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Toba MN, Malkinson TS, Howells H, Mackie MA, Spagna A. Same, Same but Different? A Multi-Method Review of the Processes Underlying Executive Control. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:418-454. [PMID: 36967445 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Attention, working memory, and executive control are commonly considered distinct cognitive functions with important reciprocal interactions. Yet, longstanding evidence from lesion studies has demonstrated both overlap and dissociation in their behavioural expression and anatomical underpinnings, suggesting that a lower dimensional framework could be employed to further identify processes supporting goal-directed behaviour. Here, we describe the anatomical and functional correspondence between attention, working memory, and executive control by providing an overview of cognitive models, as well as recent data from lesion studies, invasive and non-invasive multimodal neuroimaging and brain stimulation. We emphasize the benefits of considering converging evidence from multiple methodologies centred on the identification of brain mechanisms supporting goal-driven behaviour. We propose that expanding on this approach should enable the construction of a comprehensive anatomo-functional framework with testable new hypotheses, and aid clinical neuroscience to intervene on impairments of executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica N Toba
- Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (UR UPJV 4559), University Hospital of Amiens and University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
- CHU Amiens Picardie - Site Sud, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Avenue René Laënnec, 80054, Amiens Cedex 1, France.
| | - Tal Seidel Malkinson
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Hôpital de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013, Paris, France
- Université de Lorraine, CRAN, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Henrietta Howells
- Laboratory of Motor Control, Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Melissa-Ann Mackie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alfredo Spagna
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10025, USA.
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2
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Bao C, Zhu X, Mōller-Mara J, Li J, Dubroqua S, Erlich JC. The rat frontal orienting field dynamically encodes value for economic decisions under risk. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:1942-1952. [PMID: 37857772 PMCID: PMC10620098 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01461-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Frontal and parietal cortex are implicated in economic decision-making, but their causal roles are untested. Here we silenced the frontal orienting field (FOF) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) while rats chose between a cued lottery and a small stable surebet. PPC inactivations produced minimal short-lived effects. FOF inactivations reliably reduced lottery choices. A mixed-agent model of choice indicated that silencing the FOF caused a change in the curvature of the rats' utility function (U = Vρ). Consistent with this finding, single-neuron and population analyses of neural activity confirmed that the FOF encodes the lottery value on each trial. A dynamical model, which accounts for electrophysiological and silencing results, suggests that the FOF represents the current lottery value to compare against the remembered surebet value. These results demonstrate that the FOF is a critical node in the neural circuit for the dynamic representation of action values for choice under risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofei Bao
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Xiaoyue Zhu
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joshua Mōller-Mara
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjie Li
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sylvain Dubroqua
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jeffrey C Erlich
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
- NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, UK.
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3
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Katsumi Y, Putcha D, Eckbo R, Wong B, Quimby M, McGinnis S, Touroutoglou A, Dickerson BC. Anterior dorsal attention network tau drives visual attention deficits in posterior cortical atrophy. Brain 2023; 146:295-306. [PMID: 36237170 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), usually an atypical clinical syndrome of Alzheimer's disease, has well-characterized patterns of cortical atrophy and tau deposition that are distinct from typical amnestic presentations of Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanisms underlying the cortical spread of tau in PCA remain unclear. Here, in a sample of 17 biomarker-confirmed (A+/T+/N+) individuals with PCA, we sought to identify functional networks with heightened vulnerability to tau pathology by examining the cortical distribution of elevated tau as measured by 18F-flortaucipir (FTP) PET. We then assessed the relationship between network-specific FTP uptake and visuospatial cognitive task performance. As predicted, we found consistent and prominent localization of tau pathology in the dorsal attention network and visual network of the cerebral cortex. Elevated FTP uptake within the dorsal attention network (particularly the ratio of FTP uptake between the anterior and posterior nodes) was associated with poorer visuospatial attention in PCA; associations were also identified in other functional networks, although to a weaker degree. Furthermore, using functional MRI data collected from each patient at wakeful rest, we found that a greater anterior-to-posterior ratio in FTP uptake was associated with stronger intrinsic functional connectivity between anterior and posterior nodes of the dorsal attention network. Taken together, we conclude that our cross-sectional marker of anterior-to-posterior FTP ratio could indicate tau propagation from posterior to anterior dorsal attention network nodes, and that this anterior progression occurs in relation to intrinsic functional connectivity within this network critical for visuospatial attention. Our findings help to clarify the spatiotemporal pattern of tau propagation in relation to visuospatial cognitive decline and highlight the key role of the dorsal attention network in the disease progression of PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Katsumi
- Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Deepti Putcha
- Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ryan Eckbo
- Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Bonnie Wong
- Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Megan Quimby
- Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Scott McGinnis
- Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alexandra Touroutoglou
- Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- Frontotemporal Disorders Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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4
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Gupta A, Bansal R, Alashwal H, Kacar AS, Balci F, Moustafa AA. Neural Substrates of the Drift-Diffusion Model in Brain Disorders. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 15:678232. [PMID: 35069160 PMCID: PMC8776710 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2021.678232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies on the drift-diffusion model (DDM) explain decision-making based on a unified analysis of both accuracy and response times. This review provides an in-depth account of the recent advances in DDM research which ground different DDM parameters on several brain areas, including the cortex and basal ganglia. Furthermore, we discuss the changes in DDM parameters due to structural and functional impairments in several clinical disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and schizophrenia. This review thus uses DDM to provide a theoretical understanding of different brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Gupta
- CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rohini Bansal
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hany Alashwal
- College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Hany Alashwal
| | - Anil Safak Kacar
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fuat Balci
- Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ahmed A. Moustafa
- School of Psychology & Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Society and Design, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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5
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Kurniawan IT, Grueschow M, Ruff CC. Anticipatory Energization Revealed by Pupil and Brain Activity Guides Human Effort-Based Decision Making. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6328-6342. [PMID: 34103359 PMCID: PMC8287989 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3027-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An organism's fitness is determined by how it chooses to adapt to effort in response to challenges. Exertion of effort correlates with activity in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and noradrenergic pupil dilation, but little is known about the role of these neurophysiological processes for decisions about future efforts, they may provide anticipatory energization to help us accept the challenge or a cost representation that is weighted against the expected rewards. Here, we provide evidence for the former, by measuring pupil and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain responses while 52 human participants (29 females) chose whether to exert efforts to obtain rewards. Both pupil-dilation rate and dmPFC fMRI activity increased with anticipated effort level, and these increases differ depending on the choice outcome: they were stronger when participants chose to accept the challenge compared with when the challenge was declined. Crucially, the choice-dependent modulation of pupil and brain-activity effort representations were stronger in participants whose behavioral choices were more sensitive to effort. Our results identify a process involving the peripheral and central human nervous system that simulates the required energization before overt response, suggesting a role in guiding effort-based decisions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain's arousal system tracks the effort we engage in during strenuous activity. But much less is known about what role this effort signaling may play when we decide whether to exert effort in the future. Here, we characterize pupil-linked arousal and brain signals that guide decisions whether to engage in effort to gain money. During such choices, increases in brain activity and pupil dilation correlated with the effort involved in the chosen option, and these increases were stronger when people decided to accept the effort compared with when they rejected it. These results suggest that the brain arousal system guides decisions by energizing the organism for the prospective challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma T Kurniawan
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zürich 8006, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Grueschow
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zürich 8006, Switzerland
| | - Christian C Ruff
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zürich 8006, Switzerland
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Visual Cortex Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Patients: A Double-Blinded Randomized Exploratory Trial. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020270. [PMID: 33669946 PMCID: PMC7924823 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a severe complication of diabetes. PDR-related retinal hemorrhages often lead to severe vision loss. The main goals of management are to prevent visual impairment progression and improve residual vision. We explored the potential of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to enhance residual vision. tDCS applied to the primary visual cortex (V1) may improve visual input processing from PDR patients’ retinas. Eleven PDR patients received cathodal tDCS stimulation of V1 (1 mA for 10 min), and another eleven patients received sham stimulation (1 mA for 30 s). Visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) scores) and number acuity (reaction times (RTs) and accuracy rates (ARs)) were measured before and immediately after stimulation. The LogMAR scores and the RTs of patients who received cathodal tDCS decreased significantly after stimulation. Cathodal tDCS has no significant effect on ARs. There were no significant changes in the LogMAR scores, RTs, and ARs of PDR patients who received sham stimulation. The results are compatible with our proposal that neuronal noise aggravates impaired visual function in PDR. The therapeutic effect indicates the potential of tDCS as a safe and effective vision rehabilitation tool for PDR patients.
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