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Frazier T, Pereira E, Aesoy R, Nauton L, Giraud F, Herfindal L, Anizon F, Moreau P. Synthesis, kinase inhibition and anti-leukemic activities of diversely substituted indolopyrazolocarbazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 269:116352. [PMID: 38537512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Pyrazole analogues of the staurosporine aglycone K252c, in which the lactam ring was replaced by a pyrazole moiety, were synthesized. In this series, one or the other nitrogen atoms of the indolocarbazole scaffold was substituted by aminoalkyl chains, aiming at improving protein kinase inhibition as well as cellular potency toward acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines. Compound 19a, substituted at the N12-position by a 3-(methylamino)propyl group, showed high cellular activity in the low micromolar range toward three AML cell lines (MOLM-13, OCI-AML3 and MV4-11) with selectivity over non-cancerous cells (NRK, H9c2). 19a is also a highly potent inhibitor of the three Pim kinase isoforms, Pim-3 being the most inhibited with an IC50 value in the nanomolar range. A selectivity screening toward a panel of 50 protein kinases showed that 19a also potently inhibited PRK2 and to a lower extent AMPK, MARK3, GSK3β and JAK3. Our results enhance the understanding of the structural characteristics of indolopyrazolocarbazoles essential for potent protein kinase inhibition with therapeutic potential against AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Frazier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, ICCF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elisabeth Pereira
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, ICCF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Reidun Aesoy
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lionel Nauton
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, ICCF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Francis Giraud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, ICCF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lars Herfindal
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Fabrice Anizon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, ICCF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Pascale Moreau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, ICCF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Flax RG, Rosston P, Rocha C, Anderson B, Capener JL, Durcan TM, Drewry DH, Prinos P, Axtman AD. Illumination of understudied ciliary kinases. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1352781. [PMID: 38523660 PMCID: PMC10958382 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1352781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cilia are cellular signaling hubs. Given that human kinases are central regulators of signaling, it is not surprising that kinases are key players in cilia biology. In fact, many kinases modulate ciliogenesis, which is the generation of cilia, and distinct ciliary pathways. Several of these kinases are understudied with few publications dedicated to the interrogation of their function. Recent efforts to develop chemical probes for members of the cyclin-dependent kinase like (CDKL), never in mitosis gene A (NIMA) related kinase (NEK), and tau tubulin kinase (TTBK) families either have delivered or are working toward delivery of high-quality chemical tools to characterize the roles that specific kinases play in ciliary processes. A better understanding of ciliary kinases may shed light on whether modulation of these targets will slow or halt disease onset or progression. For example, both understudied human kinases and some that are more well-studied play important ciliary roles in neurons and have been implicated in neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and other neurological diseases. Similarly, subsets of human ciliary kinases are associated with cancer and oncological pathways. Finally, a group of genetic disorders characterized by defects in cilia called ciliopathies have associated gene mutations that impact kinase activity and function. This review highlights both progress related to the understanding of ciliary kinases as well as in chemical inhibitor development for a subset of these kinases. We emphasize known roles of ciliary kinases in diseases of the brain and malignancies and focus on a subset of poorly characterized kinases that regulate ciliary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond G. Flax
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Peter Rosston
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Cecilia Rocha
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian Anderson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jacob L. Capener
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Thomas M. Durcan
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David H. Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Panagiotis Prinos
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alison D. Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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He C, Lin Y, Qiu F, Zeng Q. Increased PKN2 and M2-Polarized Macrophages Promote HCT116 Cell Invasion. Crit Rev Immunol 2024; 44:13-21. [PMID: 38505918 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2023052095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignant tumor, with highly invasive and metastatic potential in the later stage. This study investigated the role of PKN2 overexpression and M2-polarized macrophages in dictating the malignant phenotype of colorectal cancer cells. HCT116 colorectal cancer cell line with PKN2 overexpression was generated to investigate the functional role of PKN2. THP-1 cells were polarized into M2-like macrophages, and the co-culture system of THP-1/M2 cells and HCT116 cells was established to examine the impacts of M2-polairzed macrophages on the malignant phenotype of colorectal cancer cells. PKN2 overexpression promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells, and reduced spontaneous cell death in the cell culture. Besides, the presence of M2-polarized THP-1 cells significantly enhanced the aggressive phenotype of HCT116 cells. Both PKN2 overexpression and M2-polarized THP-1 cells increased the expression of NF-κB p65 in HCT116 cells, indicating that enhanced NF-κB signaling may contribute to the augmented aggressiveness of HCT116 cells. These findings suggest PKN2 as an oncogenic factor in colorectal cancer and that M2-polarized THP-1 cells may promote the progression of colorectal cancer by activating NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Provincial Geriatric Hospital, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian, China
| | - Yimei Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fuqing City Hospital, Fuqing 350300, Fujian, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Provincial Geriatric Hospital, Fuzhou 350000, Fujian, China
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Transmission Electron Microscopy Tilt-Series Data from In-Situ Chondrocyte Primary Cilia. DATA 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/data6110118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium has recently become the focus of intensive investigations into understanding the physical structure and processes of eukaryotic cells. This paper describes two tilt-series image datasets, acquired by transmission electron microscopy, of in situ chick-embryo sternal-cartilage primary cilia. These data have been released under an open-access licence, and are well suited to tomographic reconstruction and modelling of the cilium.
