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Nikjoo H, Rahmanian S, Taleei R. Modelling DNA damage-repair and beyond. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 190:1-18. [PMID: 38754703 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The paper presents a review of mechanistic modelling studies of DNA damage and DNA repair, and consequences to follow in mammalian cell nucleus. We hypothesize DNA deletions are consequences of repair of double strand breaks leading to the modifications of genome that play crucial role in long term development of genetic inheritance and diseases. The aim of the paper is to review formation mechanisms underlying naturally occurring DNA deletions in the human genome and their potential relevance for bridging the gap between induced DNA double strand breaks and deletions in damaged human genome from endogenous and exogenous events. The model of the cell nucleus presented enables simulation of DNA damage at molecular level identifying the spectrum of damage induced in all chromosomal territories and loops. Our mechanistic modelling of DNA repair for double stand breaks (DSB), single strand breaks (SSB) and base damage (BD), shows the complexity of DNA damage is responsible for the longer repair times and the reason for the biphasic feature of mammalian cells repair curves. In the absence of experimentally determined data, the mechanistic model of repair predicts the in vivo rate constants for the proteins involved in the repair of DSB, SSB, and of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooshang Nikjoo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics (DPAG), Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.
| | | | - Reza Taleei
- Medical Physics Division, Department of Radiation Oncology Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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Degenhardt Ä, Sreetharan S, Amrenova A, Adam-Guillermin C, Dekkers F, Dumit S, Frelon S, Horemans N, Laurier D, Liutsko L, Salomaa S, Schneider T, Hande MP, Wakeford R, Applegate KE. The ICRP, MELODI, and ALLIANCE workshop on effects of ionizing radiation exposure in offspring and next generations: a summary of discussions. Int J Radiat Biol 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38284800 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2024.2306335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Task Group 121 - Effects of ionizing radiation exposure in offspring and next generations - is a task group under the Committee 1 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), approved by the Main Commission on 18th November 2021. The main goals of Task Group 121 are to (1) review and update the scientific literature of relevance to radiation-related effects in the offspring of parent(s) exposed to ionizing radiation in both human and non-human biota; (2) to assess preconceptional and intrauterine effects of radiation exposure and related morbidity and mortality; and, (3) to provide advice about the level of evidence and how to consider these preconceptional and postconceptional effects in the system of radiological protection for humans and non-human biota. METHODS The Task Group is reviewing relevant literature since Publication 90 'Biological effects after prenatal irradiation (embryo and fetus)' (2003) and will include radiation-related effects on future generations in humans, animals, and plants. This review will be conducted to account for the health effects on offspring and subsequent generations in the current system of radiological protection. Radiation detriment calculation will also be reviewed. Finally, preliminary recommendations will be made to update the integration of health effects in offspring and next generations in the system of radiological protection. RESULTS A Workshop, jointly organized by ICRP Task Group 121 and European Radiation Protection Research Platforms MELODI and ALLIANCE was held in Budapest, Hungary, from 31st May to 2nd June 2022. Participants discussed four important topics: (1) hereditary and epigenetic effects due to exposure of the germ cell line (preconceptional exposure), (2) effects arising from exposure of the embryo and fetus (intrauterine exposure), (3) transgenerational effects on biota, and (4) its potential impact on the system of radiological protection. CONCLUSIONS Based on the discussions and presentations during the breakout sessions, newer publications, and gaps on the current scientific literature were identified. For instance, there are some ongoing systematic reviews and radiation epidemiology reviews of intrauterine effects. There are newer methods of Monte Carlo simulation for fetal dosimetry, and advances in radiation genetics, epigenetics, and radiobiology studies. While the current impact of hereditary effects on the global detriment was reported as small, the questions surrounding the effects of radiation exposure on offspring and the next generation are crucial, recurring, and with a major focus on exposed populations. This article summarizes the workshop discussions, presentations, and conclusions of each topic and introduces the special issue of the International Journal of Radiation Biology resulting from the discussions of the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ämilie Degenhardt
- Division of Medical and Occupational Radiation Protection, German Federal Office for Radiation Protections (BfS), Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Aidana Amrenova
