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Khan I, Kamal A, Akhtar S. Diabetes Driven Oncogenesis and Anticancer Potential of Repurposed Antidiabetic Drug: A Systemic Review. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01387-6. [PMID: 38954353 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes and cancer are two prevalent disorders, pose significant public health challenges and contribute substantially to global mortality rates, with solely 10 million reported cancer-related deaths in 2020. This review explores the pathological association between diabetes and diverse cancer progressions, examining molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic intersections. From altered metabolic landscapes to dysregulated signaling pathways, the intricate links are delineated, offering a comprehensive understanding of diabetes as a modulator of tumorigenesis. Cancer cells develop drug resistance through mechanisms like enhanced drug efflux, genetic mutations, and altered drug metabolism, allowing them to survive despite chemotherapeutic agent. Glucose emerges as a pivotal player in diabetes progression, and serving as a crucial energy source for cancer cells, supporting their biosynthetic needs and adaptation to diverse microenvironments. Glycation, a non-enzymatic process that produces advanced glycation end products (AGEs), has been linked to the etiology of cancer and has been shown in a number of tumor forms, such as leiomyosarcomas, adenocarcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas. Furthermore, in aggressive and metastatic breast cancer, the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) is increased, which may increase the malignancy of the tumor. Reprogramming glucose metabolism manifests as hallmark cancer features, including accelerated cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and evasion of apoptosis. This manuscript encapsulates the dual narrative of diabetes as a driver of cancer progression and the potential of repurposed antidiabetic drugs as formidable countermeasures. The amalgamation of mechanistic understanding and clinical trial outcomes establishes a robust foundation for further translational research and therapeutic advancements in the dynamic intersection of diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Khan
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aisha Kamal
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Salman Akhtar
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Griffin RL, Shuman L, Yamashita H, Wu Q, Chen G, Brown RM, Vander Griend D, DeGraff DJ, Warrick JI. The transcription factor sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) in bladder cancer. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2024; 12:88-99. [PMID: 38736621 PMCID: PMC11087210 DOI: 10.62347/meqo6014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) is a transcription factor with a central role in embryologic development. SOX2 is also an oncogene in several cancer types. Prior work by our group has shown SOX2 activity associates with cell cycle dysregulation in early-stage bladder cancer. The present study was thus undertaken to broadly investigate SOX2 in bladder cancer, with emphasis on associations with tumor stage, clinical outcomes, and tumorigenicity. Gene expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry in an established tissue microarray (n=303 cystectomy specimens, all stages) and whole tissue sections of noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (n=25). Gene expression by RNA sequencing was evaluated in non-muscle invasive and muscle-invasive cohorts from publicly available repositories. By immunohistochemistry, SOX2 was expressed in 40% of whole tissue sections of noninvasive papillary carcinoma, which correlated with SOX2 expression by RNA sequencing (r=0.6, P=0.001, Spearman correlation). Expression tended to be focal (median H-score =6). SOX2 was expressed in only 9% of TMA cases, consistent with focal expression. SOX2 expression was substantially higher in muscle-invasive compared with noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma by RNA sequencing (P<0.001, Wilcoxon rank sum test). SOX2 expression associated with stage progression in lamina-propria invasive cancers (hazard ratio =2, P=0.05, Cox model, binary, RNA sequencing) but not noninvasive papillary cancers (P=0.5, Cox model, binary, RNA sequencing). SOX2 expression did not associate with overall survival in muscle-invasive carcinoma. Activity of SOX2 in bladder cancer was tested in vivo using murine allografts created with MB49 cells that express human SOX2 (MB49-SOX). MB49-SOX allografts expressed this protein focally by immunohistochemistry, much like human tumors. Compared with controls, MB49 allografts demonstrated larger tumor size (P=0.03, Wilcoxon rank sum test) and higher tumor burden in mesenteric metastases (P=0.009, Wilcoxon rank sum test). Though SOX2 expression is focal within tumors, it may drive tumorigenesis, increase growth rate, and promote aggressive features of bladder cancer, particularly stage progression of early-stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Griffin
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
| | - Lauren Shuman
- Department of Urology, Penn State College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Qingqing Wu
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
| | - Guoli Chen
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
| | - Ryan M Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - Don Vander Griend
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - David J DeGraff
- Department of Urology, Penn State College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
| | - Joshua I Warrick
- Department of Urology, Penn State College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
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3
