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Fukasawa T, Enomoto A, Yoshizaki-Ogawa A, Sato S, Miyagawa K, Yoshizaki A. The Role of Mammalian STK38 in DNA Damage Response and Targeting for Radio-Sensitization. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072054. [PMID: 37046714 PMCID: PMC10093458 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases, found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, play essential roles in a multitude of cellular processes, including cell division, proliferation, apoptosis, and signal transduction. STK38 is a member of the protein kinase A (PKA)/PKG/PKC family implicated in regulating cell division and morphogenesis in yeast and C. elegans. However, its function remained largely unknown in mammals. In recent years, advances in research on STK38 and the identification of its substrates has led to a better understanding of its function and role in mammals. This review discusses the structure, expression, and regulation of activity as a kinase, its role in the DNA damage response, cross-talk with other signaling pathways, and its application for radio-sensitization.
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Enomoto A, Fukasawa T. The role of calcium-calpain pathway in hyperthermia. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 2:1005258. [PMID: 39086981 PMCID: PMC11285567 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2022.1005258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Hyperthermia is a promising anticancer treatment modality. Heat stress stimulates proteolytic machineries to regulate cellular homeostasis. Calpain, an intracellular calcium (Ca2+)-dependent cysteine protease, is a modulator that governs various cellular functions. Hyperthermia induces an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ levels and triggers calpain activation. Contrastingly, pre-exposure of cells to mild hyperthermia induces thermotolerance due to the presence of cellular homeostatic processes such as heat shock response and autophagy. Recent studies suggest that calpain is a potential key molecule that links autophagy and apoptosis. In this review, we briefly introduce the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, basic features of calpains with their implications in cancer, immune responses, and the roles and cross-talk of calpains in cellular protection and cell death in hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Enomoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takemichi Fukasawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Involvement of Molecular Mechanisms between T/B Cells and IL-23: From Palmoplantar Pustulosis to Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158261. [PMID: 35897837 PMCID: PMC9332852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) is a disease that causes recurrent blisters and aseptic pustules on the palms and soles. It has been suggested that both innate and acquired immunity are involved. In particular, based on the tonsils and basic experiments, it has been assumed that T and B cells are involved in its pathogenesis. In addition, the results of clinical trials have suggested that IL-23 is closely related to the pathogenesis. This review describes PPP and the genetic background, the factors involved in the onset and exacerbation of disease and its relation to the molecular mechanism. In addition, we describe the usefulness of biological therapy and its implications in relation to the importance in pathology, the pathogenesis of PPP, the importance of the role of the IL-23-Th17 axis and IL-36 in PPP. Furthermore, we describe an animal experimental model of PPP, the efficacy and mechanism of action of guselkumab, an anti-IL-23 antibody, the latest research, and finally the possibility for it to be effective for other autoimmune diseases.
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Fukasawa T, Yoshizaki-Ogawa A, Enomoto A, Miyagawa K, Sato S, Yoshizaki A. Pharmacotherapy of Itch-Antihistamines and Histamine Receptors as G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6579. [PMID: 35743023 PMCID: PMC9223628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Itching can decrease quality of life and exacerbate skin symptoms due to scratching. Itching not only contributes to disease progression but also triggers complications such as skin infections and eye symptoms. Therefore, controlling itching is very important in therapeutic management. In addition to the well-known histamine, IL-31, IL-4 and IL-13 have recently been reported as factors that induce itching. Itching may also be caused by factors other than these histamines. However, we do not know the extent to which these factors are involved in each disease. In addition, the degree of involvement is likely to vary among individuals. To date, antihistamines have been widely used to treat itching and are often effective, suggesting that histamine is more or less involved in itchy diseases. This review discusses the ligand-receptor perspective and describes the dynamics of G protein-coupled receptors, their role as biased agonists, their role as inverse agonists, proactive antihistamine therapy, and drug selection with consideration of impaired performance and anti-PAF effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takemichi Fukasawa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (T.F.); (A.Y.-O.); (S.S.)
| | - Asako Yoshizaki-Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (T.F.); (A.Y.-O.); (S.S.)
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (A.E.); (K.M.)
| | - Kiyoshi Miyagawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (A.E.); (K.M.)
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (T.F.); (A.Y.-O.); (S.S.)
| | - Ayumi Yoshizaki
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (T.F.); (A.Y.-O.); (S.S.)