- French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), France
| | | | - Fieke Dekkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Dumit
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Radiation Protection Division, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Sandrine Frelon
- French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), France
| | - Nele Horemans
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - Dominique Laurier
- French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), France
| | | | - Sisko Salomaa
- Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Finland
| | - Thierry Schneider
- Nuclear Protection Evaluation Centre (CEPN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Manoor P Hande
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard Wakeford
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Kimberly E Applegate
- Department of Radiology (retired), University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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Otsuka K, Iwasaki T. Insights into radiation carcinogenesis based on dose-rate effects in tissue stem cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1503-1521. [PMID: 36971595 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2194398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing epidemiological and biological evidence suggests that radiation exposure enhances cancer risk in a dose-dependent manner. This can be attributed to the 'dose-rate effect,' where the biological effect of low dose-rate radiation is lower than that of the same dose at a high dose-rate. This effect has been reported in epidemiological studies and experimental biology, although the underlying biological mechanisms are not completely understood. In this review, we aim to propose a suitable model for radiation carcinogenesis based on the dose-rate effect in tissue stem cells. METHODS We surveyed and summarized the latest studies on the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Next, we summarized the radiosensitivity of intestinal stem cells and the role of dose-rate in the modulation of stem-cell dynamics after irradiation. RESULTS Consistently, driver mutations can be detected in most cancers from past to present, supporting the hypothesis that cancer progression is initiated by the accumulation of driver mutations. Recent reports demonstrated that driver mutations can be observed even in normal tissues, which suggests that the accumulation of mutations is a necessary condition for cancer progression. In addition, driver mutations in tissue stem cells can cause tumors, whereas they are not sufficient when they occur in non-stem cells. For non-stem cells, tissue remodeling induced by marked inflammation after the loss of tissue cells is important in addition to the accumulation of mutations. Therefore, the mechanism of carcinogenesis differs according to the cell type and magnitude of stress. In addition, our results indicated that non-irradiated stem cells tend to be eliminated from three-dimensional cultures of intestinal stem cells (organoids) composed of irradiated and non-irradiated stem cells, supporting the stem-cell competition. CONCLUSIONS We propose a unique scheme in which the dose-rate dependent response of intestinal stem cells incorporates the concept of the threshold of stem-cell competition and context-dependent target shift from stem cells to whole tissue. The concept highlights four key issues that should be considered in radiation carcinogenesis: i.e. accumulation of mutations; tissue reconstitution; stem-cell competition; and environmental factors like epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Otsuka
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Iwasaki
- Strategy and Planning Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan
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Nakamura N, Yoshida N, Suwa T. Three major reasons why transgenerational effects of radiation are difficult to detect in humans. Int J Radiat Biol 2023:1-15. [PMID: 36880868 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2187478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing radiation can induce mutations in germ cells in various organisms, including fruit flies and mice. However, currently, there is no clear evidence for the transgenerational effects of radiation in humans. This review is an effort to identify possible reasons for the lack of such observations. METHODS Literature search and narrative review. RESULTS 1) In both mice and humans, resting oocytes locate primarily in the cortical region of the ovary where the number of blood vessels is very low especially when young and extra-cellular material is rich, and this region is consequently hypoxic, which probably leads to immature oocytes being resistant to the cell killing and mutagenic effects of radiation. 2) In studies of spermatogonia, the mouse genes used for specific locus test (SLT) studies, which include coat color genes, were hypermutable when compared to many other genes. Recent studies which examined over 1000 segments of genomic DNA indicate that the induction rate of deletion mutation per segment was on the order of 10-6 per Gy, which is one order of magnitude lower than that obtained from the SLT data. Therefore, it appears possible that detecting any transgenerational effects of radiation following human male exposures will be difficult due to a lack of mutable marker genes. 