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Kapahi C, Silva AE, Cory DG, Kulmaganbetov M, Mungalsingh MA, Pushin DA, Singh T, Thompson B, Sarenac D. Measuring the visual angle of polarization-related entoptic phenomena using structured light. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:1278-1287. [PMID: 38404299 PMCID: PMC10890886 DOI: 10.1364/boe.507519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The ability to perceive polarization-related entoptic phenomena arises from the dichroism of macular pigments held in Henle's fiber layer of the retina and can be inhibited by retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, which alters the structure of the macula. Structured light tools enable the direct probing of macular pigment density and retinal structure through the perception of polarization-dependent entoptic patterns. Here, we directly measure the visual angle of an entoptic pattern created through the illumination of the retina with a structured state of light and a perception task that is insensitive to corneal birefringence. The central region of the structured light stimuli was obstructed, with the size of the obstruction varying according to a psychophysical staircase. Two stimuli, one producing 11 azimuthal fringes and the other three azimuthal fringes, were presented to 24 healthy participants. The pattern with 11 azimuthal fringes produced an average visual angle threshold of 10° ± 1° and a 95% confidence interval (C.I.) of [6°, 14°]. For the pattern with three azimuthal fringes, a threshold extent of 3.6° ± 0.3° C.I. = [1.3°, 5.8°] was measured, a value similar to the published extent of Haidinger's brush (4°). The increase in apparent size and clarity of entoptic phenomena produced by the presented structured light stimuli offers the potential to detect the early signs of macular disease over perception tasks using uniform polarization stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kapahi
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - A E Silva
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - D G Cory
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
| | | | - M A Mungalsingh
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - D A Pushin
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - T Singh
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - B Thompson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - D Sarenac
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L3G1, Canada
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
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Chen Z, Mo K, Ou S. Dynamic modeling of Haidinger's brush phenomenon and analysis of the cornea effect based on the model. Vision Res 2023; 213:108306. [PMID: 37660627 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2023.108306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Starting from the dynamic feature of the vision process and taking into account the time constants of the polarization-dependent process of cones, this study proposed a physical model that can mathematically describe the transient nature of Haidinger's brushes (HB). A saturated exponential growth function was proposed to describe the dynamic process, and the corresponding formulas were derived and discussed. The sensitivities of both static and rotating HB were considered in the model, and the visibility of HB was also investigated. Additionally, the impact of the cornea on the visions of HB was examined by using this model. Analytical results reveal that there exist two types of patterns in the rotating HB phenomenon. The visual perception of the rotating HB is related to the magnitude and interaction of these two patterns, as well as the corneal phase shift. The rotation orientation reversal at large corneal phase shifts observed by some researchers can also be explained by the model. The results are consistent with experimental observations and might help with the clinical diagnosis of macula disorders and corneal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Kewei Mo
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, PR China
| | - Shaoduan Ou
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.
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The Differential Contribution of Macular Pigments and Foveal Anatomy to the Perception of Maxwell's Spot and Haidinger's Brushes. Vision (Basel) 2023; 7:vision7010011. [PMID: 36810315 PMCID: PMC9944110 DOI: 10.3390/vision7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship of macular pigments and foveal anatomy to the perception of Maxwell's spot (MS) and Haidinger's brushes (HB) entoptic phenomena were investigated. Dual-wavelength-autofluorescence and OCT were used to define macular pigment density and foveal anatomy in 52 eyes. MS was generated by alternating unpolarized red/blue and red/green uniform field illumination. HB was generated by alternating the linear polarization axis of a uniform blue field. In Experiment 1, horizontal widths of MS and HB were measured using a micrometer system and compared with macular pigment densities and OCT-defined morphometry. MS radius (mean 1.4°) was significantly less than HB radius (mean 1.6°), with the spatial extent of both phenomena falling between the boundaries of the foveola and foveal pit. Multiple regression showed MS and HB radii to be significantly associated with the macular pigment spatial profile radius. HB radius, but not MS radius, was also significantly associated with foveolar morphometry. Experiment 2 compared perceptual profiles of MS with macular pigment distribution patterns and demonstrated close agreement. The size and appearance of MS is a direct indicator of macular pigment density and distribution. Measures of HB radii are less specific, with dependence on both macular pigment density and foveal structure.
