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Zhu JJ, Guo T, Liu HX, Tan XR, Zhang ZW, Wu WJ, Zhang JW. Design, synthesis and insecticidal activity of benzenesulfonamide derivatives containing various alkynyl, alkenyl and cyclopropyl groups in para position. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:549-553. [PMID: 36200705 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2130303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Celangulin V is a natural β-dihydrofuran sesquiterpene polyester with anti Mythimna separate activity and unique mechanism of action. Further study showed that its target was the H subunit of V-ATPase in the midgut of M. separate. Thus, combined with the previous work, thirty-two benzene sulfonamide derivatives were systematically synthesised to discover efficient and low-budget insecticidal candidates for the H subunit of V-ATPase. Screening results showed that compounds C2, C4, C5, C6 and C8 could significantly cause death of tested third-instar larvae of M. separate, and provided the corresponding LC50 values of 0.844, 0.953, 0.705, 0.599 and 0.887 mg/mL, which were extremely better than Celangulin V (LC50 = 11.5 mg/mL). The docking results indicated that this novel framework might target H subunit of V-ATPase. Given these excellent bioactivity results, this kind of sulfonamide framework could provide a suitable point for exploring highly efficient insecticidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Zhu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tao Guo
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Liu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xin-Ru Tan
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
| | - Ji-Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Yangling, China
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Duffield KR, Rosales AM, Muturi EJ, Behle RW, Ramirez JL. Increased Phenoloxidase Activity Constitutes the Main Defense Strategy of Trichoplusia ni Larvae against Fungal Entomopathogenic Infections. INSECTS 2023; 14:667. [PMID: 37623376 PMCID: PMC10455440 DOI: 10.3390/insects14080667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni is an important agricultural pest worldwide and is frequently used as a model organism for assessing entomopathogenic fungi virulence, though few studies have measured the host response repertoire to fungal biocontrol agents. Here, we quantified the immune response of T. ni larvae following exposure to two entomopathogenic fungal species: Beauveria bassiana and Cordyceps javanica. Results from our study demonstrate that T. ni larvae exposed to fungal entomopathogens had higher total phenoloxidase activity compared to controls, indicating that the melanization cascade is one of the main immune components driving defense against fungal infection and contrasting observations from other insect-fungi interaction studies. We also observed differences in host response depending on the species of entomopathogenic fungi, with significantly higher induction observed during infections with B. bassiana than with C. javanica. Larvae exposed to B. bassiana had an increased expression of genes involved in prophenoloxidase response and the Imd, JNK, and Jak/STAT immune signaling pathways. Our results indicate a notable absence of Toll pathway-related responses, further contrasting results to other insect-fungi pathosystems. Important differences were also observed in the induction of antimicrobial effectors, with B. bassiana infections eliciting three antimicrobial effectors (lysozyme, gloverin, and cecropin), while C. javanica only induced cecropin expression. These results provide insight into the host response strategies employed by T. ni for protection against entomopathogenic fungi and increase our understanding of insect-fungal entomopathogen interactions, aiding in the design of more effective microbial control strategies for this important agricultural pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R. Duffield
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.J.M.)
| | | | - Ephantus J. Muturi
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.J.M.)
| | - Robert W. Behle
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.J.M.)
| | - José L. Ramirez
- USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA; (E.J.M.)
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Pan VS, Pepi A, LoPresti EF, Karban R. The consequence of leaf life span to virus infection of herbivorous insects. Oecologia 2023; 201:449-459. [PMID: 36692690 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05325-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many herbivorous insects die of pathogen infections, though the role of plant traits in promoting the persistence of these pathogens as an indirect interaction is poorly understood. We tested whether winter leaf retention of bush lupines (Lupinus arboreus) promotes the persistence of a nucleopolyhedroviruses, thereby increasing the infection risk of caterpillars (Arctia virginalis) feeding on the foliage during spring. We also investigated whether winter leaf retention reduces viral exposure of younger caterpillars that live on the ground, as leaf retention prevents contaminated leaves from reaching the ground. We surveyed winter leaf retention of 248 lupine bush canopies across twelve sites and examined how it related to caterpillar infection risk, herbivory, and inflorescence density. We also manipulated the amount of lupine litter available to young caterpillars in a feeding experiment to emulate litterfall exposure in the field. Greater retention of contaminated leaves from the previous season increased infection rates of caterpillars in early spring. Higher infection rates reduced herbivory and increased plant inflorescence density by summer. Young caterpillars exposed to less litterfall were more likely to starve to death but less likely to die from infection, further suggesting foliage mediated exposure to viruses. We speculate that longer leaf life span may be an unrecognized trait that indirectly mediates top-down control of herbivores by facilitating epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S Pan
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Adam Pepi
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Briggs Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Eric F LoPresti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, 700 Sumter St #401, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Richard Karban
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Briggs Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Carvalho APAD, Conte-Junior CA. Nanoencapsulation application to prolong postharvest shelf life. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102825. [PMID: 36332341 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review offers our opinion on current and future trends regarding nanoencapsulation interventions to extend postharvest shelf life of stored grains, fruits, and vegetables. Herein, we considered two major factors influencing postharvest shelf life for comments: aerobic food spoilage microorganisms and stored pests. Nanoemulsions, edible/active coatings, and nanopackaging loading essential oils as antimicrobial, antioxidant, or pesticide showed promising results in prolonged shelf life at room/cold storage without compromising quality, organoleptic properties, and postharvest physiology. Trends with nanoencapsulation using plant-based pesticides as agrochemical-free methods to keep produce fresh longer were commented as potential candidates for prolonging the shelf life of stored grains and fruits at the postharvest stage. Research with potential large-scale feasibility is intensive, but safety assessment is required and remains little explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Paula Azevedo de Carvalho
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941598, Brazil; Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941598, Brazil; Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941909, Brazil; Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro RJ 20020-000, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Adam Conte-Junior
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941598, Brazil; Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941598, Brazil; Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941909, Brazil; Nanotechnology Network, Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro RJ 20020-000, Brazil; Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941909, Brazil.
