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Zhang C, Qu P, Zhou M, Qian L, Bai T, Jin J, Xin B. Ionic Liquids as Promisingly Multi-Functional Participants for Electrocatalyst of Water Splitting: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073051. [PMID: 37049827 PMCID: PMC10095915 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), as one of the most concerned functional materials in recent decades, have opened up active perspectives for electrocatalysis. In catalyst preparation, ILs act as characteristic active components besides media and templates. Compared with catalysts obtained using ordinary reagents, IL-derived catalysts have a special structure and catalytic performance due to the influence of IL’s special physicochemical properties and structures. This review mainly describes the use of ILs as modifiers and reaction reagents to prepare electrocatalysts for water splitting. The designability of ILs provides opportunities for the ingenious composition of cations or anions. ILs containing heteroatoms (N, O, S, P, etc.) and transition metal anion (FeCl4−, NiCl3−, etc.) can be used to directly prepare metal phosphides, sulfides, carbides and nitrides, and so forth. The special physicochemical properties and supramolecular structures of ILs can provide growth conditions for catalysts that are different from the normal media environment, inducing special structure and high performance. ILs as heteroatom sources are safe, green and easy to operate compared with traditional heteroatom sources. The strategy for using ILs as reagents is expected to realize 100% atomic transformation of reactants, in line with the concept of green chemistry. This review reflects the discovered work with the best findings from the literature. It will offer readers a deeper understanding on the development of IL-derived electrocatalysts and inspire them to ingeniously design high-performance electrocatalysts for water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyun Zhang
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Wuxi Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wuxi 214028, China
| | - Puyu Qu
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Wuxi Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wuxi 214028, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Wuxi Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wuxi 214028, China
| | - Lidong Qian
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Wuxi Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wuxi 214028, China
| | - Te Bai
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Wuxi Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wuxi 214028, China
| | - Jianjiao Jin
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Wuxi Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wuxi 214028, China
| | - Bingwei Xin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Dezhou University, Dezhou 253023, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-8534-5517
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Zhu Z, Paddison SJ. Perspective: Morphology and ion transport in ion-containing polymers from multiscale modeling and simulations. Front Chem 2022; 10:981508. [PMID: 36059884 PMCID: PMC9437359 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.981508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion-containing polymers are soft materials composed of polymeric chains and mobile ions. Over the past several decades they have been the focus of considerable research and development for their use as the electrolyte in energy conversion and storage devices. Recent and significant results obtained from multiscale simulations and modeling for proton exchange membranes (PEMs), anion exchange membranes (AEMs), and polymerized ionic liquids (polyILs) are reviewed. The interplay of morphology and ion transport is emphasized. We discuss the influences of polymer architecture, tethered ionic groups, rigidity of the backbone, solvents, and additives on both morphology and ion transport in terms of specific interactions. Novel design strategies are highlighted including precisely controlling molecular conformations to design highly ordered morphologies; tuning the solvation structure of hydronium or hydroxide ions in hydrated ion exchange membranes; turning negative ion-ion correlations to positive correlations to improve ionic conductivity in polyILs; and balancing the strength of noncovalent interactions. The design of single-ion conductors, well-defined supramolecular architectures with enhanced one-dimensional ion transport, and the understanding of the hierarchy of the specific interactions continue as challenges but promising goals for future research.
