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Lee Y, Byun S, Yi C, Jung J, Lee SA. Rolling shutter speckle plethysmography for quantitative cardiovascular monitoring. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:1540-1552. [PMID: 38495693 PMCID: PMC10942690 DOI: 10.1364/boe.511755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
We propose a new speckle-based plethysmography technique, termed rolling shutter speckle plethysmography (RSSPG), which can quantitatively measure the velocity and volume fluctuations of blood flow during the cardiac cycle. Our technique is based on the rolling shutter speckle imaging, where the short row-by-row time differences in the rolling shutter image sensors are used to measure the temporal decorrelation behavior of vertically elongated speckles from a single image capture. Temporal analysis of the speckle field provides rich information regarding the dynamics of the scattering media, such as both the dynamic scattering fraction and the speckle decorrelation time. Using a sequence of images, RSSPG can monitor fluctuations in the blood flow dynamics while separating velocity and volume changes in blood vessels and obtaining high-quality plethysmography waveforms compared to regular photoplethysmography. We demonstrate the quantitative RSSPG based on accurate fitting of the speckle dynamics model, as well as the qualitative RSSPG based on simple row-by-row correlation (RIC) calculation for fast and robust analysis. Based on exploratory in vivo experiment, we show that RSSPG can reliably measure pulsatile waveforms and heart rate variations in various conditions, potentially providing physiologically relevant information for cardiovascular monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Changyoon Yi
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoo Jung
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ah Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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2
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Crouzet C, Dunn CE, Choi B. Quantifying tissue properties and absolute hemodynamics using coherent spatial imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:127001. [PMID: 38116026 PMCID: PMC10730023 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.12.127001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Significance Measuring hemodynamic function is crucial for health assessment. Optical signals provide relative hemoglobin concentration changes, but absolute measurements require costly, bulky technology. Speckleplethysmography (SPG) uses coherent light to detect speckle fluctuations. Combining SPG with multispectral measurements may provide important physiological information on blood flow and absolute hemoglobin concentration. Aim To develop an affordable optical technology to measure tissue absorption, scattering, hemoglobin concentrations, tissue oxygen saturation (StO 2 ), and blood flow. Approach We integrated reflectance spectroscopy and laser speckle imaging to create coherent spatial imaging (CSI). CSI was validated against spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) using phantom-based measurements. In vivo arterial and venous occlusion experiments compared CSI with diffuse optical spectroscopy/diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DOS/DCS) measurements. Results CSI and SFDI agreed on tissue absorption and scattering in phantom tests. CSI and DOS/DCS showed similar trends and agreement in arterial occlusion results. During venous occlusion, both uncorrected and corrected blood flow decreased with increasing pressure, with an ∼ 200 % difference in overall blood flow decrease between the methods. CSI and DOS/DCS data showed expected hemoglobin concentrations, StO 2 , and blood flow trends. Conclusions CSI provides affordable and comprehensive hemodynamic information. It can potentially detect dysfunction and improve measurements, such as blood pressure, S p O 2 , and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Crouzet
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Cody E. Dunn
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Bernard Choi
- University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Surgery, Irvine, California, United States
- University of California, Irvine, Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Cardiovascular Innovation Research Center, California, United States
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3
