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Balasubramanian S, Maharana S, Srivastava A. "Boundary residues" between the folded RNA recognition motif and disordered RGG domains are critical for FUS-RNA binding. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105392. [PMID: 37890778 PMCID: PMC10687056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fused in sarcoma (FUS) is an abundant RNA-binding protein, which drives phase separation of cellular condensates and plays multiple roles in RNA regulation. The RNA-binding ability of FUS protein is crucial to its cellular function. Here, our molecular simulation study on the FUS-RNA complex provides atomic resolution insights into the observations from biochemical studies and also illuminates our understanding of molecular driving forces that mediate the structure, stability, and interaction of the RNA recognition motif (RRM) and RGG domains of FUS with a stem-loop junction RNA. We observe clear cooperativity and division of labor among the ordered (RRM) and disordered domains (RGG1 and RGG2) of FUS that leads to an organized and tighter RNA binding. Irrespective of the length of RGG2, the RGG2-RNA interaction is confined to the stem-loop junction and the proximal stem regions. On the other hand, the RGG1 interactions are primarily with the longer RNA stem. We find that the C terminus of RRM, which make up the "boundary residues" that connect the folded RRM with the long disordered RGG2 stretch of the protein, plays a critical role in FUS-RNA binding. Our study provides high-resolution molecular insights into the FUS-RNA interactions and forms the basis for understanding the molecular origins of full-length FUS interaction with RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shovamayee Maharana
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anand Srivastava
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are reversible compartments that form through a process called phase separation. Post-translational modifications like ADP-ribosylation can nucleate the formation of these condensates by accelerating the self-association of proteins. Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chains are remarkably transient modifications with turnover rates on the order of minutes, yet they can be required for the formation of granules in response to oxidative stress, DNA damage, and other stimuli. Moreover, accumulation of PAR is linked with adverse phase transitions in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In this review, we provide a primer on how PAR is synthesized and regulated, the diverse structures and chemistries of ADP-ribosylation modifications, and protein-PAR interactions. We review substantial progress in recent efforts to determine the molecular mechanism of PAR-mediated phase separation, and we further delineate how inhibitors of PAR polymerases may be effective treatments for neurodegenerative pathologies. Finally, we highlight the need for rigorous biochemical interrogation of ADP-ribosylation in vivo and in vitro to clarify the exact pathway from PARylation to condensate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Rhine
- Program in Cell, Molecular, Developmental Biology, and Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hana M Odeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sua Myong
- Program in Cell, Molecular, Developmental Biology, and Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Physics Frontier Center (Center for the Physics of Living Cells), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Lant JT, Hasan F, Briggs J, Heinemann IU, O’Donoghue P. Genetic Interaction of tRNA-Dependent Mistranslation with Fused in Sarcoma Protein Aggregates. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:518. [PMID: 36833445 PMCID: PMC9956149 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High-fidelity protein synthesis requires properly aminoacylated transfer RNAs (tRNAs), yet diverse cell types, from bacteria to humans, show a surprising ability to tolerate errors in translation resulting from mutations in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and other components of protein synthesis. Recently, we characterized a tRNASerAGA G35A mutant (tRNASerAAA) that occurs in 2% of the human population. The mutant tRNA decodes phenylalanine codons with serine, inhibits protein synthesis, and is defective in protein and aggregate degradation. Here, we used cell culture models to test our hypothesis that tRNA-dependent mistranslation will exacerbate toxicity caused by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated protein aggregation. Relative to wild-type tRNA, we found cells expressing tRNASerAAA showed slower but effective aggregation of the fused in sarcoma (FUS) protein. Despite reduced levels in mistranslating cells, wild-type FUS aggregates showed similar toxicity in mistranslating cells and normal cells. The aggregation kinetics of the ALS-causative FUS R521C variant were distinct and more toxic in mistranslating cells, where rapid FUS aggregation caused cells to rupture. We observed synthetic toxicity in neuroblastoma cells co-expressing the mistranslating tRNA mutant and the ALS-causative FUS R521C variant. Our data demonstrate that a naturally occurring human tRNA variant enhances cellular toxicity associated with a known causative allele for neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T. Lant
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Farah Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Julia Briggs
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ilka U. Heinemann
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Patrick O’Donoghue
