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Revisiting fecal metatranscriptomics analyses of macaques with idiopathic chronic diarrhoea with a focus on trichomonad parasites. Parasitology 2023; 150:248-261. [PMID: 36503585 PMCID: PMC10090643 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonads, anaerobic microbial eukaryotes members of the phylum Parabasalia, are common obligate extracellular symbionts that can lead to pathological or asymptomatic colonization of various mucosal surfaces in a wide range of animal hosts. Results from previous in vitro studies have suggested a number of intriguing mucosal colonization strategies by Trichomonads, notably highlighting the importance of interactions with bacteria. However, in vivo validation is currently lacking. A previous metatranscriptomics study into the cause of idiopathic chronic diarrhoea in macaques reported the presence of an unidentified protozoan parasite related to Trichomonas vaginalis. In this work, we performed a reanalysis of the published data in order to identify the parasite species present in the macaque gut. We also leveraged the information-rich metatranscriptomics data to investigate the parasite behaviour in vivo. Our results indicated the presence of at least 3 genera of Trichomonad parasite; Tetratrichomonas, Pentatrichomonas and Trichomitus, 2 of which had not been previously reported in the macaque gut. In addition, we identified common in vivo expression profiles shared amongst the Trichomonads. In agreement with previous findings for other Trichomonads, our results highlighted a relationship between Trichomonads and mucosal bacterial diversity which could be influential in health and disease.
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Hao C, Ren H, Wu X, Shu X, Li Z, Hu Y, Zeng Q, Zhang Y, Zu S, Yuan J, Zhang H, Hu H. Preparation of monoclonal antibody and identification of two novel B cell epitopes to VP1 protein of porcine sapelovirus. Vet Microbiol 2022; 275:109593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhang W, Kataoka M, Doan YH, Oi T, Furuya T, Oba M, Mizutani T, Oka T, Li TC, Nagai M. Isolation and characterization of mammalian orthoreovirus type 3 from a fecal sample from a wild boar in Japan. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1671-1680. [PMID: 33839921 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRVs) have been identified in various mammalian species, including humans, bats, and pigs. However, isolation and complete genome sequences of MRVs from wild boars have not yet been reported. In this study, we isolated, sequenced, and analyzed an MRV from a free-living wild boar in Japan using the porcine-sapelovirus-resistant cell line N1380. Complete and empty virus particles were obtained from the N1380 cell culture supernatants, and complete genome sequences were obtained from complete virus particles. Sequence analysis revealed that the isolated MRV, named TY-14, could be classified as MRV3 and had a close genetic relationship to an MRV2 isolate from a lion in a Japanese zoo (L2, L3, and M3 genes) and a human MRV2 isolate from Japan (S2 gene). Phylogenetic analysis showed that TY-14 clustered only with bat MRVs in the M1 phylogenetic tree but formed a cluster with several animal MRVs in the M2 and S3 phylogenetic trees and branched independently in the L1, S1, and S4 phylogenetic trees, suggesting a genetic relationship to viruses of unknown origin. Recombination events were identified in the M2 gene. These results suggest that TY-14 was generated by reassortment and recombination events involving MRVs circulating in Japan, viruses from bats, and other viruses of unknown origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yen Hai Doan
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, M&D Tower 16F, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Toru Oi
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Furuya
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mami Oba
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Disease of Animal, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Oka
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
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Zhang W, Kataoka M, Yen Doan H, Wu FT, Haga K, Takeda N, Muramatsu M, Li TC. Isolation and characterization of mammalian orthoreoviruses using a cell line resistant to sapelovirus infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2849-2859. [PMID: 32496007 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is a causative agent of acute diarrhoea, pneumonia and reproductive disorders in swine. Since PSV infection interrupts the growth of other viruses due to its high replication capability in cell culture, the prevention of PSV replication is a keystone to the isolation of non-PSV agents from PSV-contaminated samples. In the present study, we established the PSV infection-resistant cell line N1380 and isolated three mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRV) strains, sR1521, sR1677 and sR1590, from swine in Taiwan. These Taiwanese isolates induced an extensive cytopathic effect in N1380 cells upon infection. The complete and empty virus particles were purified from the cell culture supernatants. Next-generation sequencing analyses revealed that the complete virus particles contained 10 segments, including 3 large (L1, L2 and L3), 3 medium (M1, M2 and M3) and 4 small (S1, S2, S3 and S4) segments. In contrast, the empty virus particles without genome were non-infectious. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Taiwanese strains belong to serotype 2 MRV (MRV2). We established an ELISA for the detection of IgG antibody against MRV2 by using the empty virus particles as the antigen. A total of 540 swine and 95 wild boar serum samples were collected in Japan, and the positive rates were 100% and 52.6%, respectively. These results demonstrated that MRV infection occurred frequently in both swine and wild boar in Japan. We established a cell line that is efficient for the isolation of MRV, and the ELISA based on the naturally occurring empty particles would be of great value for the surveillance of MRV-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hai Yen Doan
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fang-Tzy Wu
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kei Haga
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naokazu Takeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Arhab Y, Bulakhov AG, Pestova TV, Hellen CU. Dissemination of Internal Ribosomal Entry Sites (IRES) Between Viruses by Horizontal Gene Transfer. Viruses 2020; 12:E612. [PMID: 32512856 PMCID: PMC7354566 DOI: 10.3390/v12060612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of Picornaviridae and of the Hepacivirus, Pegivirus and Pestivirus genera of Flaviviridae all contain an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) in the 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR) of their genomes. Each class of IRES has a conserved structure and promotes 5'-end-independent initiation of translation by a different mechanism. Picornavirus 5'UTRs, including the IRES, evolve independently of other parts of the genome and can move between genomes, most commonly by intratypic recombination. We review accumulating evidence that IRESs are genetic entities that can also move between members of different genera and even between families. Type IV IRESs, first identified in the Hepacivirus genus, have subsequently been identified in over 25 genera of Picornaviridae, juxtaposed against diverse coding sequences. In several genera, members have either type IV IRES or an IRES of type I, II or III. Similarly, in the genus Pegivirus, members contain either a type IV IRES or an unrelated type; both classes of IRES also occur in members of the genus Hepacivirus. IRESs utilize different mechanisms, have different factor requirements and contain determinants of viral growth, pathogenesis and cell type specificity. Their dissemination between viruses by horizontal gene transfer has unexpectedly emerged as an important facet of viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christopher U.T. Hellen
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (Y.A.); (A.G.B.); (T.V.P.)
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