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Maharati A, Moghbeli M. Long non-coding RNAs as the critical regulators of PI3K/AKT, TGF-β, and MAPK signaling pathways during breast tumor progression. J Transl Med 2023; 21:556. [PMID: 37596669 PMCID: PMC10439650 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) as one of the most common causes of human deaths among women, is always considered one of the global health challenges. Despite various advances in diagnostic and therapeutic methods, a significant percentage of BC patients have a poor prognosis due to the lack of therapeutic response. Therefore, investigating the molecular mechanisms involved in BC progression can improve the therapeutic and diagnostic strategies in these patients. Cytokine and growth factor-dependent signaling pathways play a key role during BC progression. In addition to cytokines and growth factors, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have also important roles in regulation of such signaling pathways. Therefore, in the present review we discussed the role of lncRNAs in regulation of PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and TGF-β signaling pathways in breast tumor cells. It has been shown that lncRNAs mainly have an oncogenic role through the promotion of these signaling pathways in BC. This review can be an effective step in introducing the lncRNAs inhibition as a probable therapeutic strategy to reduce tumor growth by suppression of PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and TGF-β signaling pathways in BC patients. In addition, considering the oncogenic role and increased levels of lncRNAs expressions in majority of the breast tumors, lncRNAs can be also considered as the reliable diagnostic markers in BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhosein Maharati
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Sanya DRA, Onésime D. Roles of non-coding RNAs in the metabolism and pathogenesis of bladder cancer. Hum Cell 2023:10.1007/s13577-023-00915-5. [PMID: 37209205 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is featured as the second most common malignancy of the urinary tract worldwide with few treatments leading to high incidence and mortality. It stayed a virtually intractable disease, and efforts to identify innovative and effective therapies are urgently needed. At present, more and more evidence shows the importance of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) for disease-related study, diagnosis, and treatment of diverse types of malignancies. Recent evidence suggests that dysregulated functions of ncRNAs are closely associated with the pathogenesis of numerous cancers including BC. The detailed mechanisms underlying the dysregulated role of ncRNAs in cancer progression are still not fully understood. This review mainly summarizes recent findings on regulatory mechanisms of the ncRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, and circular RNAs, in cancer progression or suppression and focuses on the predictive values of ncRNAs-related signatures in BC clinical outcomes. A deeper understanding of the ncRNA interactive network could be compelling framework for developing biomarker-guided clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ruben Akiola Sanya
- Micalis Institute, Diversité génomique et fonctionnelle des levures, domaine de Vilvert, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Djamila Onésime
- Micalis Institute, Diversité génomique et fonctionnelle des levures, domaine de Vilvert, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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5
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Jana S, Brahma S, Arora S, Wladyka CL, Hoang P, Blinka S, Hough R, Horn JL, Liu Y, Wang LJ, Depeille P, Smith E, Montgomery RB, Lee JK, Haffner MC, Vakar-Lopez F, Grivas P, Wright JL, Lam HM, Black PC, Roose JP, Ryazanov AG, Subramaniam AR, Henikoff S, Hsieh AC. Transcriptional-translational conflict is a barrier to cellular transformation and cancer progression. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:853-870.e13. [PMID: 37084735 PMCID: PMC10208629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
We uncover a tumor-suppressive process in urothelium called transcriptional-translational conflict caused by deregulation of the central chromatin remodeling component ARID1A. Loss of Arid1a triggers an increase in a nexus of pro-proliferation transcripts, but a simultaneous inhibition of the eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2), which results in tumor suppression. Resolution of this conflict through enhancing translation elongation speed enables the efficient and precise synthesis of a network of poised mRNAs resulting in uncontrolled proliferation, clonogenic growth, and bladder cancer progression. We observe a similar phenomenon in patients with ARID1A-low tumors, which also exhibit increased translation elongation activity through eEF2. These findings have important clinical implications because ARID1A-deficient, but not ARID1A-proficient, tumors are sensitive to pharmacologic inhibition of protein synthesis. These discoveries reveal an oncogenic stress created by transcriptional-translational conflict and provide a unified gene expression model that unveils the importance of the crosstalk between transcription and translation in promoting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Jana
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sandipan Brahma
- Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sonali Arora
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Cynthia L Wladyka
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Patrick Hoang
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Steven Blinka
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rowan Hough
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jessie L Horn
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yuzhen Liu
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Li-Jie Wang
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Philippe Depeille
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric Smith
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - John K Lee
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Funda Vakar-Lopez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Petros Grivas
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jonathan L Wright
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98915, USA
| | - Hung-Ming Lam
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98915, USA
| | - Peter C Black
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jeroen P Roose
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alexey G Ryazanov
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | | | - Steven Henikoff
- Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew C Hsieh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98915, USA.