3) Fetal malformations were examined in studies in humans, but the genetic component in such malformations is low, and abnormal fetuses are prone to undergo miscarriage which does not occur in mice, and which leads to difficulties in detecting transgenerational effects. CONCLUSION The lack of clear evidence for radiation effects in humans probably does not result from any problem in the methodologies used but may be due largely to biological properties. Currently, whole genome sequencing studies of exposed parents and offspring are planned, but ethical guidelines need to be followed to avoid discrimination, which had once happened to the atomic bomb survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nori Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Noriaki Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suwa
- Department of Genome Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Kawamura K, Suzuki K, Mitsutake N. Technical Report: A Simple and Robust Real-Time Quantitative PCR Method for the Detection of Radiation-Induced Multiple Exon Deletions of the Human HPRT Gene. Radiat Res 2023; 199:83-88. [PMID: 34143221 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00047.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxanthine-phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) mutation assay has been widely used to investigate gene mutations induced by radiation. Here, we developed a novel method detecting deletions of multiple exons of the HPRT gene based on real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Immortalized normal human fibroblasts (BJ1-hTERT) were irradiated at various doses with γ rays, subjected to the 6-thioguanine (6-TG) selection, and more than one hundred 6-TG-resistant (6-TGR) clones were isolated. High-molecular-weight genomic DNA was extracted, and real-time qPCR was performed with the nine exon-specific primers. Optimization of the primer concentration, appropriate selection of PCR enzyme and refinement of the reaction profiles enabled simultaneous quantitative amplification of each exon. We were able to identify 6-TGR clones with total deletions, which did not show any amplification of the nine exons, and partial deletion mutants, in which one or some of the nine exons were missing, within a few days. This novel technique allows systematic determination of multiple deletions of the HPRT exons induced by ionizing radiation, enabling high-throughput and robust analysis of multiple HPRT mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasumi Kawamura
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Norisato Mitsutake
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Parental chest computerized tomography examination before IVF/ICSI has no impact on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: a cohort study of 2680 fresh transfer cycles. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:965. [PMID: 36572853 PMCID: PMC9791144 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-05297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some concern has been expressed regarding the negative effects of low-level ionizing radiation exposure in the context of radiological evaluation prior to IVF/ICSI treatment, but the available evidence is limited and conflicting. The aim of this study is to evaluate pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of couples who did chest computed tomography (CT) prior to IVF/ICSI. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of 2680 IVF/ICSI fresh embryo transfer cycles conducted from January 2019 - August 2020. Fertility outcomes were compared between couples that had or had not undergone CT examination within 3 months prior to the date of oocyte retrieval and sperm collection. Miscarriage was the primary study outcome, while secondary outcomes included the number of oocytes collected, oocyte maturation, normal fertilization, number of good quality cleavage stage embryos, blastocyst formation, implantation, clinical pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, live birth, multiple birth, Cesarean section rates, gestational weeks, maternal obstetric complications, birth weight, newborn sex ratio, and birth defect incidence. Propensity score matching was used to control for potential confounding variables. RESULTS Of the 2680 cycles included in this study, couples underwent CT examination in 731 cycles. After 1:1 propensity score matching, 670 cycles were included in each group. When comparing demographic and fertility-related variables between groups that had and had not undergone CT examination after propensity score matching, we detected no significant differences in miscarriage rates (16.99% vs. 15.77%, OR = 1.10, 95CI% = 0.74 to 1.68). Similarly, both groups exhibited comparable oocyte and embryonic development, implantation rates (41.99% vs. 40.42%, OR = 1.07, 95%CI = 0.87 to 1.31), clinical pregnancy rates (45.67% vs. 44.48%, OR = 1.05, 95%CI = 0.85 to 1.30), ectopic pregnancy rates (2.94% vs. 1.68%, OR = 1.78, 95%CI = 0.59 to 5.36), live birth rates (36.57% vs. 35.67%, OR = 1.04, 95%CI = 0.83 to 1.30), multiple birth rates, Cesarean section rates, gestational weeks, maternal obstetric complication rates, and neonatal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Chest CT examination before IVF/ICSI has no impact on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes associated with fresh embryo transfer. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable.