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Bonetta-Misteli F, Collins T, Pavek T, Carlgren M, Bashe D, Frolova A, Shmuylovich L, O’Brien CM. Development and evaluation of a wearable peripheral vascular compensation sensor in a swine model of hemorrhage. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:5338-5357. [PMID: 37854551 PMCID: PMC10581812 DOI: 10.1364/boe.494720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading and most preventable cause of maternal mortality, particularly in low-resource settings. PPH is currently diagnosed through visual estimation of blood loss or monitoring of vital signs. Visual assessment routinely underestimates blood loss beyond the point of pharmaceutical intervention. Quantitative monitoring of hemorrhage-induced compensatory processes, such as the constriction of peripheral vessels, may provide an early alert for PPH. To this end, we developed a low-cost, wearable optical device that continuously monitors peripheral perfusion via laser speckle flow index (LSFI) to detect hemorrhage-induced peripheral vasoconstriction. The measured LSFI signal produced a linear response in phantom models and a strong correlation coefficient with blood loss averaged across subjects (>0.9) in a large animal model, with superior performance to vital sign metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toi Collins
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, USA
| | - Todd Pavek
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, USA
| | - Madison Carlgren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, USA
| | - Derek Bashe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, USA
| | - Antonina Frolova
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, USA
| | - Leonid Shmuylovich
- Department of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, USA
| | - Christine M. O’Brien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis, USA
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Herranz Olazabal J, Lorato I, Kling J, Verhoeven M, Wieringa F, Van Hoof C, Verkruijsse W, Hermeling E. Comparison between Speckle Plethysmography and Photoplethysmography during Cold Pressor Test Referenced to Finger Arterial Pressure. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115016. [PMID: 37299743 DOI: 10.3390/s23115016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Speckle Plethysmography (SPG) and Photoplethysmography (PPG) are different biophotonics technologies that allow for measurement of haemodynamics. As the difference between SPG and PPG under low perfusion conditions is not fully understood, a Cold Pressor Test (CPT-60 s full hand immersion in ice water), was used to modulate blood pressure and peripheral circulation. A custom-built setup simultaneously derived SPG and PPG from the same video streams at two wavelengths (639 nm and 850 nm). SPG and PPG were measured at the right index finger location before and during the CPT using finger Arterial Pressure (fiAP) as a reference. The effect of the CPT on the Alternating Component amplitude (AC) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of dual-wavelength SPG and PPG signals was analysed across participants. Furthermore, waveform differences between SPG, PPG, and fiAP based on frequency harmonic ratios were analysed for each subject (n = 10). Both PPG and SPG at 850 nm show a significant reduction during the CPT in both AC and SNR. However, SPG showed significantly higher and more stable SNR than PPG in both study phases. Harmonic ratios were found substantially higher in SPG than PPG. Therefore, in low perfusion conditions, SPG seems to offer a more robust pulse wave monitoring with higher harmonic ratios than PPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Herranz Olazabal
- IMEC NL, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Fokko Wieringa
- IMEC NL, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Van Hoof
- IMEC NL, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- IMEC, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Pineda-Alpizar F, Arriola-Valverde S, Vado-Chacón M, Sossa-Rojas D, Liu H, Zheng D. Real-Time Evaluation of Time-Domain Pulse Rate Variability Parameters in Different Postures and Breathing Patterns Using Wireless Photoplethysmography Sensor: Towards Remote Healthcare in Low-Resource Communities. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094246. [PMID: 37177450 PMCID: PMC10181559 DOI: 10.3390/s23094246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Photoplethysmography (PPG) signals have been widely used in evaluating cardiovascular biomarkers, however, there is a lack of in-depth understanding of the remote usage of this technology and its viability for underdeveloped countries. This study aims to quantitatively evaluate the performance of a low-cost wireless PPG device in detecting ultra-short-term time-domain pulse rate variability (PRV) parameters in different postures and breathing patterns. A total of 30 healthy subjects were recruited. ECG and PPG signals were simultaneously recorded in 3 min using miniaturized wearable sensors. Four heart rate variability (HRV) and PRV parameters were extracted from ECG and PPG signals, respectively, and compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Scheirer-Ray-Hare test with post hoc analysis. In addition, the data loss was calculated as the percentage of missing sampling points. Posture did not present statistical differences across the PRV parameters but a statistical difference between indicators was found. Strong variation was found for the RMSSD indicator in the standing posture. The sitting position in both breathing patterns demonstrated the lowest data loss (1.0 ± 0.6 and 1.0 ± 0.7) and the lowest percentage of different factors for all indicators. The usage of commercial PPG and BLE devices can allow the reliable extraction of the PPG signal and PRV indicators in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Pineda-Alpizar
