1
|
Zrenner C, Ziemann U. Closed-Loop Brain Stimulation. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:545-552. [PMID: 37743002 PMCID: PMC10881194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
In the same way that beauty lies in the eye of the beholder, what a stimulus does to the brain is determined not simply by the nature of the stimulus but by the nature of the brain that is receiving the stimulus at that instant in time. Over the past decades, therapeutic brain stimulation has typically applied open-loop fixed protocols and has largely ignored this principle. Only recent neurotechnological advancements have enabled us to predict the nature of the brain (i.e., the electrophysiological brain state in the next instance in time) with sufficient temporal precision in the range of milliseconds using feedforward algorithms applied to electroencephalography time-series data. This allows stimulation exclusively whenever the targeted brain area is in a prespecified excitability or connectivity state. Preclinical studies have shown that repetitive stimulation during a particular brain state (e.g., high-excitability state), but not during other states, results in lasting modification (e.g., long-term potentiation) of the stimulated circuits. Here, we survey the evidence that this is also possible at the systems level of the human cortex using electroencephalography-informed transcranial magnetic stimulation. We critically discuss opportunities and difficulties in developing brain state-dependent stimulation for more effective long-term modification of pathological brain networks (e.g., in major depressive disorder) than is achievable with conventional fixed protocols. The same real-time electroencephalography-informed transcranial magnetic stimulation technology will allow closing of the loop by recording the effects of stimulation. This information may enable stimulation protocol adaptation that maximizes treatment response. This way, brain states control brain stimulation, thereby introducing a paradigm shift from open-loop to closed-loop stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zrenner
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cai G, Xu J, Ding Q, Lin T, Chen H, Wu M, Li W, Chen G, Xu G, Lan Y. Electroencephalography oscillations can predict the cortical response following theta burst stimulation. Brain Res Bull 2024; 208:110902. [PMID: 38367675 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous theta burst stimulation and intermittent theta burst stimulation are clinically popular models of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. However, they are limited by high variability between individuals in cortical excitability changes following stimulation. Although electroencephalography oscillations have been reported to modulate the cortical response to transcranial magnetic stimulation, their association remains unclear. This study aims to explore whether machine learning models based on EEG oscillation features can predict the cortical response to transcranial magnetic stimulation. METHOD Twenty-three young, healthy adults attended two randomly assigned sessions for continuous and intermittent theta burst stimulation. In each session, ten minutes of resting-state electroencephalography were recorded before delivering brain stimulation. Participants were classified as responders or non-responders based on changes in resting motor thresholds. Support vector machines and multi-layer perceptrons were used to establish predictive models of individual responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation. RESULT Among the evaluated algorithms, support vector machines achieved the best performance in discriminating responders from non-responders for intermittent theta burst stimulation (accuracy: 91.30%) and continuous theta burst stimulation (accuracy: 95.66%). The global clustering coefficient and global characteristic path length in the beta band had the greatest impact on model output. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that EEG features can serve as markers of cortical response to transcranial magnetic stimulation. They offer insights into the association between neural oscillations and variability in individuals' responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation, aiding in the optimization of individualized protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiyuan Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510013 China
| | - Jiayue Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510013 China
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510013 China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 519041 China
| | - Tuo Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510013 China
| | - Hongying Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510013 China
| | - Manfeng Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510013 China
| | - Wanqi Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510013 China
| | - Gengbin Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510013 China; Postgraduate Research Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, 510500 China
| | - Guangqing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 519041 China.