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Takei Y, Eguchi Y, Yamauchi-Kawaura C, Suzuki S, Hirose E, Hirofuji Y, Honmoto T, Miyazaki O, Igarashi T, Shimada Y, Matsubara K. [The Report of Task Group of Gonadal Shield Discontinuing in Pediatric Hip and Pelvic Radiography in Japan]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2022; 78:1495-1510. [PMID: 36543234 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2022-2123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Takei
- Department of Radiological Technology, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare
| | - Yoshitaka Eguchi
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Center for Child Health and Development
| | | | - Shoichi Suzuki
- Department of Radiological Technology, Fujita Health University
| | - Etsuko Hirose
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo Prefectural Nishinomiya Hospital
| | - Yoshiaki Hirofuji
- Department of Radiological Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University
| | | | - Osamu Miyazaki
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development
| | - Takayuki Igarashi
- Department of Radiological Technology, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita Hospital
| | | | - Kosuke Matsubara
- Department of Quantum Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University
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Massive expansion of multiple clones in the mouse hematopoietic system long after whole-body X-irradiation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17276. [PMID: 36241679 PMCID: PMC9568546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is prevalent in the elderly and associates with hematologic malignancy and cardiovascular disease. Although the risk of developing these diseases increases with radiation doses in atomic-bomb survivors, the causal relationship between radiation exposure and CH is unclear. This study investigated whether radiation exposure induces CH in mice 12-18 months after 3-Gy whole-body irradiation. We found radiation-associated increases in peripheral blood myeloid cells and red blood cell distribution width (RDW). Deep sequencing of bone marrow and non-hematopoietic tissue cells revealed recurrent somatic mutations specifically in the hematopoietic system in 11 of 12 irradiated mice but none in 6 non-irradiated mice. The irradiated mice possessed mutations with variant allele frequencies (VAFs) of > 0.02 on an average of 5.8 per mouse; mutations with VAFs of > 0.1 and/or deletion were prevalent. Examining hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in two irradiated mice revealed several mutations co-existing in the same clones and multiple independent clones that deliver 60-80% of bone marrow nuclear cells. Our results indicate development of massive CH due to radiation exposure. Moreover, we have characterized mutations in radiation-induced CH.
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Hernandez-Moran BA, Papanastasiou AS, Parry D, Meynert A, Gautier P, Grimes G, Adams IR, Trejo-Reveles V, Bengani H, Keighren M, Jackson IJ, Adams DJ, FitzPatrick DR, Rainger J. Robust Genetic Analysis of the X-Linked Anophthalmic ( Ie) Mouse. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1797. [PMID: 36292683 PMCID: PMC9601528 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anophthalmia (missing eye) describes a failure of early embryonic ocular development. Mutations in a relatively small set of genes account for 75% of bilateral anophthalmia cases, yet 25% of families currently are left without a molecular diagnosis. Here, we report our experimental work that aimed to uncover the developmental and genetic basis of the anophthalmia characterising the X-linked Ie (eye-ear reduction) X-ray-induced allele in mouse that was first identified in 1947. Histological analysis of the embryonic phenotype showed failure of normal eye development after the optic vesicle stage with particularly severe malformation of the ventral retina. Linkage analysis mapped this mutation to a ~6 Mb region on the X chromosome. Short- and long-read whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of affected and unaffected male littermates confirmed the Ie linkage but identified no plausible causative variants or structural rearrangements. These analyses did reduce the critical candidate interval and revealed evidence of multiple variants within the ancestral DNA, although none were found that altered coding sequences or that were unique to Ie. To investigate early embryonic events at a genetic level, we then generated mouse ES cells derived from male Ie embryos and wild type littermates. RNA-seq and accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) data generated from cultured optic vesicle organoids did not reveal any large differences in gene expression or accessibility of putative cis-regulatory elements between Ie and wild type. However, an unbiased TF-footprinting analysis of accessible chromatin regions did provide evidence of a genome-wide reduction in binding of transcription factors associated with ventral eye development in Ie, and evidence of an increase in binding of the Zic-family of transcription factors, including Zic3, which is located within the Ie-refined critical interval. We conclude that the refined Ie critical region at chrX: 56,145,000-58,385,000 contains multiple genetic variants that may be linked to altered cis regulation but does not contain a convincing causative mutation. Changes in the binding of key transcription factors to chromatin causing altered gene expression during development, possibly through a subtle mis-regulation of Zic3, presents a plausible cause for the anophthalmia phenotype observed in Ie, but further work is required to determine the precise causative allele and its genetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianda A. Hernandez-Moran
