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Zou P, Iuga D, Ling S, Brown AJ, Chen S, Zhang M, Han Y, Fortes AD, Howard CM, Tao S. A fast ceramic mixed OH -/H + ionic conductor for low temperature fuel cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:909. [PMID: 38291342 PMCID: PMC10827789 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Low temperature ionic conducting materials such as OH- and H+ ionic conductors are important electrolytes for electrochemical devices. Here we show the discovery of mixed OH-/H+ conduction in ceramic materials. SrZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ exhibits a high ionic conductivity of approximately 0.01 S cm-1 at 90 °C in both water and wet air, which has been demonstrated by direct ammonia fuel cells. Neutron diffraction confirms the presence of OD bonds in the lattice of deuterated SrZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ. The OH- ionic conduction of CaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ in water was demonstrated by electrolysis of both H218O and D2O. The ionic conductivity of CaZr0.8Y0.2O3-δ in 6 M KOH solution is around 0.1 S cm-1 at 90 °C, 100 times higher than that in pure water, indicating increased OH- ionic conductivity with a higher concentration of feed OH- ions. Density functional theory calculations suggest the diffusion of OH- ions relies on oxygen vacancies and temporarily formed hydrogen bonds. This opens a window to discovering new ceramic ionic conducting materials for near ambient temperature fuel cells, electrolysers and other electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peimiao Zou
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Dinu Iuga
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sanliang Ling
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alex J Brown
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Shigang Chen
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mengfei Zhang
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yisong Han
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - A Dominic Fortes
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Spallation Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Christopher M Howard
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Spallation Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Shanwen Tao
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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Lin F, Hu W, Jaegers NR, Gao F, Hu JZ, Wang H, Wang Y. Elucidation of the Roles of Water on the Reactivity of Surface Intermediates in Carboxylic Acid Ketonization on TiO 2. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:99-109. [PMID: 36563310 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of water on the carboxylic acid ketonization reaction over solid Lewis-acid catalysts were examined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and kinetic measurements. Acetic acid and propanoic acid were used as model compounds, and P25 TiO2 was used as a model catalyst to represent the anatase TiO2 since the rutile phase only contributes to <2.5% of the overall ketonization activity of P25 TiO2. The kinetic measurement showed that introducing H2O vapor in gaseous feed decreases the ketonization reaction rate by increasing the intrinsic activation barrier of gas-phase acetic acid on anatase TiO2. Quantitative TPD of acetic acid indicated that H2O does not compete with acetic acid for Lewis sites. Instead, as indicated by combined approaches of NMR and DRIFTS, H2O associates with the adsorbed acetate or acetic acid intermediates on the catalyst surface and alters their reactivities for the ketonization reaction. There are multiple species present on the anatase TiO2 surface upon carboxylic acid adsorption, including molecular carboxylic acid, monodentate carboxylate, and chelating/bridging bidentate carboxylates. The presence of H2O vapor increases the coverage of the less reactive bridging bidentate carboxylate associated with adsorbed H2O, leading to lower ketonization activity on hydrated anatase TiO2. Surface hydroxyl groups, which are consumed by interaction with carboxylic acid upon the formation of surface acetate species, do not impact the ketonization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lin
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99354, United States
| | - Wenda Hu
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99354, United States.,The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington99164, United States
| | - Nicholas R Jaegers
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99354, United States.,The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington99164, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99354, United States
| | - Jian Zhi Hu
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99354, United States.,The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington99164, United States
| | - Huamin Wang
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99354, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99354, United States.,The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington99164, United States
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Khizrieva SS, Borisenko SN, Maksimenko EV, Borisenko NI, Minkin VI. Study of the Composition and Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activity of Olive Leaf (Olea europea L.) Extracts Obtained in Subcritical Water. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793121080108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jaegers NR, Hu W, Weber TJ, Hu JZ. Low-temperature (< 200 °C) degradation of electronic nicotine delivery system liquids generates toxic aldehydes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7800. [PMID: 33833273 PMCID: PMC8032854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette usage has spiked in popularity over recent years. The enhanced prevalence has consequently resulted in new health concerns associated with the use of these devices. Degradation of the liquids used in vaping have been identified as a concern due to the presence of toxic compounds such as aldehydes in the aerosols. Typically, such thermochemical conversions are reported to occur between 300 and 400 °C. Herein, the low-temperature thermal degradation of propylene glycol and glycerol constituents of e-cigarette vapors are explored for the first time by natural abundance 13C NMR and 1H NMR, enabling in situ detection of intact molecules from decomposition. The results demonstrate that the degradation of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) liquids is strongly reliant upon the oxygen availability, both in the presence and absence of a material surface. When oxygen is available, propylene glycol and glycerol readily decompose at temperatures between 133 and 175 °C over an extended time period. Among the generated chemical species, formic and acrylic acids are observed which can negatively affect the kidneys and lungs of those who inhale the toxin during ENDS vapor inhalation. Further, the formation of hemi- and formal acetals is noted from both glycerol and propylene glycol, signifying the generation of both formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, highly toxic compounds, which, as a biocide, can lead to numerous health ailments. The results also reveal a retardation in decomposition rate when material surfaces are prevalent with no directly observed unique surface spectator or intermediate species as well as potentially slower conversions in mixtures of the two components. The generation of toxic species in ENDS liquids at low temperatures highlights the dangers of low-temperature ENDS use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenda Hu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Thomas J Weber
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Jian Zhi Hu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
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Jaegers NR, Hu W, Wang Y, Hu JZ. High-Temperature and High-Pressure In situ Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Vis Exp 2020:10.3791/61794. [PMID: 33104063 PMCID: PMC7877478 DOI: 10.3791/61794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy represents an important technique to understand the structure and bonding environments of molecules. There exists a drive to characterize materials under conditions relevant to the chemical process of interest. To address this, in situ high-temperature, high-pressure MAS NMR methods have been developed to enable the observation of chemical interactions over a range of pressures (vacuum to several hundred bar) and temperatures (well below 0 °C to 250 °C). Further, the chemical identity of the samples can be comprised of solids, liquids, and gases or mixtures of the three. The method incorporates all-zirconia NMR rotors (sample holder for MAS NMR) which can be sealed using a threaded cap to compress an O-ring. This rotor exhibits great chemical resistance, temperature compatibility, low NMR background, and can withstand high pressures. These combined factors enable it to be utilized in a wide range of system combinations, which in turn permit its use in diverse fields as carbon sequestration, catalysis, material science, geochemistry, and biology. The flexibility of this technique makes it an attractive option for scientists from numerous disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yong Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
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Dagle VL, Winkelman AD, Jaegers NR, Saavedra-Lopez J, Hu J, Engelhard MH, Habas SE, Akhade SA, Kovarik L, Glezakou VA, Rousseau R, Wang Y, Dagle RA. Single-Step Conversion of Ethanol to n-Butene over Ag-ZrO 2/SiO 2 Catalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Lebarbier Dagle
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,United States
| | - Austin D. Winkelman
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,United States
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Jaegers
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,United States
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Johnny Saavedra-Lopez
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,United States
| | - Jianzhi Hu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,United States
| | - Mark H. Engelhard
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352,United States
| | - Susan E. Habas
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, Colorado 80401,United States
| | - Sneha A. Akhade
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Libor Kovarik
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,United States
| | | | - Roger Rousseau
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,United States
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Robert A. Dagle
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352,United States
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