- Industrial Design Engineering Department, Costa Rica Institute of Technology, Cartago 7050, Costa Rica
| | - Sergio Arriola-Valverde
- Electronics Engineering Department, Costa Rica Institute of Technology, Cartago 7050, Costa Rica
| | - Mitzy Vado-Chacón
- Respiratory Therapy Department, Santa Paula University, San Jose 2633, Costa Rica
| | - Diego Sossa-Rojas
- Respiratory Therapy Department, Santa Paula University, San Jose 2633, Costa Rica
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Center of Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Dingchang Zheng
- Center of Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
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Garrett A, Kim B, Sie EJ, Gurel NZ, Marsili F, Boas DA, Roblyer D. Simultaneous photoplethysmography and blood flow measurements towards the estimation of blood pressure using speckle contrast optical spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1594-1607. [PMID: 37078049 PMCID: PMC10110303 DOI: 10.1364/boe.482740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive continuous blood pressure monitoring remains elusive. There has been extensive research using the photoplethysmographic (PPG) waveform for blood pressure estimation, but improvements in accuracy are still needed before clinical use. Here we explored the use of an emerging technique, speckle contrast optical spectroscopy (SCOS), for blood pressure estimation. SCOS provides measurements of both blood volume changes (PPG) and blood flow index (BFi) changes during the cardiac cycle, and thus provides a richer set of parameters compared to traditional PPG. SCOS measurements were taken on the finger and wrists of 13 subjects. We investigated the correlations between features extracted from both the PPG and BFi waveforms with blood pressure. Features from the BFi waveforms were more significantly correlated with blood pressure than PPG features ( R = - 0.55, p = 1.1 × 10-4 for the top BFi feature versus R = - 0.53, p = 8.4 × 10-4 for the top PPG feature). Importantly, we also found that features combining BFi and PPG data were highly correlated with changes in blood pressure ( R = - 0.59, p = 1.7 × 10-4 ). These results suggest that the incorporation of BFi measurements should be further explored as a means to improve blood pressure estimation using non-invasive optical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Garrett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Byungchan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Edbert J. Sie
- Reality Labs, Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Nil Z. Gurel
- Reality Labs, Meta Platforms Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - David A. Boas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Darren Roblyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Bonetta-Misteli F, Collins T, Pavek T, Carlgren M, Frolova A, Shmuylovich L, O'Brien CM. Development and evaluation of a wearable peripheral vascular compensation sensor in a swine model of hemorrhage. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.20.529156. [PMID: 36865173 PMCID: PMC9979989 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.20.529156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is both the leading and most preventable cause of maternal mortality. PPH is currently diagnosed through visual estimation of blood loss or vital sign analysis of shock index (ratio of heart rate to systolic blood pressure). Visual assessment underestimates blood loss, particularly in the setting of internal bleeding, and compensatory mechanisms stabilize hemodynamics until hemorrhage is massive, beyond the point of pharmaceutical intervention. Quantitative monitoring of hemorrhage-induced compensatory processes, such as the constriction of peripheral vessels to shunt blood to the central organs, may provide an early alert for PPH. To this end, we developed a low-cost, wearable optical device that continuously monitors peripheral perfusion via laser speckle flow index (LSFI) to detect hemorrhage-induced peripheral vasoconstriction. The device was first tested using flow phantoms across a range of physiologically relevant flow rates and demonstrated a linear response. Subsequent testing occurred in swine hemorrhage studies (n=6) by placing the device on the posterior side of the swine's front hock and withdrawing blood from the femoral vein at a constant rate. Resuscitation with intravenous crystalloids followed the induced hemorrhage. The mean LSFI vs. percent estimated blood volume loss had an average correlation coefficient of -0.95 during the hemorrhage phase and 0.79 during resuscitation, both of which were superior to the performance of the shock index. With continued development, this noninvasive, low-cost, and reusable device has global potential to provide an early alert of PPH when low-cost and accessible management strategies are most effective, helping to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality from this largely preventable problem.