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Jin YJ, Chennupati R, Li R, Liang G, Wang S, Iring A, Graumann J, Wettschureck N, Offermanns S. Protein kinase N2 mediates flow-induced endothelial NOS activation and vascular tone regulation. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e145734. [PMID: 34499618 DOI: 10.1172/jci145734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of NO by endothelial NOS (eNOS) is a central process in the homeostatic regulation of vascular functions including blood pressure regulation, and fluid shear stress exerted by the flowing blood is a main stimulus of eNOS activity. Previous work has identified several mechanosensing and -transducing processes in endothelial cells, which mediate this process and induce the stimulation of eNOS activity through phosphorylation of the enzyme via various kinases including AKT. How the initial mechanosensing and signaling processes are linked to eNOS phosphorylation is unclear. In human endothelial cells, we demonstrated that protein kinase N2 (PKN2), which is activated by flow through the mechanosensitive cation channel Piezo1 and Gq/G11-mediated signaling, as well as by Ca2+ and phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1), plays a pivotal role in this process. Active PKN2 promoted the phosphorylation of human eNOS at serine 1177 and at a newly identified site, serine 1179. These phosphorylation events additively led to increased eNOS activity. PKN2-mediated eNOS phosphorylation at serine 1177 involved the phosphorylation of AKT synergistically with mTORC2-mediated AKT phosphorylation, whereas active PKN2 directly phosphorylated human eNOS at serine 1179. Mice with induced endothelium-specific deficiency of PKN2 showed strongly reduced flow-induced vasodilation and developed arterial hypertension accompanied by reduced eNOS activation. These results uncover a central mechanism that couples upstream mechanosignaling processes in endothelial cells to the regulation of eNOS-mediated NO formation, vascular tone, and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-June Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ramesh Chennupati
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Guozheng Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - ShengPeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Yanta District, Xi'an, China
| | - András Iring
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Scientific Service Group Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Nina Wettschureck
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main Site, Frankfurt and Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main Site, Frankfurt and Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Antony D, Brunner HG, Schmidts M. Ciliary Dyneins and Dynein Related Ciliopathies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081885. [PMID: 34440654 PMCID: PMC8391580 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ubiquitously present, the relevance of cilia for vertebrate development and health has long been underrated. However, the aberration or dysfunction of ciliary structures or components results in a large heterogeneous group of disorders in mammals, termed ciliopathies. The majority of human ciliopathy cases are caused by malfunction of the ciliary dynein motor activity, powering retrograde intraflagellar transport (enabled by the cytoplasmic dynein-2 complex) or axonemal movement (axonemal dynein complexes). Despite a partially shared evolutionary developmental path and shared ciliary localization, the cytoplasmic dynein-2 and axonemal dynein functions are markedly different: while cytoplasmic dynein-2 complex dysfunction results in an ultra-rare syndromal skeleto-renal phenotype with a high lethality, axonemal dynein dysfunction is associated with a motile cilia dysfunction disorder, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) or Kartagener syndrome, causing recurrent airway infection, degenerative lung disease, laterality defects, and infertility. In this review, we provide an overview of ciliary dynein complex compositions, their functions, clinical disease hallmarks of ciliary dynein disorders, presumed underlying pathomechanisms, and novel developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinu Antony
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Han G. Brunner
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-44391; Fax: +49-761-44710
