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Zhao P, Wang J, Huang H, Chen Z, Wang H, Lin Q. Exosomes-based dual drug-loaded nanocarrier for targeted and multiple proliferative vitreoretinopathy therapy. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbae081. [PMID: 39040514 PMCID: PMC11262591 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a common cause of vision loss after retinal reattachment surgery and ocular trauma. The key pathogenic mechanisms of PVR development include the proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPEs) activated by the growth factors and cytokines after surgery. Although some drugs have been tried in PVR treatments as basic investigations, the limited efficacy remains an obstacle, which may be due to the single pharmacological action and lack of targeting. Herein, the anti-proliferative Daunorubicin and anti-inflammatory Dexamethasone were co-loaded in the RPEs-derived exosomes (Exos), obtaining an Exos-based dual drug-loaded nanocarrier (Exos@D-D), and used for multiple PVR therapy. Owing to the advantages of homologous Exos and the dual drug loading, Exos@D-D showed good RPEs targeting as well as improved uptake efficiency, and could inhibit the proliferation, migration, as well as EMT of RPEs effectively. The animal studies have also demonstrated that Exos@D-D effectively inhibits the production of proliferative membranes and prevents the further development of inflammation, shows significant therapeutic effects on PVR and good biocompatibility. Such Exos-based dual drug-loaded nanocarrier investigation not only provides a promising approach for multifunctional exosome drug delivery systems construction, but also has great potential in PVR clinical therapy application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Huiying Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zhirong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Hui Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Quankui Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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Young AP, Szczesniak AM, Hsu K, Kelly ME, Denovan-Wright EM. Enantiomeric Agonists of the Type 2 Cannabinoid Receptor Reduce Retinal Damage during Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy and Inhibit Hyperactive Microglia In Vitro. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1348-1363. [PMID: 38751621 PMCID: PMC11091991 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and propagate inflammation following damage to the CNS, including the retina. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a condition that can emerge following retinal detachment and is characterized by severe inflammation and microglial proliferation. The type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2) is an emerging pharmacological target to suppress microglial-mediated inflammation when the eyes or brain are damaged. CB2-knockout mice have exacerbated inflammation and retinal pathology during experimental PVR. We aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of CB2 stimulation in the context of retinal damage and also explore the mechanistic roles of CB2 in microglia function. To target CB2, we used a highly selective agonist, HU-308, as well as its enantiomer, HU-433, which is a putative selective agonist. First, β-arrestin2 and Gαi recruitment was measured to compare activation of human CB2 in an in vitro heterologous expression system. Both agonists were then utilized in a mouse model of PVR, and the effects on retinal damage, inflammation, and cell death were assessed. Finally, we used an in vitro model of microglia to determine the effects of HU-308 and HU-433 on phagocytosis, cytokine release, migration, and intracellular signaling. We observed that HU-308 more strongly recruited both β-arrestin2 and Gαi compared to HU-433. Stimulation of CB2 with either drug effectively blunted LPS- and IFNγ-mediated signaling as well as NO and TNF release from microglia. Furthermore, both drugs reduced IL-6 accumulation, total caspase-3 cleavage, and retinal pathology following the induction of PVR. Ultimately, this work supports that CB2 is a valuable target for drugs to suppress inflammation and cell death associated with infection or sterile retinopathy, although the magnitude of effector recruitment may not be predictive of anti-inflammatory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Young
- Department
of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Anna-Maria Szczesniak
- Department
of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Karolynn Hsu
- Department
of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Melanie E.M. Kelly
- Department
of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department
of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department
of Anesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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3
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Li H, Li B, Zheng Y. Role of microglia/macrophage polarisation in intraocular diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med 2024; 53:45. [PMID: 38551157 PMCID: PMC10998719 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2024.5369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages form a crucial component of the innate immune system, and their activation is indispensable for various aspects of immune and inflammatory processes, tissue repair, and maintenance of the balance of the body's state. Macrophages are found in all ocular tissues, spanning from the front surface, including the cornea, to the posterior pole, represented by the choroid/sclera. The neural retina is also populated by specialised resident macrophages called microglia. The plasticity of microglia/macrophages allows them to adopt different activation states