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Herranz Olazabal J, Wieringa F, Hermeling E, Van Hoof C. Comparing Remote Speckle Plethysmography and Finger-Clip Photoplethysmography with Non-Invasive Finger Arterial Pressure Pulse Waves, Regarding Morphology and Arrival Time. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:bioengineering10010101. [PMID: 36671673 PMCID: PMC9854800 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal was to compare Speckle plethysmography (SPG) and Photoplethysmography (PPG) with non-invasive finger Arterial Pressure (fiAP) regarding Pulse Wave Morphology (PWM) and Pulse Arrival Time (PAT). METHODS Healthy volunteers (n = 8) were connected to a Non-Invasive Blood Pressure (NIBP) monitor providing fiAP pulse wave and PPG from a clinical transmission-mode SpO2 finger clip. Biopac recorded 3-lead ECG. A camera placed at a 25 cm distance recorded a video stream (100 fps) of a finger illuminated by a laser diode at 639 nm. A chest belt (Polar) monitored respiration. All signals were recorded simultaneously during episodes of spontaneous breathing and paced breathing. ANALYSIS Post-processing was performed in Matlab to obtain SPG and analyze the SPG, PPG and fiAP mean absolute deviations (MADs) on PWM, plus PAT modulation. RESULTS Across 2599 beats, the average fiAP MAD with PPG was 0.17 (0-1) and with SPG 0.09 (0-1). PAT derived from ECG-fiAP correlated as follows: 0.65 for ECG-SPG and 0.67 for ECG-PPG. CONCLUSION Compared to the clinical NIBP monitor fiAP reference, PWM from an experimental camera-derived non-contact reflective-mode SPG setup resembled fiAP significantly better than PPG from a simultaneously recorded clinical transmission-mode finger clip. For PAT values, no significant difference was found between ECG-SPG and ECG-PPG compared to ECG-fiAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Herranz Olazabal
- IMEC, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- IMEC NL, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fokko Wieringa
- IMEC NL, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chris Van Hoof
- IMEC, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Feng X, Geng M, Meng X, Zou D, Jin Z, Liu G, Zhou C, Ren Q, Lu Y. SGLSA: Sphygmus gated laser speckle angiography for microcirculation hemodynamics imaging. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2023; 103:102164. [PMID: 36563513 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2022.102164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hemodynamics imaging of the retinal microcirculation has been demonstrated to be potential access to evaluating ophthalmic diseases, cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, and metabolic diseases. However, existing structural and functional imaging techniques are insufficient in spatial or temporal resolution. The sphygmus gated laser speckle angiography (SGLSA) is proposed for structural and functional imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution. Compared with classic LSCI algorithms, SGLSA presents a much clearer perfusion image and higher signal-to-noise ratio pulsatility. The SGLSA algorithm also shows better performance on patients than traditional LSCI methods. The high spatiotemporal resolution provided by the SGLSA algorithm greatly enhances the ability of retinal microcirculation analysis, which makes up for the deficiency of the LSCI technology, and attaches great significance to retinal hemodynamic imaging, biomarker research, and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximeng Feng
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China; National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mufeng Geng
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China; National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangxi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Da Zou
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zi Jin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gangjun Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanqing Zhou
- College of Medical Instrument, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiushi Ren
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China; National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanye Lu
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China; National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China.
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Li CH, Ly FS, Woodhouse K, Chen J, Cheng Z, Santander T, Ashar N, Turki E, Yang HT, Miller M, Petzold L, Hansma PK. Dynamic Phase Extraction: Applications in Pulse Rate Variability. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2022; 47:213-222. [PMID: 35704121 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-022-09549-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pulse rate variability is a physiological parameter that has been extensively studied and correlated with many physical ailments. However, the phase relationship between inter-beat interval, IBI, and breathing has very rarely been studied. Develop a technique by which the phase relationship between IBI and breathing can be accurately and efficiently extracted from photoplethysmography (PPG) data. A program based on Lock-in Amplifier technology was written in Python to implement a novel technique, Dynamic Phase Extraction. It was tested using a breath pacer and a PPG sensor on 6 subjects who followed a breath pacer at varied breathing rates. The data were then analyzed using both traditional methods and the novel technique (Dynamic Phase Extraction) utilizing a breath pacer. Pulse data was extracted using a PPG sensor. Dynamic Phase Extraction (DPE) gave the magnitudes of the variation in IBI associated with breathing [Formula: see text] measured with photoplethysmography during paced breathing (with premature ventricular contractions, abnormal arrhythmias, and other artifacts edited out). [Formula: see text] correlated well with two standard measures of pulse rate variability: the Standard Deviation of the inter-beat interval (SDNN) (ρ = 0.911) and with the integrated value of the Power Spectral Density between 0.04 and 0.15 Hz (Low Frequency Power or LF Power) (ρ = 0.885). These correlations were comparable to the correlation between the SDNN and the LF Power (ρ = 0.877). In addition to the magnitude [Formula: see text], Dynamic Phase Extraction also gave the phase between the breath pacer and the changes in the inter-beat interval (IBI) due to respiratory sinus arrythmia (RSA), and correlated well with the phase extracted using a Fourier transform (ρ = 0.857). Dynamic Phase Extraction can extract both the phase between the breath pacer and the changes in IBI due to the respiratory sinus arrhythmia component of pulse rate variability ([Formula: see text], but is limited by needing a breath pacer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Li
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA.