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Genes involved in immune, gene translation and chromatin organization pathways associated with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae presence in nasal secretions of domestic sheep. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247209. [PMID: 34252097 PMCID: PMC8274911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae contributes to polymicrobial pneumonia in domestic sheep. Elucidation of host genetic influences of M. ovipneumoniae nasal detection has the potential to reduce the incidence of polymicrobial pneumonia in sheep through implementation of selective breeding strategies. Nasal mucosal secretions were collected from 647 sheep from a large US sheep flock. Ewes of three breeds (Polypay n = 222, Rambouillet n = 321, and Suffolk n = 104) ranging in age from one to seven years, were sampled at three different times in the production cycle (February, April, and September/October) over four years (2015 to 2018). The presence and DNA copy number of M. ovipneumoniae was determined using a newly developed species-specific qPCR. Breed (P<0.001), age (P<0.024), sampling time (P<0.001), and year (P<0.001) of collection affected log10 transformed M. ovipneumoniae DNA copy number, where Rambouillet had the lowest (P<0.0001) compared with both Polypay and Suffolk demonstrating a possible genetic component to detection. Samples from yearlings, April, and 2018 had the highest (P<0.046) detected DNA copy number mean. Sheep genomic DNA was genotyped with the Illumina OvineHD BeadChip. Principal component analysis identified most of the variation in the dataset was associated with breed. Therefore, genome wide association analysis was conducted with a mixed model (EMMAX), with principal components 1 to 6 as fixed and a kinship matrix as random effects. Genome-wide significant (P<9x10-8) SNPs were identified on chromosomes 6 and 7 in the all-breed analysis. Individual breed analysis had genome-wide significant (P<9x10-8) SNPs on chromosomes 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 15, 17, and 22. Annotated genes near these SNPs are part of immune (ANAPC7, CUL5, TMEM229B, PTPN13), gene translation (PIWIL4), and chromatin organization (KDM2B) pathways. Immune genes are expected to have increased expression when leukocytes encounter M. ovipneumoniae which would lead to chromatin reorganization. Work is underway to narrow the range of these associated regions to identify the underlying causal mutations.
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Mukhopadhyay S, Bhutia SK. Trends in CRISPR-Cas9 technology application in cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 178:175-192. [PMID: 33685596 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology in cancer research has tremendous potential to shape the future of oncology. Although this gene-editing tool's pre-clinical progress is into its nascent stage, there are many unanswered questions regarding health benefits and therapy precision using CRISPR. The application of CRISPR is highly specific, economically sustainable, and is a high throughput technique, but on the other hand, its application involves measured risk of countering the toxic immune response of Cas protein, off-target effects, limitation of delivering the edited cells back into cancer patients. The current chapter highlights the possibilities and perils of the present-day CRISPR engineering in cancer that should highlight CRISPR translation to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Medical School, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India.
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The structure and function of protein kinase C-related kinases (PRKs). Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:217-235. [PMID: 33522581 PMCID: PMC7925014 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C-related kinase (PRK) family of serine/threonine kinases, PRK1, PRK2 and PRK3, are effectors for the Rho family small G proteins. An array of studies have linked these kinases to multiple signalling pathways and physiological roles, but while PRK1 is relatively well-characterized, the entire PRK family remains understudied. Here, we provide a holistic overview of the structure and function of PRKs and describe the molecular events that govern activation and autoregulation of catalytic activity, including phosphorylation, protein interactions and lipid binding. We begin with a structural description of the regulatory and catalytic domains, which facilitates the understanding of their regulation in molecular detail. We then examine their diverse physiological roles in cytoskeletal reorganization, cell adhesion, chromatin remodelling, androgen receptor signalling, cell cycle regulation, the immune response, glucose metabolism and development, highlighting isoform redundancy but also isoform specificity. Finally, we consider the involvement of PRKs in pathologies, including cancer, heart disease and bacterial infections. The abundance of PRK-driven pathologies suggests that these enzymes will be good therapeutic targets and we briefly report some of the progress to date.
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