in response to changes in the tissue microenvironment. When exposed to various factors, microglia/macrophages polarise into distinct phenotypes, each exhibiting unique characteristics and roles. Furthermore, extensive research has indicated a close association between microglia/macrophage polarisation and the development and reversal of various intraocular diseases. The present article provides a review of the recent findings on the association between microglia/macrophage polarisation and ocular pathological processes (including autoimmune uveitis, optic neuritis, sympathetic ophthalmia, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, subretinal fibrosis, uveal melanoma, ischaemic optic neuropathy, retinopathy of prematurity and choroidal neovascularization). The paradoxical role of microglia/macrophage polarisation in retinopathy of prematurity is also discussed. Several studies have shown that microglia/macrophages are involved in the pathology of ocular diseases. However, it is required to further explore the relevant mechanisms and regulatory processes. The relationship between the functional diversity displayed by microglia/macrophage polarisation and intraocular diseases may provide a new direction for the treatment of intraocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Li
- School of Opthalmology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Biao Li
- School of Opthalmology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Yanlin Zheng
- School of Opthalmology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
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Xu J, Davoudi S, Yoon J, Chen X, Siegel NH, Subramanian ML, Ness S. Effect of race and ethnicity on surgical outcomes for rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024; 59:102-108. [PMID: 36610705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of socioeconomic and demographic factors on outcomes in rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs). DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS A total of 71 white and 124 black and/or Hispanic patients who had surgical repair of RRDs between October 2013 and September 2021 at a single-centre safety net hospital. Main outcomes were single surgery success rates (SSSR) and postoperative visual acuity at 6-month and final follow-up. RESULTS Black and (or) Hispanic patients were significantly younger (black and [or] Hispanic, 50.7 years vs white, 57.6 years; p = 0.003), had lower mean household incomes (black and [or] Hispanic, $80,932 vs white, $92,911; p = 0.007), were more likely to have more than 1 retinal break (black and [or] Hispanic, 65% vs white, 49%; p = 0.04), and had higher rates of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) at presentation (black and [or] Hispanic, 35% vs white, 18%; p = 0.02). SSSR was similar (black and [or] Hispanic, 73.4% vs white, 73.2%; p = 0.98), but black and (or) Hispanic patients had worse visual acuity postoperatively (black and [or] Hispanic, 20/63 vs white, 20/40 at final follow-up; p = 0.03). While race was linked to visual outcome in univariate testing; multivariate analysis revealed only macula status (p = 0.007 at 6 months; p = 0.01 at final follow-up), presence of PVR (p < 0.001 at both time points), and SSSR (p = 0.003 at final follow-up) as predictors of worse visual outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative factors such as higher rates of PVR may contribute to worse vision outcomes in black and (or) Hispanic patients undergoing surgical repair for RRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Samaneh Davoudi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Jamie Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Xuejing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Nicole H Siegel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Manju L Subramanian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Steven Ness
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
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Santiago CP, Gimmen MY, Lu Y, McNally MM, Duncan LH, Creamer TJ, Orzolek LD, Blackshaw S, Singh MS. Comparative Analysis of Single-cell and Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing in a Rabbit Model of Retinal Detachment-related Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2023; 3:100335. [PMID: 37496518 PMCID: PMC10365955 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2023.100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the most common cause of failure of retinal reattachment surgery, and the molecular changes leading to this aberrant wound healing process are currently unknown. Our ultimate goal is to study PVR pathogenesis by employing single-cell transcriptomics to dissect cellular heterogeneity. Design Here we aimed to compare single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-nucleus RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) of retinal PVR samples in the rabbit model. Participants Unilateral induction of PVR lesions in rabbit eyes with contralateral eyes serving as controls. Methods Proliferative vitreoretinopathy was induced unilaterally in Dutch Belted rabbits. At different timepoints after PVR induction, retinas were dissociated into either cells or nuclei suspension and processed for scRNA-seq or snRNA-seq. Main Outcome Measures Single cell and nuclei transcriptomic profiles of retinas after PVR induction. Results Single-cell RNA sequencing and snRNA-seq were conducted on retinas at 4 hours and 14 days after disease induction. Although the capture rate of unique molecular identifiers and genes were greater in scRNA-seq samples, overall gene expression profiles of individual cell types were highly correlated between scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq. A major disparity between the 2 sequencing modalities was the cell type capture rate, however, with glial cell types overrepresented in scRNA-seq, and inner retinal neurons were enriched by snRNA-seq. Furthermore, fibrotic Müller glia were overrepresented in snRNA-seq samples, whereas reactive Müller glia were overrepresented in scRNA-seq samples. Trajectory analyses were similar between the 2 methods, allowing for the combined analysis of the scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq data sets. Conclusions These findings highlight limitations of both scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq analysis and imply that use of both techniques together can more accurately identify transcriptional networks critical for aberrant fibrogenesis in PVR than using either in isolation. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton P. Santiago