| | - Franklin S Ly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Kegan Woodhouse
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - John Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Zhuowei Cheng
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Tyler Santander
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Nirmit Ashar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Elyes Turki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Henry T Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Michael Miller
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Linda Petzold
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Paul K Hansma
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA.,Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
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Almarshad MA, Islam MS, Al-Ahmadi S, BaHammam AS. Diagnostic Features and Potential Applications of PPG Signal in Healthcare: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10030547. [PMID: 35327025 PMCID: PMC8950880 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10030547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research indicates that Photoplethysmography (PPG) signals carry more information than oxygen saturation level (SpO2) and can be utilized for affordable, fast, and noninvasive healthcare applications. All these encourage the researchers to estimate its feasibility as an alternative to many expansive, time-wasting, and invasive methods. This systematic review discusses the current literature on diagnostic features of PPG signal and their applications that might present a potential venue to be adapted into many health and fitness aspects of human life. The research methodology is based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines 2020. To this aim, papers from 1981 to date are reviewed and categorized in terms of the healthcare application domain. Along with consolidated research areas, recent topics that are growing in popularity are also discovered. We also highlight the potential impact of using PPG signals on an individual’s quality of life and public health. The state-of-the-art studies suggest that in the years to come PPG wearables will become pervasive in many fields of medical practices, and the main domains include cardiology, respiratory, neurology, and fitness. Main operation challenges, including performance and robustness obstacles, are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Abdullah Almarshad
- Computer Science Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.I.); (S.A.-A.)
- Computer Science Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Computer Science Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.I.); (S.A.-A.)
| | - Saad Al-Ahmadi
- Computer Science Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.I.); (S.A.-A.)
| | - Ahmed S. BaHammam
- The University Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11324, Saudi Arabia;
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Torres-Arellano JM, Echeverría JC, Ávila-Vanzzini N, Springall R, Toledo A, Infante O, Bojalil R, Cossío-Aranda JE, Fajardo E, Lerma C. Cardiac Autonomic Response to Active Standing in Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2004. [PMID: 34067025 PMCID: PMC8124878 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10092004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic stenosis is a progressive heart valve disorder characterized by calcification of the leaflets. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis has been proposed for assessing the heart response to autonomic activity, which is documented to be altered in different cardiac diseases. The objective of the study was to evaluate changes of HRV in patients with aortic stenosis by an active standing challenge. Twenty-two volunteers without alterations in the aortic valve (NAV) and twenty-five patients diagnosed with moderate and severe calcific aortic valve stenosis (AVS) participated in this cross-sectional study. Ten minute electrocardiograms were performed in a supine position and in active standing positions afterwards, to obtain temporal, spectral, and scaling HRV indices: mean value of all NN intervals (meanNN), low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) bands spectral power, and the short-term scaling indices (α1 and αsign1). The AVS group showed higher values of LF, LF/HF and αsign1 compared with the NAV group at supine position. These patients also expressed smaller changes in meanNN, LF, HF, LF/HF, α1, and αsign1 between positions. In conclusion, we confirmed from short-term recordings that patients with moderate and severe calcific AVS have a decreased cardiac parasympathetic supine response and that the dynamic of heart rate fluctuations is modified compared to NAV subjects, but we also evidenced that they manifest reduced autonomic adjustments caused by the active standing challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Torres-Arellano
- Department of Electromechanical Instrumentation, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.M.T.-A.); (O.I.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Odontológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan C. Echeverría
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
| | - Nydia Ávila-Vanzzini
- Department of Outpatients Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (N.Á.-V.); (J.E.C.-A.); (E.F.)