| | - Yue Lan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510013 China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aging Frailty and Neurorehabilitation, Guangzhou 510013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ozdemir RA, Kirkman S, Magnuson JR, Fried PJ, Pascual-Leone A, Shafi MM. Phase matters when there is power: Phasic modulation of corticospinal excitability occurs at high amplitude sensorimotor mu-oscillations. NEUROIMAGE. REPORTS 2022; 2:100132. [PMID: 36570046 PMCID: PMC9784422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynirp.2022.100132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies have suggested that oscillatory activity in cortical networks can modulate stimulus-evoked responses through time-varying fluctuations in neural excitation-inhibition dynamics. Studies combining transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with electromyography (EMG) and electroencephalography (EEG) can provide direct measurements to examine how instantaneous fluctuations in cortical oscillations contribute to variability in TMS-induced corticospinal responses. However, the results of these studies have been conflicting, as some reports showed consistent phase effects of sensorimotor mu-rhythms with increased excitability at the negative mu peaks, while others failed to replicate these findings or reported unspecific mu-phase effects across subjects. Given the lack of consistent results, we systematically examined the modulatory effects of instantaneous and pre-stimulus sensorimotor mu-rhythms on corticospinal responses with offline EEG-based motor evoked potential (MEP) classification analyses across five identical visits. Instantaneous sensorimotor mu-phase or pre-stimulus mu-power alone did not significantly modulate MEP responses. Instantaneous mu-power analyses showed weak effects with larger MEPs during high-power trials at the overall group level analyses, but this trend was not reproducible across visits. However, TMS delivered at the negative peak of high magnitude mu-oscillations generated the largest MEPs across all visits, with significant differences compared to other peak-phase combinations. High power effects on MEPs were only observed at the trough phase of ongoing mu oscillations originating from the stimulated region, indicating site and phase specificity, respectively. More importantly, such phase-dependent power effects on corticospinal excitability were reproducible across multiple visits. We provide further evidence that fluctuations in corticospinal excitability indexed by MEP amplitudes are partially driven by dynamic interactions between the magnitude and the phase of ongoing sensorimotor mu oscillations at the time of TMS, and suggest promising insights for (re)designing neuromodulatory TMS protocols targeted to specific cortical oscillatory states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Recep A. Ozdemir
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding author. Mouhsin Shafi Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. (R.A. Ozdemir)
| | - Sofia Kirkman
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justine R. Magnuson
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter J. Fried
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanne and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew Senior Life, Boston, MA, USA,Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Institut Guttmann de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Mouhsin M. Shafi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding author. Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. (M.M. Shafi)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zrenner C, Belardinelli P, Ermolova M, Gordon PC, Stenroos M, Zrenner B, Ziemann U. µ-rhythm phase from somatosensory but not motor cortex correlates with corticospinal excitability in EEG-triggered TMS. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 379:109662. [PMID: 35803405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensorimotor µ-rhythm phase is correlated with corticospinal excitability. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of motor cortex results in larger motor evoked potentials (MEPs) during the negative peak of the EEG oscillation as extracted with a surface Laplacian. However, the anatomical source of the relevant oscillation is not clear and demonstration of the relationship is sensitive to the choice of EEG montage. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Here, we compared two EEG montages preferentially sensitive to oscillations originating from the crown of precentral gyrus (dorsal premotor cortex) vs. postcentral gyrus (secondary somatosensory cortex). We hypothesized that the EEG signal from precentral gyrus would correlate more strongly with MEP amplitude, given that the corticospinal neurons are located in the anterior wall of the sulcus and the corticospinal tract has input from premotor cortex. NEW METHOD Real-time EEG-triggered TMS of motor cortex was applied in 6 different conditions in randomly interleaved order, 3 phase conditions (positive peak, negative peak, random phase of the ongoing µ-oscillation), and each phase condition for 2 different EEG montages corresponding to oscillations preferentially originating in precentral gyrus (premotor cortex) vs. postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex), extracted using FCC3h vs. C3 centered EEG montages. RESULTS The negative vs. positive peak of sensorimotor µ-rhythm as extracted from the C3 montage (postcentral gyrus, somatosensory cortex) correlated with states of high vs. low corticospinal excitability (p < 0.001), replicating previous findings. However, no significant correlation was found for sensorimotor µ-rhythm as extracted from the neighboring FCC3 montage (precentral gyrus, premotor cortex). This implies that EEG-signals from the somatosensory cortex are better predictors of corticospinal excitability than EEG-signals from the motor areas. CONCLUSIONS The extraction of a brain oscillation whose phase corresponds to corticospinal excitability is highly sensitive to the selected EEG montage and the location of the EEG sensors on the scalp. Here, the cortical source of EEG oscillations predicting response amplitude does not correspond to the cortical target of the stimulation, indicating that even in this simple case, a specific neuronal pathway from somatosensory cortex to primary motor cortex is involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zrenner