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Molisso D, Coppola M, Buonanno M, Di Lelio I, Aprile AM, Langella E, Rigano MM, Francesca S, Chiaiese P, Palmieri G, Tatè R, Sinno M, Barra E, Becchimanzi A, Monti SM, Pennacchio F, Rao R. Not Only Systemin: Prosystemin Harbors Other Active Regions Able to Protect Tomato Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:887674. [PMID: 35685017 PMCID: PMC9173717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.887674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Prosystemin is a 200-amino acid precursor expressed in Solanaceae plants which releases at the C-terminal part a peptidic hormone called Systemin in response to wounding and herbivore attack. We recently showed that Prosystemin is not only a mere scaffold of Systemin but, even when deprived of Systemin, is biologically active. These results, combined with recent discoveries that Prosystemin is an intrinsically disordered protein containing disordered regions within its sequence, prompted us to investigate the N-terminal portions of the precursor, which contribute to the greatest disorder within the sequence. To this aim, PS1-70 and PS1-120 were designed, produced, and structurally and functionally characterized. Both the fragments, which maintained their intrinsic disorder, were able to induce defense-related genes and to protect tomato plants against Botrytis cinerea and Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Intriguingly, the biological activity of each of the two N-terminal fragments and of Systemin is similar but not quite the same and does not show any toxicity on experimental non-targets considered. These regions account for different anti-stress activities conferred to tomato plants by their overexpression. The two N-terminal fragments identified in this study may represent new promising tools for sustainable crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Molisso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Coppola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Buonanno
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Aprile
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emma Langella
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Manuela Rigano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvana Francesca
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Chiaiese
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianna Palmieri
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council (IBBR-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Rosarita Tatè
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council (IGB-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Sinno
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eleonora Barra
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Becchimanzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Maria Monti
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Insecticidal Activity of Organic Extracts of Solidago graminifolia and Its Main Metabolites (Quercetin and Chlorogenic Acid) against Spodoptera frugiperda: An In Vitro and In Silico Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103325. [PMID: 35630802 PMCID: PMC9147747 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (S. frugiperda) remains a global primary pest of maize. Therefore, new options to combat this pest are necessary. In this study, the insecticidal activity of three crude foliar extracts (ethanol, dichloromethane, and hexane) and their main secondary metabolites (quercetin and chlorogenic acid) of the species Solidago graminifolia (S. graminifolia) by ingestion bioassays against S. frugiperda larvae was analyzed. Additionally, the extracts were phytochemically elucidated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analysis. Finally, an in silico study of the potential interaction of quercetin on S. frugiperda acetylcholinesterase was performed. Organic extracts were obtained in the range from 5 to 33%. The ethanolic extract caused higher mortality (81%) with a half-maximal lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.496 mg/mL. Flavonoid secondary metabolites such as hyperoside, quercetin, isoquercetin, kaempferol, and avicularin and some phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid, solidagoic acid, gallic acid, hexoside, and rosmarinic acid were identified. In particular, quercetin had an LC50 of 0.157 mg/mL, and chlorogenic acid did not have insecticidal activity but showed an antagonistic effect on quercetin. The molecular docking analysis of quercetin on the active site of S. frugiperda acetylcholinesterase showed a −5.4 kcal/mol binding energy value, lower than acetylcholine and chlorpyrifos (−4.45 and −4.46 kcal/mol, respectively). Additionally, the interactions profile showed that quercetin had π–π interactions with amino acids W198, Y235, and H553 on the active site.