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Wang Q, Bryanston-Cross PJ, Li Y, Liu Z. Mathematical modeling and experimental verification of aging human eyes polarization sensitivity. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2022; 39:2398-2409. [PMID: 36520763 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.469734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The polarization perception sensitivity of the human eyes affects the perceived polarized image quality. In this paper, we used polarized spatiotemporal structured images to develop a spatiotemporal age mapping of the polarization perception of human eyes. We built an optical modulation transfer function mathematical model of the aging human eyes with spatiotemporal frequency domains and introduced the Stokes vector to analyze the polarized images. The proposed model provides a testing method based on a set of polarization images with spatiotemporal frequencies varying according to the perception of differently aged viewers. Then, we experimentally validated the proposed model by performing polarization perception tests on a group of volunteers. The test method has the diagnostic potential to confirm the health of human eyes and identify potential age-related macular diseases.
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Mottes J, Ortolan D, Ruffato G. Haidinger's brushes: Psychophysical analysis of an entoptic phenomenon. Vision Res 2022; 199:108076. [PMID: 35709591 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Entoptic phenomena are visual artifacts arising from the interaction of light with the specific anatomic structure of the human eye. While they are usually too subtle to actually enable additional visual abilities, their perception can provide indirect information on the physiological conditions of the visual system. Among the most famous ones, Haidinger's brushes consist in the appearance of a yellowish bow tie perceived in the presence of linearly polarized white light and originate from the particular spatial distribution of dichroic carotenoid molecules forming a sort of embedded radial polarizer in the foveal region. In this work, we develop a compact and versatile optical setup for the psychophysical analysis of the perceptual threshold of such entoptic effect. The tests performed on a group of 113 healthy individuals under conditions of maximum contrast (blue light) reveal the capability to perceive an average polarization degree around 16%. The developed prototype outlines a new optical platform to train the users in the perception of the phenomenon and infer information on the polarization-degree sensitivity of the human visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Mottes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy 'G. Galilei', University of Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Dominga Ortolan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy 'G. Galilei', University of Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ruffato
- Department of Physics and Astronomy 'G. Galilei', University of Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy; Padua Quantum Technologies Research Center, University of Padova, via Gradenigo 6, 35127 Padova, Italy.
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Misson GP, Anderson SJ, Armstrong RA, Gillett M, Reynolds D. The Clinical Application of Polarization Pattern Perception. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:31. [PMID: 33173610 PMCID: PMC7594592 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.11.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Determine the repeatability of and optimum stimulus parameters for testing polarization pattern perception in a real-world clinical population, and assess the ability of polarization perception to distinguish normal from abnormal eyes. Methods Polarization perception was evaluated in staff and patients attending ophthalmology clinics at Warwick Hospital, UK. A series of visual stimuli were presented in pseudorandom order using a liquid-crystal-display-based polarization pattern generator. Stimuli included geometric patterns, gratings, checkerboards, and optotypes. Participants had one or both eyes diagnosed as normal or abnormal following ophthalmic examination, optical coherence tomography, and measures of visual acuity. Measurement scores were assigned to the eye(s) of each participant depending on the total number of stimuli perceived or identified. Results Stimuli covered the range of spatial scales resolvable within polarization perception by normal and abnormal eyes. Different stimuli had different saliencies. For each stimulus type, polarization perception in the abnormal group was significantly reduced compared with normal eyes (P < 0.001). Relative stimulus salience was broadly similar for normal-eye and abnormal-eye viewing groups, being greatest for radially symmetric patterns and least for optotypes. Checkerboard pattern salience had an inverse logarithmic relationship with check fundamental spatial frequency. A devised metric covering the dynamic range of polarization perception was repeatable, and the score derived from the metric was reduced in the abnormal group compared with the normal group (P < 0.001). Conclusions Clinically useful metrics of polarization perception distinguish between normal and abnormal eyes. Translational Relevance Perception of spatial patterns formed of non-uniform polarization fields has potential as a quantitative clinical diagnostic measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Misson
- School of Optometry, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Ophthalmology, South Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust, Warwick, UK
| | - Stephen J Anderson
- School of Optometry, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard A Armstrong
- School of Optometry, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Gillett
- Department of Ophthalmology, South Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust, Warwick, UK
| | - David Reynolds
- Department of Ophthalmology, South Warwickshire NHS Foundation Trust, Warwick, UK
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