| | - Rashidi Springall
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Andrea Toledo
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (R.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Oscar Infante
- Department of Electromechanical Instrumentation, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.M.T.-A.); (O.I.)
| | - Rafael Bojalil
- Department of Health Care, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico;
| | - Jorge E. Cossío-Aranda
- Department of Outpatients Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (N.Á.-V.); (J.E.C.-A.); (E.F.)
| | - Erika Fajardo
- Department of Outpatients Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (N.Á.-V.); (J.E.C.-A.); (E.F.)
| | - Claudia Lerma
- Department of Electromechanical Instrumentation, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.M.T.-A.); (O.I.)
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Razavi MK, Flanigan DPT, White SM, Rice TB. A Real-Time Blood Flow Measurement Device for Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2021; 32:453-458. [PMID: 33454181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility of a new optical device that measures peripheral blood flow as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this prospective study, 167 limbs of 90 patients (mean age, 76 y; 53% men) with suspected PAD were evaluated with the FlowMet device, which uses a new type of dynamic light-scattering technology to assess blood flow in real time. Measurements of magnitude and phasicity of blood flow were combined into a single-value flow-waveform score and compared vs ankle-brachial index (ABI), toe-brachial index (TBI), and clinical presentation of patients per Rutherford category (RC). Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to predict RC. Area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were compared among flow-waveform score, ABI, and TBI. RESULTS Qualitatively, the FlowMet waveforms were analogous to Doppler velocity measurements, and degradation of waveform phasicity and amplitude were observed with increasing PAD severity. Quantitatively, the flow, waveform, and composite flow-waveform scores decreased significantly with decreasing TBI. In predicting RC ≥ 4, the flow-waveform score (AUC = 0.83) showed a linear decrease with worsening patient symptoms and power comparable to that of TBI (AUC = 0.82) and better than that of ABI (AUC = 0.71). Optimal sensitivity and specificity pairs were found to be 56%/83%, 72%/81%, and 89%/74% for ABI, TBI, and flow-waveform score, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The technology tested in this pilot study showed a high predictive value for diagnosis of critical limb ischemia. The device showed promise as a diagnostic tool capable of providing clinical feedback in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood K Razavi
- Vascular & Interventional Specialists of Orange County, 1140 W. La Veta Ave., no. 850, Orange, CA 92868.