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Rd South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Andrew S. Papanastasiou
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Rd South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - David Parry
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Rd South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Alison Meynert
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Rd South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Philippe Gautier
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Rd South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Graeme Grimes
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Rd South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ian R. Adams
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Rd South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Violeta Trejo-Reveles
- The Division of Functional Genetics and Development, The Roslin Institute, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Hemant Bengani
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Rd South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Margaret Keighren
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Rd South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ian J. Jackson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Rd South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - David J. Adams
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - David R. FitzPatrick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Rd South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Joe Rainger
- The Division of Functional Genetics and Development, The Roslin Institute, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Gondo Y. DETECTION OF TRANSGENERATIONAL GENETIC EFFECTS BASED ON WHOLE-GENOME SEQUENCING IN THE MOUSE MODEL. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:1137-1142. [PMID: 36083724 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It has become feasible to detect de novo mutations in mammalian genomes by using whole-genome sequencing. The power to detect numbers of de novo mutations should provide a useful tool to assess the transgenerational genetic effects of radiations on living organisms. By reviewing the spontaneous mutations in the mouse as a model, an action plan is proposed to detect the induced mutations after accumulating mutations for several generations with continuous exposure to low-dose radiations. Some susceptibility differences against radiations between humans and model animals for the transgenerational effect have been suggested. The applicability of the mouse model for the assessment of low-dose radiation is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Gondo
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimo-Kasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
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Increased Frequency of Copy Number Variations Revealed by Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization in the Offspring of Male Mice Exposed to Low Dose-Rate Ionizing Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212437. [PMID: 34830319 PMCID: PMC8621608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is very little information on the transgenerational or genetic effects of low dose-rate ionizing radiation. We report the detection of the transgenerational effects of chronic low dose-rate irradiation in mice, at the molecular level in the whole genome, using array comparative genomic hybridization technology. We observed that the number of the mice with de novo copy number variations (specifically, deletions) was significantly increased in the offspring of C57BL/6J male mice exposed to 20 mGy/day gamma-rays for 400 days (total dose: 8000 mGy), as compared to non-irradiated controls. We did not detect any difference in the size of the de novo deletions between the irradiated and the non-irradiated groups. An analysis of the life span of the offspring suggested a possibility that de novo copy-number variations may be associated with shorter life spans.
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Meier B, Volkova NV, Wang B, González-Huici V, Bertolini S, Campbell PJ, Gerstung M, Gartner A. C. elegans genome-wide analysis reveals DNA repair pathways that act cooperatively to preserve genome integrity upon ionizing radiation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258269. [PMID: 34614038 PMCID: PMC8494335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is widely used in cancer therapy and accidental or environmental exposure is a major concern. However, little is known about the genome-wide effects IR exerts on germ cells and the relative contribution of DNA repair pathways for mending IR-induced lesions. Here, using C. elegans as a model system and using primary sequencing data from our recent high-level overview of the mutagenic consequences of 11 genotoxic agents, we investigate in detail the genome-wide mutagenic consequences of exposing wild-type and 43 DNA repair and damage response defective C. elegans strains to a Caesium (Cs-137) source, emitting γ-rays. Cs-137 radiation induced single nucleotide variants (SNVs) at a rate of ~1 base substitution per 3 Gy, affecting all nucleotides equally. In nucleotide excision repair mutants, this frequency increased 2-fold concurrently with increased dinucleotide substitutions. As observed for DNA damage induced by bulky DNA adducts, small deletions were increased in translesion polymerase mutants, while base changes decreased. Structural variants (SVs) were augmented with dose, but did not arise with significantly higher frequency in any DNA repair mutants tested. Moreover, 6% of all mutations occurred in clusters, but clustering was not significantly altered in any DNA repair mutant background. Our data is relevant for better understanding how DNA repair pathways modulate IR-induced lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Meier