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Cashen RK, Donoghue MM, Schmeiser AJ, Gebbie MA. Bridging Database and Experimental Analysis to Reveal Super-hydrodynamic Conductivity Scaling Regimes in Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6039-6051. [PMID: 35939324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ion transport through electrolytes critically impacts the performance of batteries and other devices. Many frameworks used to model ion transport assume hydrodynamic mechanisms and focus on maximizing conductivity by minimizing viscosity. However, solid-state electrolytes illustrate that non-hydrodynamic ion transport can define device performance. Increasingly, selective transport mechanisms, such as hopping, are proposed for concentrated electrolytes. However, viscosity-conductivity scaling relationships in ionic liquids are often analyzed with hydrodynamic models. We report data-centric analyses of hydrodynamic transport models of viscosity-conductivity scaling in ionic liquids by merging three databases to bridge physical properties and computational descriptors. With this expansive database, we constrained scaling analyses using ion sizes defined from simulated volumes, as opposed to estimating sizes from activity coefficients. Remarkably, we find that many ionic liquids exhibit positive deviations from the Nernst-Einstein model, implying ions move faster than hydrodynamics should allow. We verify these findings using microrheology and conductivity experiments. We further show that machine learning tools can improve predictions of conductivity from molecular properties, including predictions from solely computational features. Our findings reveal that many ionic liquids exhibit super-hydrodynamic viscosity-conductivity scaling, suggesting mechanisms of correlated ion motion, which could be harnessed to enhance electrochemical device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Cashen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Megan M Donoghue
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Abigail J Schmeiser
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew A Gebbie
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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4
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Shim Y, Shim M, Kim DS. A Computer Simulation Study of Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Poly(Ionic Liquid)s. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050450. [PMID: 35629776 PMCID: PMC9143233 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermal and mechanical properties of poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), an epoxidized ionic liquid-amine network, are studied via molecular dynamics simulations. The poly(ionic liquid)s are designed with two different ionic liquid monomers, 3-[2-(Oxiran-2-yl)ethyl]-1-{4-[(2-oxiran-2-yl)ethoxy]phenyl}imidazolium (EIM2) and 1-{4-[2-(Oxiran-2-yl)ethyl]phenyl}-3-{4-[2-(oxiran-2-yl)ethoxy]benzyl}imidazolium (EIM1), each of which is networked with tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, paired with different anions, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI−) and chloride (Cl−). We investigate how ionic liquid monomers with high ionic strength affect structures of the cross-linked polymer networks and their thermomechanical properties such as glass transition temperature (Tg) and elastic moduli, varying the degree of cross-linking. Strong electrostatic interactions between the cationic polymer backbone and anions build up their strong structures of which the strength depends on their molecular structures and anion size. As the anion size decreases from TFSI− to Cl−, both Tg and elastic moduli of the PIL increase due to stronger electrostatic interactions present between their ionic moieties, making it favorable for the PIL to organize with stronger bindings. Compared to the EIM2 monomer, the EIM1 monomers and TFSI− ions generate a PIL with higher Tg and elastic moduli. This attributes to the less flexible structure of the EIM1 monomer for the chain rotation, in which steric hindrance by ring moieties in the EIM1-based PIL enhances their structural rigidity. The π-π stacking structures between the rings are found to increase in EIM1-based PIL compared to the EIM2-based one, which becomes stronger with smaller Cl− ion rather than TFSI−. The effect of the degree of the cross-linking on thermal and mechanical properties is also examined. As the degree of cross-linking decreases from 100% to 60%, Tg also decreases by a factor of 10–20%, where the difference among the given PILs becomes decreased with a lower degree of cross-linking. Both the Young’s (E) and shear (G) moduli of all the PILs decrease with degree of cross-linking, which the reduction is more significant for the PIL generated with EIM2 monomers. Transport properties of anions in PILs are also studied. Anions are almost immobilized globally with very small structural fluctuations, in which Cl− presents lower diffusivity by a factor of ~2 compared to TFSI− due to their stronger binding to the cationic polymer backbone.