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Megan Y. Gimmen
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yuchen Lu
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Minda M. McNally
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Leighton H. Duncan
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tyler J. Creamer
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Linda D. Orzolek
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mandeep S. Singh
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Peterson C, Lu Y, Santiago CP, Price AC, McNally MM, Schubert W, Nassar K, Zollner T, Blackshaw S, Eberhart CG, Singh MS. Transition to Chronic Fibrosis in an Animal Model of Retinal Detachment With Features of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:39. [PMID: 38153753 PMCID: PMC10756252 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.15.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the most common cause of failure of surgically repaired rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Chemically induced and cell injection PVR models do not fully simulate the clinical characteristics of PVR in the post-RRD context. There is an unmet need for translational models in which to study mechanisms and treatments specific to RRD-PVR. Methods RRD was induced in adult Dutch Belted rabbits. Posterior segments were fixed or processed for RNA sequencing at 6 hours and 2, 7, 14, and 35 days after induction. Histochemical staining and immunolabeling for glial fibrillary acidic protein, alpha smooth muscle actin, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, CD68, and RPE 65 kDa protein were performed, and labeling intensity was scored. Single cell RNA sequencing was performed. Results Acute histopathological changes included intravitreal and intraretinal hemorrhage, leukocytic vitritis, chorioretinitis, and retinal rarefaction. Chronic lesions showed retinal atrophy, gliosis, fibrotic subretinal membranes, and epiretinal fibrovascular proliferation. Fibrillar collagen was present in the fibrocellular and fibrovascular membranes in chronic lesions. Moderate to strong labeling of glia and vasculature was detected in chronic lesions. At day 14, most cells profiled by single cell sequencing were identified as Mϋller glia and microglia, consistent with immunolabeling. Expression of several fibrillar collagen genes was upregulated in chronic lesions. Conclusions Histological and transcriptional features of this rabbit model simulate important features of human RRD-PVR, including the transition to chronic intraretinal and periretinal fibrosis. This animal model of RRD with features of PVR will enable further research on targeted treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Peterson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yuchen Lu
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Clayton P. Santiago
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Antoinette C. Price
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Minda M. McNally
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | | | | | | | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Charles G. Eberhart
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Mandeep S. Singh
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Wong CW, Cheung N, Howden JS, Busoy JMF, Sim S, Lim J, Ho C, Veluchamy AB, Storm G, Wong TT. Evaluation of a steroid delivery system to mitigate the severity of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in a minipig model. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1222689. [PMID: 38982997 PMCID: PMC11182131 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1222689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the efficacy of liposomal prednisolone phosphate to mitigate the severity of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in a minipig model of PVR. Methods A total of 18 eyes of 9 minipigs underwent PVR induction surgically. Eyes were randomized equally into three groups: intravitreal injection of liposomal prednisolone phosphate (LPP), triamcinolone acetonide (TA), and controls. PVR severity was graded on fundoscopic examination using a modified version of the Silicon Study Classification System. Severe PVR was defined as grade 2-5 on this classification, and the proportion of eyes with retinal detachment from severe PVR, defined as retinal re-detachment, i.e., PVR grade 2-5, was compared between treatment and control groups. Results On day 28, five eyes (83.3%) in the control group were observed to have severe PVR. Within the LPP group, one (16.7%) eye developed retinal detachment due to severe PVR. Grade 0 PVR was observed in four (66.7%) eyes, grade 1 in one (16.7%) eye, and grade 5 in one (16.7%) eye. Within the TA group, grade 0 PVR was observed in four eyes (66.7%), grade 1 in two eyes (16.6%), and grade 5 in one (16.7%) eye. The difference in the proportion of eyes with severe PVR was significantly lower in the LPP group compared to controls at day 28 (16.7% vs 83.3%, p=0.02). There was no significant difference in the rate of severe PVR or median PVR grade between the liposomal prednisolone phosphate and triamcinolone acetonide groups. Conclusion Liposomal prednisolone phosphate reduces the severity of PVR in a minipig model of PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wai Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre (SNEC), Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ning Cheung