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Njouendou AJ, Szarvas T, Tiofack AAZ, Kenfack RN, Tonouo PD, Ananga SN, Bell EHMD, Simo G, Hoheisel JD, Siveke JT, Lueong SS. SOX2 dosage sustains tumor-promoting inflammation to drive disease aggressiveness by modulating the FOSL2/IL6 axis. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:52. [PMID: 36932385 PMCID: PMC10022277 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01734-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is undoubtedly a hallmark of cancer development. Its maintenance within tumors and the consequences on disease aggressiveness are insufficiently understood. METHODS Data of 27 tumor entities (about 5000 samples) were downloaded from the TCGA and GEO databases. Multi-omic analyses were performed on these and in-house data to investigate molecular determinants of tumor aggressiveness. Using molecular loss-of-function data, the mechanistic underpinnings of inflammation-induced tumor aggressiveness were addressed. Patient specimens and in vivo disease models were subsequently used to validate findings. RESULTS There was significant association between somatic copy number alterations (sCNAs) and tumor aggressiveness. SOX2 amplification was the most important feature among novel and known aggressiveness-associated alterations. Mechanistically, SOX2 regulates a group of genes, in particular the AP1 transcription factor FOSL2, to sustain pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, such as IL6-JAK-STAT3, TNFA and IL17. FOSL2 was found overexpressed in tumor sections of specifically aggressive cancers. In consequence, prolonged inflammation induces immunosuppression and activates cytidine deamination and thus DNA damage as evidenced by related mutational signatures in aggressive tumors. The DNA damage affects tumor suppressor genes such as TP53, which is the most mutated gene in aggressive tumors compared to less aggressive ones (38% vs 14%), thereby releasing cell cycle control. These results were confirmed by analyzing tissues from various tumor types and in vivo studies. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate the implication of SOX2 in promoting DNA damage and genome instability by sustaining inflammation via FOSL2/IL6, resulting in tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Jelil Njouendou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon
- Phytopharmacy and Drug Discovery Section, The Cameroon Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (CCOTCARE), Douala, Cameroon
| | - Tibor Szarvas
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122, Essen, Germany
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, 1082, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arnol Auvaker Zebaze Tiofack
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit (MPEU), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, West Region, Cameroon
- Early Detection and Biomarker Section, The Cameroon Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (CCOTCARE), Douala, Cameroon
| | - Rovaldo Nguims Kenfack
- Early Detection and Biomarker Section, The Cameroon Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (CCOTCARE), Douala, Cameroon
- Research Unit of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances (RUMAS), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, West Region, Cameroon
| | - Pamela Derliche Tonouo
- Early Detection and Biomarker Section, The Cameroon Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (CCOTCARE), Douala, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Littoral Region, Cameroon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Douala General Hospital, Douala, Littoral Region, Cameroon
| | - Sidonie Noa Ananga
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Littoral Region, Cameroon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Douala General Hospital, Douala, Littoral Region, Cameroon
- Epidemiology and Clinical Trial Section, The Cameroon Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (CCOTCARE), Douala, Cameroon
| | - Esther H M Dina Bell
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Littoral Region, Cameroon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Douala General Hospital, Douala, Littoral Region, Cameroon
- Epidemiology and Clinical Trial Section, The Cameroon Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (CCOTCARE), Douala, Cameroon
| | - Gustave Simo
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit (MPEU), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, West Region, Cameroon
- Directorate of Scientific Affairs, The Cameroon Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (CCOTCARE), Douala, Cameroon
| | - Jörg D Hoheisel
- Division of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens T Siveke
- Bridge Institute for Experimental Cancer Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Hufeland Str. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Division for Solid Tumor Translational Oncology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)West German Cancer Center, The German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Essen/Düsseldorf Partner, Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Smiths S Lueong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon.