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Qu M, Li S, Chen J, Xiao Y, Xiao J. Ion Transport in the EMITFSI/PVDF System at Different Temperatures: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:9333-9342. [PMID: 35356691 PMCID: PMC8945056 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We used all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to study the ion transport in the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (EMITFSI/PVDF) system with 40.05 wt % EMITFSI at different temperatures. The glass-transition temperature (T g = 204 K) of this system shows a good agreement with the experimental value (200 K). With the increase of temperature, the peaks of the pair correlation function show an increasing trend. Interestingly, the coordination numbers of ion pairs and the degree of independent ion motion are mainly affected by the binding energy between ion pairs as the temperature increases. In addition, the ion transport properties with increasing temperature can be studied by the ion-pair relaxation times, ion-pair lifetimes, and diffusion coefficients. The simulation results illustrate that the ion transport is intensified. Especially, the cations can always diffuse faster than the anions. The power law shows that mobilities of anions and cations are seen to exhibit a "superionic" behavior. With the increase of temperature, transference numbers of anions decrease first and then increase and transference numbers of cations show the opposite changes; ionic conductivity increases gradually; and viscosity decreases gradually, indicating that the diffusion resistance of ions decreases. In general, after adding PVDF into the EMITFSI system, the glass-transition temperature and viscosity increase, the ionic conductivity and degree of independent ion motion decrease, and diffusion coefficients of cations decrease faster than those of the anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghe Qu
- Molecules
and Materials Computation Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University of Science
and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Shenshen Li
- Molecules
and Materials Computation Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University of Science
and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Chuannan
Machinery Manufacturing Plant, Luzhou 646000, P. R. China
| | - Yunqin Xiao
- Molecules
and Materials Computation Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University of Science
and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- Science
and Technology on Aerospace Chemical Power Laboratory, Hubei Institute of Aerospace Chemical Technology, Xiangyang 441003, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Xiao
- Molecules
and Materials Computation Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University of Science
and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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6
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Yang Q, Zhang Q, Zhu S, Cai W. Exploration of Ion Transport in Blends of an Ionic Liquid and a Polymerized Ionic Liquid Graft Copolymer. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:716-722. [PMID: 35042331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we prepared a composite membrane consisting of a poly(1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium-tetrafluoroborate) (poly([BVIM]-[BF4])) polymerized ionic liquid graft copolymer (PILGC) and a blend of PILGC and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]-[BF4]) ionic liquid (IL) to explore techniques for improving the conductivity of PILGCs, which is normally three orders of magnitude lower than that of ILs. PILGCs, which are environmentally friendly, have attracted much interest. To gain a better understanding of ion transport in composites, the mechanisms of ion transport in composite components should be explored. We investigated anion transport in ILs and PILGCs and were able to obtain the correct ion transport mechanisms in IL-PILGC blends based on a previous work. We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which are commonly used to investigate molecular mechanisms. According to the MD simulation results, in most IL-PILGC blends of various compositions, the contributions of cations are greater than those of anions. This is one reason that blends have higher conductivities than their component PILGCs. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to identify ion transport mechanisms in PILGCs and their blends with ILs by exploring subdiffusive ion motion regimes. The ratio of the number of cages with more than three cationic branch chains in the blend with 50 wt % PILGC, the blend with 80 wt % PILGC, and the PILGC was 0.26:0.39:0.65. Therefore, the ratio of firm cages gets a promotion as the PILGC content increases. Because the ratio of fast ions decreases as the ratio of firm cages increases, the blend with 80 wt % PILGC has lower anion diffusivities than the blend with 50 wt % PILGC. It was inappropriate to probe ion transport in PILGCs (or IL-PILGC blends) solely via analyzing ion association interactions. Analysis of only ion association interactions led to the incorrect conclusion that the time scales of ion transport in PILGCs are given by the continuous ion association time, which is the time when the ion association remains paired rather than the time when an ion is caught inside a cage. Proper methods should be used to obtain more accurate theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shenlin Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weibin Cai
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
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Guan Z, Wang B, Wang Y, Chen J, Bao C, Zhang Q. Iron-containing poly(ionic liquid) membranes: a heterogeneous Fenton reaction and enhanced anti-fouling ability. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01345a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Iron-containing poly(ionic liquid) membranes were prepared by Cu(0)-mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerization, which was achieved to catalyze a heterogeneous Fenton reaction and realize self-cleaning of the membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangbin Guan