- Singapore National Eye Centre (SNEC), Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Shaun Sim
- Singapore National Eye Centre (SNEC), Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua Lim
- Singapore National Eye Centre (SNEC), Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Candice Ho
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tina T. Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre (SNEC), Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
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Lange C, Tetzner R, Strunz T, Rittenhouse KD. Aflibercept Suppression of angiopoietin-2 in a Rabbit Retinal Vascular Hyperpermeability Model. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:17. [PMID: 37191621 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.5.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies, which attenuate the capacity of VEGF to bind to VEGF receptors, are standard-of-care options for various retinal disorders that are characterized by pathologic retinal angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Multiple receptors and ligands have also been reported as being involved in these pathways, including angiopoietin-1 (ANG1) and angiopoietin-2 (ANG2). Methods Electrochemiluminescence immunoassays were used to detect human VEGF (hVEGF), as well as rabbit ANG2 and basic fibroblast growth factor protein levels in vitreous samples derived from a study evaluating the efficacy of the anti-VEGF agents ranibizumab, aflibercept, and brolucizumab in an hVEGF165-induced rabbit retinal vascular hyperpermeability model. Results hVEGF was completely suppressed in rabbit vitreous after anti-VEGF treatment for 28 days. ANG2 protein in vitreous and ANGPT2 mRNA in retina tissue were similarly suppressed, although the anti-VEGF agents do not directly bind to ANG2. Aflibercept demonstrated the greatest inhibitory effect in ANG2 levels in vitreous, which correlated with strong, durable suppression of intraocular hVEGF levels. Conclusions This study explored the effects of anti-VEGF therapies beyond direct binding of VEGF by evaluating protein levels and the expression of target genes involved in angiogenesis and associated molecular mechanisms in the rabbit retina and choroid. Translational Relevance In vivo data suggest that anti-VEGF agents currently used for the treatment of retinal diseases could provide beneficial effects beyond direct binding of VEGF, including suppression of ANG2 protein and ANGPT2 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lange
- Research & Development, Precision Medicine Markers, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
- https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7570-0261
| | - Reimo Tetzner
- Research & Development, Biosample Operation Management and Assay Technologies, Bayer AG, Berlin, Germany
- https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9549-7731
| | - Tobias Strunz
- Research & Development, Biomedical Data Science II, Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany
- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3744-9595
| | - Kay D Rittenhouse
- Medical Affairs, Bayer Consumer Care AG, Basel, Switzerland
- https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7503-5759
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Lumi X, Confalonieri F, Ravnik-Glavač M, Goričar K, Blagus T, Dolžan V, Petrovski G, Hawlina M, Glavač D. Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Gene Variability in Retinal Detachment Patients with and without Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040804. [PMID: 37107562 PMCID: PMC10137369 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the association between certain genetic variations and the risk of developing proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) after surgery. The study was conducted on 192 patients with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) who underwent 3-port pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). The distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in genes involved in inflammation and oxidative stress associated with PVR pathways were analyzed among patients with and without postoperative PVR grade C1 or higher. A total of 7 defined SNPs of 5 genes were selected for genotyping: rs4880 (SOD2); rs1001179 (CAT); rs1050450 (GPX1); rs1143623, rs16944, rs1071676 (IL1B); rs2910164 (MIR146A) using competitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. The association of SNPs with PVR risk was evaluated using logistic regression. Furthermore, the possible association of SNPs with postoperative clinical parameters was evaluated using non-parametric tests. The difference between two genotype frequencies between patients with or without PVR grade C1 or higher was found to be statistically significant: SOD2 rs4880 and IL1B rs1071676. Carriers of at least one polymorphic IL1B rs1071676 GG allele appeared to have better postoperative best-corrected visual acuity only in patients without PVR (p = 0.070). Our study suggests that certain genetic variations may play a role in the development of PVR after surgery. These findings may have important implications for identifying patients at higher risk for PVR and developing new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xhevat Lumi
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (X.L.); (M.H.)