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Enomoto A, Fukasawa T, Terunuma H, Nakagawa K, Yoshizaki A, Sato S, Miyagawa K. Decrease in MAP3Ks expression enhances the cell death caused by hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2022; 39:200-208. [PMID: 35042442 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2021.2024281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyperthermia is a promising anticancer treatment modality. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the thermal sensitivity of tumor cells is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to clarify how biochemical changes triggered by heat stimulate antitumor activity. METHODS AND MATERIALS The expression levels of various MAPK members in HeLa cells with or without hyperthermia were evaluated by western blotting and RT-PCR. The intracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]i was monitored by digital imaging using CaTM-2 AM. An in vitro cleavage assay was used to determine whether calcium-dependent protease calpain cleaves MAPK components. Cell proliferation and clonogenicity were assessed in the absence or presence of siRNAs targeting MAPK members. RESULTS Hyperthermia decreased the levels of MAP3K TAK1, RAF1 and MEKK2 but not of the downstream MAP2K and MAPK members. The hyperthermia-induced degradation of TAK1 and MEKK2 was rescued by either the proteasome inhibitor MG132 or the calpain inhibitor ALLN; however, RAF1 was not affected by the inhibitors. Heat induced down regulation of RAF1. Hyperthermia increased [Ca2+]i and calpain I expression. The calcium ionophore A23187 decreased TAK1 and MEKK2 levels. An in vitro cleavage assay demonstrated that TAK1 and MEKK2 are calpain I substrates. Knockdown of TAK1, RAF1 and MEKK2 suppressed cell proliferation and clonogenicity. CONCLUSIONS Hyperthermia decreased the levels of MAP3K TAK1, RAF1 and MEKK2, without reduction of the downstream components in the MAP3K-MAP2K-MAPK cascade, by a calpain-dependent degradation pathway or transcriptional regulation. TAK1, RAF1 and/or MEKK2 play crucial roles in cell proliferation and clonogenicity and are potential molecular targets for hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Enomoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takemichi Fukasawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Keiichi Nakagawa
- Comprehensive Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yoshizaki
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Miyagawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Hishida S, Kawakami K, Fujita Y, Kato T, Takai M, Iinuma K, Nakane K, Tsuchiya T, Koie T, Miura Y, Ito M, Mizutani K. Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles identified PI3K pathway as a potential therapeutic target for cabazitaxel-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2021; 81:592-602. [PMID: 33905554 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cabazitaxel (CBZ) is now widely used for prostate cancer (PC) patients resistant to docetaxel (DOC), however, most patients eventually acquire resistance. It will, therefore, be of great benefit to discover novel therapeutic target for the resistance. We aimed to identify candidate therapeutic targets for CBZ-resistance by proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from serum of DOC-resistant PC patients who later developed CBZ-resistance as well as those harvested from culture medium of DOC- and CBZ-resistant PC cell lines. METHODS Using T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing protein 4 (Tim4) conjugated to magnetic beads, EVs were purified from serum of PC patients with DOC-resistance that was collected before and after acquiring CBZ-resistance and conditioned medium of DOC-resistant (22Rv1DR) and CBZ-resistant (22Rv1CR) PC cell lines. Protein analysis of EVs was performed by nanoLC-MS/MS, followed by a comparative analysis of protein expression and network analysis. The cytotoxic effect of a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, ZSTK474, was evaluated by WST-1 assay. The expression and phosphorylation of PI3K and PTEN were examined by western blot analysis. RESULTS Among differentially regulated proteins, 77 and 61 proteins were significantly increased in EVs from CBZ-resistant PC cell line and patients, respectively. A comparison between the two datasets revealed that six proteins, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, cytosolic nonspecific dipeptidase, CD63, CD151, myosin light chain 9, and peroxiredoxin-6 were elevated in EVs from both cell line and patients. Network analysis of the increased EV proteins identified pathways associated with CBZ-resistance including PI3K signaling pathway. ZSTK474 significantly inhibited growth of 22Rv1CR cells and improved their sensitivity to CBZ. In 22Rv1CR cells, PI3K was activated and PTEN that inhibits PI3K was deactivated. CONCLUSIONS Proteomic analysis of serum EVs was successfully accomplished by using Tim-4 as a tool to isolate highly purified EVs. Our results suggest that the combination use of CBZ and PI3K inhibitor could be a promising treatment option for CBZ-resistant PC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Hishida
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kyojiro Kawakami
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Fujita
- Research Team for Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Kato
- Department of Urology, Asahi University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Manabu Takai
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Koji Iinuma
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keita Nakane
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takuya Koie
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuri Miura
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ito
- Research Team for Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mizutani
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Muramatsu-Maekawa Y, Kawakami K, Fujita Y, Takai M, Kato D, Nakane K, Kato T, Tsuchiya T, Koie T, Miura Y, Ito M, Mizutani K. Profiling of Serum Extracellular Vesicles Reveals miRNA-4525 as a Potential Biomarker for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 18:253-259. [PMID: 33893078 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify novel diagnostic markers for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we analyzed miRNAs in serum extracellular vesicles (EVs). MATERIALS AND METHODS EVs were purified from serum of healthy controls and patients with localized and advanced RCC using T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-containing protein 4 conjugated to magnetic beads. miRNA profiling of EVs was conducted by microarray analysis. miRNA expression was examined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Lastly, proteomic analysis of RCC cells transfected with a miRNA inhibitor was performed to identify its potential targets. RESULTS Microarray analysis revealed that nine miRNAs were increased by more than 1.5-fold in EVs from patients with RCC. Among them, miRNA-4525 was significantly elevated; miRNA-4525 expression was higher in RCC tissue than in the adjacent normal tissue. Proteomic analysis identified alpha fetoprotein and albumin as its potential targets. CONCLUSION These findings suggest the potential of miRNA-4525 in serum EVs as a novel biomarker for advanced RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyojiro Kawakami
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Fujita
- Research Team for Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Takai
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Daiki Kato
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keita Nakane
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Taku Kato
- Department of Urology, Asahi University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takuya Koie
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuri Miura
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ito
- Research Team for Functional Biogerontology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan;
| | - Kosuke Mizutani
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; .,Clinical Genetics Center, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
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