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Nadezda V. Volkova
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Bin Wang
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Víctor González-Huici
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Bertolini
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Campbell
- Cancer, Ageing and Somatic Mutation, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Moritz Gerstung
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anton Gartner
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Puy V, Barroca V, Messiaen S, Ménard V, Torres C, Devanand C, Moison D, Lewandowski D, Guerquin MJ, Martini E, Frydman N, Livera G. Mouse model of radiation-induced premature ovarian insufficiency reveals compromised oocyte quality: implications for fertility preservation. Reprod Biomed Online 2021; 43:799-809. [PMID: 34602345 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION What is the impact of radiation exposure on oocyte quality and female fertility? DESIGN Prepubertal mice underwent whole-body irradiation with a single dose (0.02, 0.1, 0.5, 2, 8 Gy) of gamma- or X-rays. Oocytes were quantified in irradiated (n = 36) and sham-treated (n = 8) mice. After a single exposure to 2 Gy, formation of DNA double-strand breaks (n = 10), activation of checkpoint kinase (Chk2) (n = 10) and dynamics of follicular growth (n = 18) were analysed. Fertility assessment was performed in adult irradiated mice and controls from the number of pups per mouse (n = 28) and the fetal abortion rate (n = 24). Ploidy of mature oocytes (n = 20) was analysed after CREST immunostaining, and uterine sections were examined. RESULTS Radiation exposure induced a massive loss of primordial follicles with LD50 below 50 mGy for both gamma and X-rays. Growing follicles survived doses up to 8 Gy. This difference in radiosensitivity was not due to a different amount of radio-induced DNA damage, and Chk2 was activated in all oocytes. Exposure to a 2 Gy dose abolished the long-term fertility of females due to depletion of the ovarian reserve. Detailed analysis indicates that surviving oocytes were able to complete folliculogenesis and could be fertilized. This transient fertility allowed irradiated females to produce a single litter albeit with a high rate of fetal abortion (23%, P = 0.0096), related to altered ploidy in the surviving oocytes (25.5%, P = 0.0035). CONCLUSIONS The effects of radiation on surviving oocyte quality question natural conception as a first-line approach in cancer survivors. Together, the data emphasize the need for fertility preservation before radiation exposure and call for reassessment of the use of cryopreserved oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Puy
- Reproductive Biology Unit, University Hospital Antoine-Béclère-AP-HP, Clamart, France; Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Vilma Barroca
- Animal Experimentation Platform-UMR Genetic Stability - Stem Cells & Radiation, INSERM U1274, CEA-Universities Paris Diderot and Paris Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sébastien Messiaen
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Véronique Ménard
- CEA Irradiation platform-UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, INSERM U1274, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Claire Torres
- CEA/DRF/IBFJ/iRCM/LRTS, INSERM UMR1274, Université Paris-Diderot (Paris 7), Université Paris-Sud (Paris 11), Paris, France
| | - Caroline Devanand
- Animal Experimentation Platform-UMR Genetic Stability - Stem Cells & Radiation, INSERM U1274, CEA-Universities Paris Diderot and Paris Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Delphine Moison
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Daniel Lewandowski
- CEA/DRF/IBFJ/iRCM/LRTS, INSERM UMR1274, Université Paris-Diderot (Paris 7), Université Paris-Sud (Paris 11), Paris, France
| | - Marie-Justine Guerquin
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Emmanuelle Martini
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nelly Frydman
- Reproductive Biology Unit, University Hospital Antoine-Béclère-AP-HP, Clamart, France; Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gabriel Livera
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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Noda A, Kato K, Tamura C, Biesecker LG, Imaizumi M, Inoue Y, Henderson GE, Wilfond B, Muto K, Naito M, Kayukawa J. Ethical, legal and social implications of human genome studies in radiation research: a workshop report for studies on atomic bomb survivors at the Radiation Effects Research Foundation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:656-661. [PMID: 34059901 PMCID: PMC8273803 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) is the primary organization in Japan dedicated to studying the health consequences of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings in World War II. In December 2020, RERF held a virtual international workshop on the ethical, legal and social implications (ELSI) of genome studies. In this workshop, the ELSI considerations of future human genome studies on radiation research including atomic bomb survivors and their families were discussed. Since genome sequencing (GS) is now practical and affordable, RERF now plans GS of parents/child trios to examine genetic effects of atomic bomb radiation. As such studies may engender some novel risks and benefits, ethics review and engagement with families (including consent) need to be considered. These include protection of individual privacy, use of samples from deceased prior participants, return of results to the participants, public sharing of genome data and advance science and social welfare. Specifically with regard to social welfare, the results of such studies may have implications for public and government decision-making regarding social benefits of victims and other important questions. Based on these broad-ranging discussions we have developed the following concepts to guide this work: "trust," "compromise" and "relationship building," inclusive of the concerned stakeholders, scientific aims and Japanese society at large. We conclude that in order to realize, establish and maintain these concepts, it is essential to put procedures into place to ensure the successful, consensus-based implementation of the RERF studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asao Noda