- Center for Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (F.C.); (G.P.)
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Filippo Confalonieri
- Center for Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (F.C.); (G.P.)
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Metka Ravnik-Glavač
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.R.-G.); (K.G.); (T.B.); (V.D.)
| | - Katja Goričar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.R.-G.); (K.G.); (T.B.); (V.D.)
| | - Tanja Blagus
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.R.-G.); (K.G.); (T.B.); (V.D.)
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.R.-G.); (K.G.); (T.B.); (V.D.)
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Center for Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (F.C.); (G.P.)
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Split, University Hospital Centre, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marko Hawlina
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (X.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Damjan Glavač
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Center for Human Genetics & Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Experimental Models to Study Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054509. [PMID: 36901938 PMCID: PMC10003383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinal diseases (PVDs) encompass proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), epiretinal membranes, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. These vision-threatening diseases are characterized by the development of proliferative membranes above, within and/or below the retina following epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and/or endothelial-mesenchymal transition of endothelial cells. As surgical peeling of PVD membranes remains the sole therapeutic option for patients, development of in vitro and in vivo models has become essential to better understand PVD pathogenesis and identify potential therapeutic targets. The in vitro models range from immortalized cell lines to human pluripotent stem-cell-derived RPE and primary cells subjected to various treatments to induce EMT and mimic PVD. In vivo PVR animal models using rabbit, mouse, rat, and swine have mainly been obtained through surgical means to mimic ocular trauma and retinal detachment, and through intravitreal injection of cells or enzymes to induce EMT and investigate cell proliferation and invasion. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the usefulness, advantages, and limitations of the current models available to investigate EMT in PVD.
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11
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Pao SI, Lin LT, Chen YH, Chen CL, Chen JT. MicroRNA-4516 suppresses proliferative vitreoretinopathy development via negatively regulating OTX1. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270526. [PMID: 35771766 PMCID: PMC9246108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) progression is associated with TGF-β2-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. In cancer cells, miR-4516 downregulates orthodenticle homeobox 1 (OTX1)-mediated cell invasion. Moreover, OTX1 is shown to be involved in invasion and EMT. The purpose of this study was to assess whether microRNA (miR-4516) suppresses EMT in RPE cells. EMT features were assessed using Western blotting, immunocytochemical staining, scratch-wound healing, modified Boyden chamber assay, and collagen gel contraction assay. For in vivo testing, a rabbit model was used, which involved induction of PVR by injection of transfected spontaneously arising RPE (ARPE) cells into the vitreous chamber. The putative target of miR-4516 was identified by luciferase reporter assay. Results showed that TGF-β2-induced transdifferentiation and migration of RPE cells was inhibited by miR-4516 delivery. Overexpression of miR-4516 led to upregulation of zonula occludens-1, downregulation of α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin, and cell contractility—all EMT features—in the TGF-β2-treated ARPE-19 cells. MiR-4516 regulated OTX1 expression negatively by binding to its 3’-UTR. TGF-β2-induced phosphorylated ERK was inhibited in miR-4516-overexpressing ARPE-19 cells. MiR-4516 suppressed experimental PVR in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, the overexpression of miR-4516 suppresses TGF-β2-induced EMT in a PVR model, and its role in PVR depends on OTX1/ERK. Further research is needed to develop a feasible treatment method to prevent and treat PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-I Pao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Le-Tien Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Long Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Torng Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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12
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Poznyak AV, Bezsonov EE, Popkova TV, Starodubova AV, Orekhov AN. Vaccination against Atherosclerosis: Is It Real? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052417. [PMID: 35269559 PMCID: PMC8910641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has been known in medicine for several centuries. As early as 1755, the Swedish anatomist Albrecht von Haller used the term "atheroma" to describe vascular lesions. Atherosclerosis may originate from an unbalanced diet or bad habits, and is mainly found in developed countries. Clinical trials have been conducted to establish the causes of atherosclerosis, and also to develop treatments for this disease. However, prevention of the disease has always been better than treatment, so vaccination may be the key to saving thousands of lives. The creation of a vaccine may be directly related to the study of autoimmune processes occurring in the body, immunity. This review considers the issues related to the involvement of the immune response in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Modern concepts of atherogenesis, immune inflammation in atherosclerosis, and potential vaccine targets are also discussed. There is a particular focus on experimental and clinical data supporting the development of immune therapies to reduce cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Evgeny E. Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8 Izmailovsky Boulevard, 105043 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Popkova
