tunable mechanical and cell adhesive properties that are applicable to diverse biomedical fields.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanta R. Bhattarai
- Department of Biology
- North Carolina A&T State University
- Greensboro
- USA
- Department of Biological Science
| | - Sheikh Saudi
- Department of Nanoengineering
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering
- North Carolina A&T State University
- Greensboro
- USA
| | - Shalil Khanal
- Department of Applied Science and Technology
- North Carolina A&T State University
- Greensboro
- USA
| | - Shyam Aravamudhan
- Department of Nanoengineering
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering
- North Carolina A&T State University
- Greensboro
- USA
| | - Checo J. Rorie
- Department of Biology
- North Carolina A&T State University
- Greensboro
- USA
| | - Narayan Bhattarai
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Bioengineering
- North Carolina A & T State University
- Greensboro
- USA
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