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Yousefi-Taemeh M, Lin J, Ifa DR, Parrott W, Kovinich N. Metabolomics Differences of Glycine max QTLs Resistant to Soybean Looper. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100710. [PMID: 34677425 PMCID: PMC8539317 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) E and M are major soybean alleles that confer resistance to leaf-chewing insects, and are particularly effective in combination. Flavonoids and/or isoflavonoids are classes of plant secondary metabolites that previous studies agree are the causative agents of resistance of these QTLs. However, all previous studies have compared soybean genotypes that are of dissimilar genetic backgrounds, leaving it questionable what metabolites are a result of the QTL rather than the genetic background. Here, we conducted a non-targeted mass spectrometry approach without liquid chromatography to identify differences in metabolite levels among QTLs E, M, and both (EM) that were introgressed into the background of the susceptible variety Benning. Our results found that E and M mainly confer low-level, global differences in distinct sets of metabolites. The isoflavonoid daidzein was the only metabolite that demonstrated major increases, specifically in insect-treated M and EM. Interestingly, M confers increased daidzein levels in response to insect, whereas E restores M’s depleted daidzein levels in the absence of insect. Since daidzein levels do not parallel levels of resistance, our data suggest a novel mechanism that the QTLs confer resistance to insects by mediating changes in hundreds of metabolites, which would be difficult for the insect to evolve tolerance. Collective global metabolite differences conferred by E and M might explain the increased resistance of EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Yousefi-Taemeh
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (M.Y.-T.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
| | - Demian R. Ifa
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (M.Y.-T.); (D.R.I.)
| | - Wayne Parrott
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Nik Kovinich
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-416-736-2100
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Stec K, Kordan B, Gabryś B. Effect of Soy Leaf Flavonoids on Pea Aphid Probing Behavior. INSECTS 2021; 12:756. [PMID: 34442322 PMCID: PMC8396875 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids detected in soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae) cause various alterations in the metabolism, behavior, and development of insect herbivores. The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) poses potential threat to soybeans, but the effect of individual flavonoids on its feeding-associated behavior is relatively unknown. We monitored probing behavior (stylet penetration activities) of A. pisum on its preferred host plant, Pisum sativum L. untreated (control) and treated with 0.1% ethanolic solutions of flavonoids apigenin, daidzein, genistein, and kaempferol. We applied the electrical penetration graph (electropenetrography, EPG) technique, which visualizes the movements of aphid stylets within plant tissues. None of the applied flavonoids affected the propensity to probe the plants by A. pisum. However, apigenin enhanced the duration of probes in non-phloem tissues, which caused an increase in the frequency and duration of stylet mechanics derailment and xylem sap ingestion but limited the ingestion of phloem sap. Daidzein caused a delay in reaching phloem vessels and limited sap ingestion. Kaempferol caused a reduction in the frequency and duration of the phloem phase. Genistein did not affect aphid probing behavior. Our findings provide information for selective breeding programs of resistant plant cultivars to A. pisum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stec
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland;
| | - Bożena Kordan
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Beata Gabryś
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland;
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Franceschini Sarria AL, Matos AP, Volante AC, Bernardo AR, Sabbag Cunha GO, Fernandes JB, Rossi Forim M, Vieira PC, da Silva MFDGF. Insecticidal activity of copper (II) complexes with flavanone derivatives. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:1342-1345. [PMID: 33401965 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1868465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the insecticidal activity against Spodoptera frugiperda of flavanone derivatives (naringin, naringenin and hesperidin) complexed to copper (II). For the assays, the compounds were incorporated into an artificial diet and offered to S. frugiperda during its larval period. The duration of larval and pupal phases, the weight of pupae and the percentage of dead insects at the end of the larval phase were evaluated. Among the tested compounds, the free flavanones 1 and 3 and the complexes 4 and 6 showed a shortening of the larval phase when compared to the control. Complex 9 showed the highest toxicity, with 96.66% larval mortality. This is the first report on the insecticidal activity of the Cu2+ complexes of the flavanones naringin, naringenin and hesperidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Lucio Franceschini Sarria
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.,R&D Chemistry Laboratory, Biobab S.L., Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Moacir Rossi Forim
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar Vieira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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Nehra M, Dilbaghi N, Marrazza G, Kaushik A, Sonne C, Kim KH, Kumar S. Emerging nanobiotechnology in agriculture for the management of pesticide residues. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123369. [PMID: 32763682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of pesticides is often necessary for meeting commercial requirements for crop quality and yield. However, incessant global pesticide use poses potential risks to human and ecosystem health. This situation increases the urgency of developing nano-biotechnology-assisted pesticide formulations that have high efficacy and low risk of side effects. The risks associated with both conventional and nanopesticides are summarized in this review. Moreover, the management of residual pesticides is still a global challenge. The contamination of soil and water resources with pesticides has adverse impact over agricultural productivity and food security; ultimately posing threats to living organisms. Pesticide residues in the eco-system may be treated via several biological and physicochemical processes, such as microbe-based degradation and advanced oxidation processes. With these issues in mind, we present a review that explores both existing and emerging techniques for management of pesticide residues and environmental risks. These techniques can offer a sustainable solution to revitalize the tarnished water/soil resources. Further, state-of-the-art research approaches to investigate biotechnological alternatives to conventional pesticides are discussed along with future prospects and mitigation techniques are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nehra
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Neeraj Dilbaghi
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Giovanna Marrazza
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Arts & Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, 33805-8531, United States
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
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