- V.A. Nasonova Institute of Rheumatology, 34A Kashirskoye Shosse, 115522 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Antonina V. Starodubova
- Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 2/14 Ustinsky Passage, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
- Medical Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
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13
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The Role of Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Agents in Rabbit Eye Model of Open-Globe Injury. J Ophthalmol 2021; 2021:5565178. [PMID: 33953964 PMCID: PMC8064804 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5565178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the effects of intravitreal anti-VEGF agents in a rabbit model of open-globe injury (OGI). Methods OGI was induced in the right eyes of 75 Belgian rabbits by making 5 mm circumferential incision placed 6 mm behind the limbus. The rabbits were divided into 4 groups: control (n = 5), OGI group (n = 40), and intravitreal Ranibizumab and Conbercept (n = 15 each). Ranibizumab or Conbercept was injected into the vitreous at 0.5 hours, 3 days, or 7 days. Vitreous fluid was collected, and levels of growth factors and cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). On day 28 after OGI, B scan examination and histological examination were performed to evaluate intravitreal proliferation and formation of epiretinal fibrosis. Results Vitreous levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were significantly increased in rabbit eyes after OGI. Compared to eyes in OGI group, anti-VEGF treatments significantly reduced these growth factors and cytokines. Among the 7 eyes examined from each group for intravitreal proliferative changes, they were found in 7 of 7 (100%) in OGI group and were decreased by Ranibizumab and Conbercept to 5 of 7 (71.4%) and 4 of 7 (57.1%), respectively. Both Ranibizumab and Conbercept inhibited epiretinal scar formation at the wound site, with Conbercept showing the greatest effect (maximal length of scar (L), LOGI = 503 ± 82.44 μm, LRanibizumab = 355 ± 43.66 μm, and LConbercept = 250.33 ± 36.02 μm). Conclusion Anti-VEGF treatments after OGI significantly attenuated the upregulation of growth factors and cytokines in the vitreous and prevented intravitreal proliferation and epiretinal scar formation and thus may protect against the development of posttraumatic complications such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR).
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14
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Najjar RP, Chao De La Barca JM, Barathi VA, Ho CEH, Lock JZ, Muralidharan AR, Tan RKY, Dhand C, Lakshminarayanan R, Reynier P, Milea D. Ocular growth and metabolomics are dependent upon the spectral content of ambient white light. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7586. [PMID: 33828194 PMCID: PMC8026599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia results from an excessive axial growth of the eye, causing abnormal projection of remote images in front of the retina. Without adequate interventions, myopia is forecasted to affect 50% of the world population by 2050. Exposure to outdoor light plays a critical role in preventing myopia in children, possibly through the brightness and blue-shifted spectral composition of sunlight, which lacks in artificial indoor lighting. Here, we evaluated the impact of moderate levels of ambient standard white (SW: 233.1 lux, 3900 K) and blue-enriched white (BEW: 223.8 lux, 9700 K) lights on ocular growth and metabolomics in a chicken-model of form-deprivation myopia. Compared to SW light, BEW light decreased aberrant ocular axial elongation and accelerated recovery from form-deprivation. Furthermore, the metabolomic profiles in the vitreous and retinas of recovering form-deprived eyes were distinct from control eyes and were dependent on the spectral content of ambient light. For instance, exposure to BEW light was associated with deep lipid remodeling and metabolic changes related to energy production, cell proliferation, collagen turnover and nitric oxide metabolism. This study provides new insight on light-dependent modulations in ocular growth and metabolomics. If replicable in humans, our findings open new potential avenues for spectrally-tailored light-therapy strategies for myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond P Najjar
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore. .,The Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Juan Manuel Chao De La Barca
- Département de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche MITOVASC, CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Veluchamy A Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,The Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Royston K Y Tan
- Department of Ocular Bio-Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chetna Dhand
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | | | - Pascal Reynier
- Département de Biochimie et Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers, France.,Unité Mixte de Recherche MITOVASC, CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Dan Milea
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore. .,The Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. .,Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore, Singapore.