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paolo Belardinelli
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Maria Ermolova
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pedro Caldana Gordon
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matti Stenroos
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Brigitte Zrenner
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, University of Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Momi D, Ozdemir RA, Tadayon E, Boucher P, Di Domenico A, Fasolo M, Shafi MM, Pascual-Leone A, Santarnecchi E. Phase-dependent local brain states determine the impact of image-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor network electroencephalographic synchronization. J Physiol 2022; 600:1455-1471. [PMID: 34799873 PMCID: PMC9728936 DOI: 10.1113/jp282393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have synchronized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) application with pre-defined brain oscillatory phases showing how brain response to perturbation depends on the brain state. However, none have investigated whether phase-dependent TMS can possibly modulate connectivity with homologous distant brain regions belonging to the same network. In the framework of network-targeted TMS, we investigated whether stimulation delivered at a specific phase of ongoing brain oscillations might favour stronger cortico-cortical (c-c) synchronization of distant network nodes connected to the stimulation target. Neuronavigated TMS pulses were delivered over the primary motor cortex (M1) during ongoing electroencephalography recording in 24 healthy individuals over two repeated sessions 1 month apart. Stimulation effects were analysed considering whether the TMS pulse was delivered at the time of a positive (peak) or negative (trough) phase of μ-frequency oscillation, which determines c-c synchrony within homologous areas of the sensorimotor network. Diffusion weighted imaging was used to study c-c connectivity within the sensorimotor network and identify contralateral regions connected with the stimulation spot. Depending on when during the μ-activity the TMS-pulse was applied (peak or trough), its impact on inter-hemispheric network synchrony varied significantly. Higher M1-M1 phase-lock synchronization after the TMS-pulse (0-200 ms) in the μ-frequency band was found for trough compared to peak stimulation trials in both study visits. Phase-dependent TMS delivery might be crucial not only to amplify local effects but also to increase the magnitude and reliability of the response to the external perturbation, with implications for interventions aimed at engaging more distributed functional brain networks. KEY POINTS: Synchronized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses with pre-defined brain oscillatory phases allow evaluation of the impact of brain states on TMS effects. TMS pulses over M1 at the negative peak of the μ-frequency band induce higher phase-lock synchronization with interconnected contralateral homologous regions. Cortico-cortical synchronization changes are linearly predicted by the fibre density and cross-section of the white matter tract that connects the two brain regions. Phase-dependent TMS delivery might be crucial not only to amplify local effects but also to increase the magnitude and reliability of within-network synchronization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Momi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti
| | - Recep A. Ozdemir
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ehsan Tadayon
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pierre Boucher
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alberto Di Domenico
- Department of Psychological Science, Humanities and Territory, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mirco Fasolo
- Department of Psychological Science, Humanities and Territory, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mouhsin M. Shafi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston MA,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Guttmann Institut, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Farkhondeh Tale Navi F, Heysieattalab S, Ramanathan DS, Raoufy MR, Nazari MA. Closed-loop Modulation of the Self-regulating Brain: A Review on Approaches, Emerging Paradigms, and Experimental Designs. Neuroscience 2021; 483:104-126. [PMID: 34902494 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Closed-loop approaches, setups, and experimental designs have been applied within the field of neuroscience to enhance the understanding of basic neurophysiology principles (closed-loop neuroscience; CLNS) and to develop improved procedures for modulating brain circuits and networks for clinical purposes (closed-loop neuromodulation; CLNM). The contents of this review are thus arranged into the following sections. First, we describe basic research findings that have been made using CLNS. Next, we provide an overview of the application, rationale, and therapeutic aspects of CLNM for clinical purposes. Finally, we summarize methodological concerns and critics in clinical practice of neurofeedback and novel applications of closed-loop perspective and techniques to improve and optimize its experiments. Moreover, we outline the theoretical explanations and experimental ideas to test animal models of neurofeedback and discuss technical issues and challenges associated with implementing closed-loop systems. We hope this review is helpful for both basic neuroscientists and clinical/ translationally-oriented scientists interested in applying closed-loop methods to improve mental health and well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Farkhondeh Tale Navi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soomaayeh Heysieattalab
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Raoufy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Nazari