| | - D Preston T Flanigan
- Vascular & Interventional Specialists of Orange County, 1140 W. La Veta Ave., no. 850, Orange, CA 92868
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Bi R, Du Y, Singh G, Ho CJH, Zhang S, Attia ABE, Li X, Olivo M. Fast pulsatile blood flow measurement in deep tissue through a multimode detection fiber. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2020; 25:1-10. [PMID: 32406214 PMCID: PMC7219964 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.25.5.055003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Noninvasive in vivo fast pulsatile blood flow measurement in deep tissue is important because the blood flow waveform is correlated with physiological parameters, such as blood pressure and elasticity of blood vessels. Compromised blood flow may cause diseases, such as stroke, foot ulcer, and myocardial ischemia. There is great clinical demand for a portable and cost-effective device for noninvasive pulsatile blood flow measurement. AIM A diffuse-optics-based method, diffuse speckle pulsatile flowmetry (DSPF), was developed for fast measurement (∼300 Hz) of deep tissue blood flow noninvasively. To validate its performance, both a phantom experiment and in vivo demonstration were conducted. APPROACH Over the past two decades, single-mode fibers have been used as detection fibers in most diffuse-optics-based deep tissue blood flow measurement modalities. We used a multimode (MM) detection fiber with a core size of 200 μm for diffused speckle pattern detection. A background intensity correction algorithm was implemented for speckle contrast calculation. The MM detection fiber helped to achieve a level of deep tissue blood flow measurement similar to that of conventional modalities, such as diffuse correlation spectroscopy and diffuse speckle contrast analysis, but it increases the measurement rate of blood flow to 300 Hz. RESULTS The design and implementation of the DSPF system were introduced. The theory of the background intensity correction for the diffused speckle pattern detected by the MM fiber was explained. A flow phantom was built for validation of the performance of the DSPF system. An in vivo cuff-induced occlusion experiment was performed to demonstrate the capability of the proposed DSPF system. CONCLUSIONS An MM detection fiber can help to achieve fast (∼300 Hz) pulsatile blood flow measurement in the proposed DSPF method. The cost-effective device and the fiber-based flexible probe increase the usability of the DSPF system significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzhe Bi
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | - Yao Du
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiuting Li
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
| | - Malini Olivo
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore
- Address all correspondence to Malini Olivo, E-mail:
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Crouzet C, Wilson RH, Lee D, Bazrafkan A, Tromberg BJ, Akbari Y, Choi B. Dissociation of Cerebral Blood Flow and Femoral Artery Blood Pressure Pulsatility After Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation in a Rodent Model: Implications for Neurological Recovery. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e012691. [PMID: 31902319 PMCID: PMC6988151 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Impaired neurological function affects 85% to 90% of cardiac arrest (CA) survivors. Pulsatile blood flow may play an important role in neurological recovery after CA. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) pulsatility immediately, during, and after CA and resuscitation has not been investigated. We characterized the effects of asphyxial CA on short‐term (<2 hours after CA) CBF and femoral arterial blood pressure (ABP) pulsatility and studied their relationship to cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) and short‐term neuroelectrical recovery. Methods and Results Male rats underwent asphyxial CA followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A multimodal platform combining laser speckle imaging, ABP, and electroencephalography to monitor CBF, peripheral blood pressure, and brain electrophysiology, respectively, was used. CBF and ABP pulsatility and CVR were assessed during baseline, CA, and multiple time points after resuscitation. Neuroelectrical recovery, a surrogate for neurological outcome, was assessed using quantitative electroencephalography 90 minutes after resuscitation. We found that CBF pulsatility differs significantly from baseline at all experimental time points with sustained deficits during the 2 hours of postresuscitation monitoring, whereas ABP pulsatility was relatively unaffected. Alterations in CBF pulsatility were inversely correlated with changes in CVR, but ABP pulsatility had no association to CVR. Interestingly, despite small changes in ABP pulsatility, higher ABP pulsatility was associated with worse neuroelectrical recovery, whereas CBF pulsatility had no association. Conclusions Our results reveal, for the first time, that CBF pulsatility and CVR are significantly altered in the short‐term postresuscitation period after CA. Nevertheless, higher ABP pulsatility appears to be inversely associated with neuroelectrical recovery, possibly caused by impaired cerebral autoregulation and/or more severe global cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Crouzet
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic Irvine CA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering University of California Irvine CA.,University of California, Irvine Irvine CA
| | - Robert H Wilson
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic Irvine CA.,University of California, Irvine Irvine CA
| | - Donald Lee
- Department of Neurology University of California Irvine CA.,University of California, Irvine Irvine CA
| | - Afsheen Bazrafkan
- Department of Neurology University of California Irvine CA.,University of California, Irvine Irvine CA
| | - Bruce J Tromberg
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic Irvine CA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering University of California Irvine CA.,Department of Surgery University of California Irvine CA.,University of California, Irvine Irvine CA
| | - Yama Akbari
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic Irvine CA.,Department of Neurology University of California Irvine CA.,University of California, Irvine Irvine CA
| | - Bernard Choi
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic Irvine CA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering University of California Irvine CA.,Department of Surgery University of California Irvine CA.,Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology Irvine CA.,University of California, Irvine Irvine CA
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