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Uslubas I, Kanli A, Kasap M, Akpinar G, Karabas L. Effect of aflibercept on proliferative vitreoretinopathy: Proteomic analysis in an experimental animal model. Exp Eye Res 2021; 203:108425. [PMID: 33417914 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to monitor inflammatory, proliferative and progressive effects of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and aflibercept treatment in dispase induced PVR rat model by proteomic analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 35 male Long Evans pigmented rats were divided into three groups, namely, PVR (dispase+saline), PVR+aflibercept (dispase+aflibercept) and control. The PVR group received 2 μl of 0.03 IU/μl dispase and 2 μl saline, the PVR+aflibercept group received 2 μl of 0.03 IU/μl and 2 μl of 40 mg/ml aflibercept at the first day of the experiment. At the end of the 6th week all retina and vitreous specimens were collected by evisceration and transferred to the proteomics laboratory for analysis. Proteomic analysis by 2D gel electrophoresis coupled with MALDI-TOF/TOF was performed. RESULTS In the PVR and PVR+aflibercept group 16 different proteins that were identified to be differentially regulated in comparison to the control group. In the PVR+aflibercept group, ENO1, ENO2, LDH-B, PEBP-1 and GS levels were higher than the PVR group. In addition, the association of proteins such as UCHL, PEBP1, PDHB and ENO1 with PVR has been demonstrated for the first time. CONCLUSION STRING analysis elucidated the functional protein-protein interaction among the differentially regulated proteins and highlighted that those proteins mainly played roles in carbon and nucleotide metabolisms. Functional analysis of the differentially regulated proteins indicated the presence of inflammation, gliosis and retinal damage in the PVR group. Aflibercept treatment had pronounced effect on prevention of inflammation and retinal damage while causing a slight increase in gliosis. However, aflibercept treatment was not effective enough to normalize the levels of differentially regulated proteins of the PVR group. Therefore, we predict that the treatment dose of aflibercept used in this study was below of its ideal concentration and should be increased in the future studies. The differential regulation of these structural proteins in this study should shed some light to the mechanism of glial wound formation in the retina and guide future treatment modalities.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Endopeptidases/toxicity
- Eye Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Proteome/metabolism
- Proteomics
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/therapeutic use
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative/chemically induced
- Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative/drug therapy
- Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Isil Uslubas
- Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Turkey.
| | - Aylin Kanli
- Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Turkey
| | - Murat Kasap
- Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Turkey
| | - Gurler Akpinar
- Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Turkey
| | - Levent Karabas
- Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Turkey
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Wong CW, Busoy JMF, Cheung N, Barathi VA, Storm G, Wong TT. Endogenous or Exogenous Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: A Comparison of Two Experimental Animal Models of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:46. [PMID: 32934896 PMCID: PMC7463202 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.9.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a blinding condition that can occur following ocular penetrating injury and retinal detachment. To develop effective therapeutics for PVR, it is imperative to establish an animal model that is reproducible, closest in anatomy to the human eye, and most representative of the human disease. We compared two in vivo models of PVR in minipig eyes to assess reproducibility and consistency. Methods Six minipigs underwent PVR induction with procedure A and six underwent procedure B. In both procedures, PVR was induced with vitrectomy, bleb retinal detachment, retinotomy, and injection of platelet-rich plasma. In procedure A, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells were harvested from cadaveric pig eyes and injected at the end of surgery. In procedure B, native RPE cells were released into the vitreous cavity by creating a RPE detachment and scraping the RPE layer. PVR severity was graded on fundoscopic examination with a modified Silicone Study Classification System for PVR. Severe PVR was defined as stages 2 to 5. Results Three eyes (50%) and five eyes (83.3%) developed re-detachment of the retina from severe PVR in procedures A and B, respectively (P = 0.55). Median PVR stage was higher in eyes that underwent procedure B compared to eyes that underwent procedure A, although the difference was not statistically significant (2.5 vs. 1.5, P = 0.26). Conclusions This new model utilizing native RPE cells achieved a high consistency in inducing severe PVR in the minipig. Translational Relevance Our model closely follows pathogenic events in human PVR, making it ideal for preclinical testing of novel therapeutics for PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wai Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Ning Cheung
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tina T Wong
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
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