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- Institute of Polymer Ecomaterials, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Bingyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- Institute of Polymer Ecomaterials, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- Institute of Polymer Ecomaterials, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- Institute of Polymer Ecomaterials, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Bao
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- Institute of Polymer Ecomaterials, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
- Institute of Polymer Ecomaterials, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Popovic
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 Stuttgart 70569 Germany
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9
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Bandegi A, Marquez Garcia M, Bañuelos JL, Firestone MA, Foudazi R. Soft nanoconfinement of ionic liquids in lyotropic liquid crystals. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:8118-8129. [PMID: 34525150 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00796c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoconfinement of ionic liquids (ILs) influences their physicochemical properties. In this study, we investigate the effect of soft nanoconfinement imposed by lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) on ILs. The LLC ion gels are obtained through self-assembly of a short chain block copolymer (BCP) of polyethylene-block-poly(ethylene oxide), PE-b-PEO, in ILs. The effect of confinement on the interaction of ions with PEO is investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption measurements. The results show that the synergistic effect on the CO2 absorption capacity of LLC ion gels takes place as a result of confinement. Formation of IL pathways through the LLC increases the CO2 solubility, absorption capacity, and absorption rate. Increasing the concentration of block copolymer in the LLC structure enhances the dissociation of ILs and consequently lowers CO2 absorption. Therefore, the competing effects of confinement and IL-PEO interaction control the properties of LLC ion gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Bandegi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA.
| | - Maria Marquez Garcia
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA.
| | - Jose L Bañuelos
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Millicent A Firestone
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Physics & Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA
| | - Reza Foudazi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA.
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Danielsen SPO, Beech HK, Wang S, El-Zaatari BM, Wang X, Sapir L, Ouchi T, Wang Z, Johnson PN, Hu Y, Lundberg DJ, Stoychev G, Craig SL, Johnson JA, Kalow JA, Olsen BD, Rubinstein M. Molecular Characterization of Polymer Networks. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5042-5092. [PMID: 33792299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer networks are complex systems consisting of molecular components. Whereas the properties of the individual components are typically well understood by most chemists, translating that chemical insight into polymer networks themselves is limited by the statistical and poorly defined nature of network structures. As a result, it is challenging, if not currently impossible, to extrapolate from the molecular behavior of components to the full range of performance and properties of the entire polymer network. Polymer networks therefore present an unrealized, important, and interdisciplinary opportunity to exert molecular-level, chemical control on material macroscopic properties. A barrier to sophisticated molecular approaches to polymer networks is that the techniques for characterizing the molecular structure of networks are often unfamiliar to many scientists. Here, we present a critical overview of the current characterization techniques available to understand the relation between the molecular properties and the resulting performance and behavior of polymer networks, in the absence of added fillers. We highlight the methods available to characterize the chemistry and molecular-level properties of individual polymer strands and junctions, the gelation process by which strands form networks, the structure of the resulting network, and the dynamics and mechanics of the final material. The purpose is not to serve as a detailed manual for conducting these measurements but rather to unify the underlying principles, point out remaining challenges, and provide a concise overview by which chemists can plan characterization strategies that suit their research objectives. Because polymer networks cannot often be sufficiently characterized with a single method, strategic combinations of multiple techniques are typically required for their molecular characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P O Danielsen
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Haley K Beech
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Bassil M El-Zaatari
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | | | - Zi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Patricia N Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Georgi Stoychev
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,World Primer Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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A Conjugated Copolymer Bearing Imidazolium-based Ionic Liquid: Electrochemical Synthesis and Electrochromic Properties. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Since their conception, ionic liquids (ILs) have been investigated for an extensive range of applications including in solvent chemistry, catalysis, and electrochemistry. This is due to their designation as designer solvents, whereby the physiochemical properties of an IL can be tuned for specific applications. This has led to significant research activity both by academia and industry from the 1990s, accelerating research in many fields and leading to the filing of numerous patents. However, while ILs have received great interest in the patent literature, only a limited number of processes are known to have been commercialised. This review aims to provide a perspective on the successful commercialisation of IL-based processes, to date, and the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of ILs in industry.
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