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cai G, Wu M, Ding Q, Lin T, Li W, Jing Y, Chen H, Cai H, Yuan T, Xu G, Lan Y. The Corticospinal Excitability Can Be Predicted by Spontaneous Electroencephalography Oscillations. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:722231. [PMID: 34497490 PMCID: PMC8419234 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.722231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has a wide range of clinical applications, and there is growing interest in neural oscillations and corticospinal excitability determined by TMS. Previous studies have shown that corticospinal excitability is influenced by fluctuations of brain oscillations in the sensorimotor region, but it is unclear whether brain network activity modulates corticospinal excitability. Here, we addressed this question by recording electroencephalography (EEG) and TMS measurements in 32 healthy individuals. The resting motor threshold (RMT) and active motor threshold (AMT) were determined as markers of corticospinal excitability. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) was used to identify significant EEG metrics and then correlation analysis was performed. The analysis revealed that alpha2 power in the sensorimotor region was inversely correlated with RMT and AMT. Innovatively, graph theory was used to construct a brain network, and the relationship between the brain network and corticospinal excitability was explored. It was found that the global efficiency in the theta band was positively correlated with RMT. Additionally, the global efficiency in the alpha2 band was negatively correlated with RMT and AMT. These findings indicated that corticospinal excitability can be modulated by the power spectrum in sensorimotor regions and the global efficiency of functional networks. EEG network analysis can provide a useful supplement for studying the association between EEG oscillations and corticospinal excitability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiyuan Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manfeng Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tuo Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanqi Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinghua Jing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongying Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiting Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tifei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangqing Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Lan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hussain SJ, Vollmer MK, Stimely J, Norato G, Zrenner C, Ziemann U, Buch ER, Cohen LG. Phase-dependent offline enhancement of human motor memory. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:873-883. [PMID: 34048939 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skill learning engages offline activity in the primary motor cortex (M1). Sensorimotor cortical activity oscillates between excitatory trough and inhibitory peak phases of the mu (8-12 Hz) rhythm. We recently showed that these mu phases influence the magnitude and direction of neuroplasticity induction within M1. However, the contribution of M1 activity during mu peak and trough phases to human skill learning has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of phase-dependent TMS during mu peak and trough phases on offline learning of a newly-acquired motor skill. METHODS On Day 1, three groups of healthy adults practiced an explicit motor sequence learning task with their non-dominant left hand. After practice, phase-dependent TMS was applied to the right M1 during either mu peak or mu trough phases. The third group received sham TMS during random mu phases. On Day 2, all subjects were re-tested on the same task to evaluate offline learning. RESULTS Subjects who received phase-dependent TMS during mu trough phases showed increased offline skill learning compared to those who received phase-dependent TMS during mu peak phases or sham TMS during random mu phases. Additionally, phase-dependent TMS during mu trough phases elicited stronger whole-brain broadband oscillatory power responses than phase-dependent TMS during mu peak phases. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that sensorimotor mu trough phases reflect brief windows of opportunity during which TMS can strengthen newly-acquired skill memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Hussain
- Movement and Cognitive Rehabilitation Science Program, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Mary K Vollmer
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Stimely
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gina Norato
- Clinical Trials Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christoph Zrenner
- Department of Neurology and Stroke and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ethan R Buch
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leonardo G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Does pericentral mu-rhythm "power" corticomotor excitability? - A matter of EEG perspective. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:713-722. [PMID: 33848678 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroencephalography (EEG) and single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS) of the primary motor hand area (M1-HAND) have been combined to explore whether the instantaneous expression of pericentral mu-rhythm drives fluctuations in corticomotor excitability, but this line of research has yielded diverging results. OBJECTIVES To re-assess the relationship between the mu-rhythm power expressed in left pericentral cortex and the amplitude of motor potentials (MEP) evoked with spTMS in left M1-HAND. METHODS 15 non-preselected healthy young participants received spTMS to the motor hot spot of left M1-HAND. Regional expression of mu-rhythm was estimated online based on a radial source at motor hotspot and informed the timing of spTMS which was applied either during epochs belonging to the highest or lowest quartile of regionally expressed mu-power. Using MEP amplitude as dependent variable, we computed a linear mixed-effects model, which included mu-power and mu-phase at the time of stimulation and the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) as fixed effects and subject as a random effect. Mu-phase was estimated by post-hoc sorting of trials into four discrete phase bins. We performed a follow-up analysis on the same EEG-triggered MEP data set in which we isolated mu-power at the sensor level using a Laplacian montage centered on the electrode above the M1-HAND. RESULTS Pericentral mu-power traced as radial source at motor hot spot did not significantly modulate the MEP, but mu-power determined by the surface Laplacian did, showing a positive relation between mu-power and MEP amplitude. In neither case, there was an effect of mu-phase on MEP amplitude. CONCLUSION The relationship between cortical oscillatory activity and cortical excitability is complex and minor differences in the methodological choices may critically affect sensitivity.
Collapse
|