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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Yoneda R, Ueda N, Kurokawa R. m 6A Modified Short RNA Fragments Inhibit Cytoplasmic TLS/FUS Aggregation Induced by Hyperosmotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011014. [PMID: 34681673 PMCID: PMC8539258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocated in LipoSarcoma/Fused in Sarcoma (TLS/FUS) is a nuclear RNA binding protein whose mutations cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. TLS/FUS undergoes LLPS and forms membraneless particles with other proteins and nucleic acids. Interaction with RNA alters conformation of TLS/FUS, which affects binding with proteins, but the effect of m6A RNA modification on the TLS/FUS–RNA interaction remains elusive. Here, we investigated the binding specificity of TLS/FUS to m6A RNA fragments by RNA pull down assay, and elucidated that both wild type and ALS-related TLS/FUS mutants strongly bound to m6A modified RNAs. TLS/FUS formed cytoplasmic foci by treating hyperosmotic stress, but the cells transfected with m6A-modified RNAs had a smaller number of foci. Moreover, m6A-modified RNA transfection resulted in the cells obtaining higher resistance to the stress. In summary, we propose TLS/FUS as a novel candidate of m6A recognition protein, and m6A-modified RNA fragments diffuse cytoplasmic TLS/FUS foci and thereby enhance cell viability.
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Non-coding RNA suppresses FUS aggregation caused by mechanistic shear stress on pipetting in a sequence-dependent manner. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9523. [PMID: 33947944 PMCID: PMC8096841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS) is a multitasking RNA/DNA binding protein. FUS aggregation is implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases. RNA was suggested to modulate phase transition of FUS. Here, we found that FUS transforms into the amorphous aggregation state as an instant response to the shear stress caused by usual pipetting even at a low FUS concentration, 100 nM. It was revealed that non-coding RNA can suppress the transformation of FUS into aggregates. The suppressive effect of RNA on FUS aggregation is sequence-dependent. These results suggested that the non-coding RNA could be a prospective suppressor of FUS aggregation caused by mechanistic stress in cells. Our finding might pave the way for more research on the role of RNAs as aggregation inhibitors, which could facilitate the development of therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Hamad N, Watanabe H, Uchihashi T, Kurokawa R, Nagata T, Katahira M. Direct visualization of the conformational change of FUS/TLS upon binding to promoter-associated non-coding RNA. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 56:9134-9137. [PMID: 32643734 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03776a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High-speed AFM revealed the conformational change of fused in sarcoma (FUS) from a compact to an extended structure upon binding of non-coding RNA, which is supposed to allow FUS to bind to CBP/p300 for transcriptional interference. Thus, a mechanistic insight into transcription regulation by FUS and non-coding RNA is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesreen Hamad
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan. and Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-hommachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Watanabe
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takayuki Uchihashi
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, Aichi 444-8787, Japan and Department of Physics and Structural Biology Research Centre, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Riki Kurokawa
- Research Centre of Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagata
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan. and Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-hommachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masato Katahira
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan. and Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-hommachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Okita H, Kato Y, Masuzawa T, Arai K, Takeo S, Sato K, Mase N, Oyoshi T, Narumi T. Stereoselective synthesis of Gly-Gly-type (E)-methylalkene and (Z)-chloroalkene dipeptide isosteres and their application to 14-mer RGG peptidomimetics. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29373-29377. [PMID: 35521116 PMCID: PMC9055925 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06554d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of Gly-Gly-type (E)-methylalkene and (Z)-chloroalkene dipeptide isosteres is realized by organocuprate-mediated single electron transfer reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Okita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka
- Japan
| | - Yuna Kato
- Department of Engineering
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka
- Japan
| | - Tatsuki Masuzawa
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka
- Japan
| | - Kosuke Arai
- Department of Engineering
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka
- Japan
| | - Sayuri Takeo
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka
- Japan
| | - Kohei Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka
- Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Mase
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka
- Japan
| | - Takanori Oyoshi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka
- Japan
| | - Tetsuo Narumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Shizuoka University
- Shizuoka
- Japan
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