- Corresponding author. Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama-Park, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan. Tel: 011-81-82-261-3131; Fax: 81-82-263-7279;
| | - Kazuto Kato
- Department of Biomedical Ethics and Public Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chieko Tamura
- Division of Medical Information and Genetic Counseling, FMC Tokyo Clinic, Tokyo 102-0072, Japan
| | - Leslie G Biesecker
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Misa Imaizumi
- Department of Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Nagasaki 850-0013, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inoue
- Department of Public Policy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Gail E Henderson
- Department of Social Medicine, and Center for Genomics and Society, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7240, USA
| | - Benjamin Wilfond
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children’s Hospital and Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kaori Muto
- Department of Public Policy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Mariko Naito
- Department of Oral Epidemiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Junji Kayukawa
- Department of Social System Design, Eikei University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 730-0016, Japan
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Effect of sampling time on somatic and germ cell mutations induced by acrylamide in gpt delta mice. Genes Environ 2021; 43:4. [PMID: 33597036 PMCID: PMC7890838 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acrylamide (AA) is a rodent carcinogen and classified by the IARC into Group 2A (probable human carcinogen). AA has been reported to induce mutations in transgenic rodent gene mutation assays (TGR assays), the extent of which is presumed to depend on exposure length and the duration of expression after exposure. In particular, it is not clear in germ cells. To investigate mutagenicity with AA in somatic and germ cells at different sampling times, we conducted TGR assays using gpt delta transgenic mice. Results The male gpt delta mice at 8 weeks of age were treated with AA at 7.5, 15 and 30 mg/kg/day by gavage for 28 days. Peripheral blood was sampled on the last day of the treatment for micronucleus tests and tissues were sampled for gene mutation assays at day 31 and day 77, those being 3 and 49 days after the final treatment (28 + 3d and 28 + 49d), respectively. Another group of mice was treated with N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) at 50 mg/kg/day by intraperitoneal administration for 5 consecutive days and tissues were sampled at the day 31 and day 77 (5 + 26d and 5 + 72d). Frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood significantly increased at AA doses of 15 and 30 mg/kg/day. Two- to three-fold increases in gpt mutation frequencies (MFs) compared to vehicle control were observed in the testes and lung treated with 30 mg/kg/day of AA at both sampling time. In the sperm, the gpt MFs and G:C to T:A transversions were significantly increased at 28 + 3d, but not at 28 + 49d. ENU induced gpt mutations in these tissues were examined at both 5 + 26d and 5 + 72d. A higher mutant frequency in the ENU-treated sperm was observed at 5 + 72d than that at 5 + 26d. Conclusions The gpt MFs in the testes, sperm and lung of the AA-treated mice were determined and compared between different sampling times (3 days or 49 days following 28 day-treatment). These results suggest that spermatogonial stem cells are less sensitive to AA mutagenicity under the experimental condition. Prolonged expression time after exposure to AA to detect mutagenicity may be effective in somatic cells but not in germ cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41021-021-00175-5.
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Carlson J, DeWitt WS, Harris K. Inferring evolutionary dynamics of mutation rates through the lens of mutation spectrum variation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 62:50-57. [PMID: 32619789 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There are many possible failure points in the transmission of genetic information that can produce heritable germline mutations. Once a mutation has been passed from parents to offspring for several generations, it can be difficult or impossible to identify its root cause; however, sometimes the nature of the ancestral and derived DNA sequences can provide mechanistic clues about a genetic change that happened hundreds or thousands of generations ago. Here, we review evidence that the sequence context 'spectrum' of germline mutagenesis has been evolving surprisingly rapidly over the history of humans and other species. We go on to discuss possible causal factors that might underlie rapid mutation spectrum evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedidiah Carlson
- Department of Genome Sciences, Foege Hall, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, United States
| | - William S DeWitt
- Department of Genome Sciences, Foege Hall, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, United States; Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Kelley Harris
- Department of Genome Sciences, Foege Hall, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, United States; Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
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