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit (MPEU), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, West Region, Cameroon.
- Early Detection and Biomarker Section, The Cameroon Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (CCOTCARE), Douala, Cameroon.
- Bridge Institute for Experimental Cancer Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Hufeland Str. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
- Division for Solid Tumor Translational Oncology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)West German Cancer Center, The German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Essen/Düsseldorf Partner, Site University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
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IGF2: A Role in Metastasis and Tumor Evasion from Immune Surveillance? Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010229. [PMID: 36672737 PMCID: PMC9855361 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is upregulated in both childhood and adult malignancies. Its overexpression is associated with resistance to chemotherapy and worse prognosis. However, our understanding of its physiological and pathological role is lagging behind what we know about IGF1. Dysregulation of the expression and function of IGF2 receptors, insulin receptor isoform A (IR-A), insulin growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R), and their downstream signaling effectors drive cancer initiation and progression. The involvement of IGF2 in carcinogenesis depends on its ability to link high energy intake, increase cell proliferation, and suppress apoptosis to cancer risk, and this is likely the key mechanism bridging insulin resistance to cancer. New aspects are emerging regarding the role of IGF2 in promoting cancer metastasis by promoting evasion from immune destruction. This review provides a perspective on IGF2 and an update on recent research findings. Specifically, we focus on studies providing compelling evidence that IGF2 is not only a major factor in primary tumor development, but it also plays a crucial role in cancer spread, immune evasion, and resistance to therapies. Further studies are needed in order to find new therapeutic approaches to target IGF2 action.
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Rasti A, Khalili M, Fakhr Yasseri AM, Nasirian N, Shirkoohi R, Nowroozi MR, Modarressi MH. Evaluation of IGF2, KRT14, and KRT20 as Urinary Biomarkers in Patients with Bladder Cancer. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 11:710-719. [PMID: 37131897 PMCID: PMC10149136 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.11.4.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Many researchers have tried to identify bladder cancer biomarkers to reduce the need for cystoscopy. The aim of this study was to identify and measure appropriate transcripts in patient urine to develop a non-invasive screening test. Methods From February 2020 to May 2022, 49 samples were obtained from Velayat Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. Twenty-two samples were obtained from bladder cancer patients and 27 from bladder cancer-free subjects. RNA was extracted from participant samples, quantitative RT-PCR was performed, and TNP plots were used to assess IGF2 (NCBI Gene ID: 3481), KRT14 (NCBI Gene ID: 3861) and KRT20 (NCBI Gene ID: 54474) expression. For UCSC Xena analysis, Dataset ID: TCGA-BLCA was used to compare transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and normal samples for survival rates. Results IGF and KRT14 were more greatly expressed in patient urine samples than in those of the normal group. However, KRT20 expression did not significantly differ between the two groups. IGF2 had 45.45 and 88.89% sensitivity and specificity, respectively, for detecting TCC in urine samples while KRT14 had 59 and 88.89% sensitivity and specificity, respectively. Also, these results infer that overexpression of IGF would be prognosticators of poor TCC outcomes. Conclusion Our study showed that IGF2 and KRT14 are overexpressed in bladder cancer patient urine, and IGF2 could be a potential biomarker for poor prognoses in TCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Rasti
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Khalili
- Department of Urology, Velayat Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | | | - Neda Nasirian
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Medicine, Velayat Hospital, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Reza Shirkoohi
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Modarressi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Corresponding author: Mohammad Hossein Modarressi; Tel: +98 9123385292; E-mail:
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Mirzaei S, Paskeh MDA, Entezari M, Mirmazloomi SR, Hassanpoor A, Aboutalebi M, Rezaei S, Hejazi ES, Kakavand A, Heidari H, Salimimoghadam S, Taheriazam A, Hashemi M, Samarghandian S. SOX2 function in cancers: Association with growth, invasion, stemness and therapy response. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Chen G, Chen Y, Xu R, Zhang G, Zou X, Wu G. Impact of SOX2 function and regulation on therapy resistance in bladder cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1020675. [PMID: 36465380 PMCID: PMC9709205 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1020675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a malignant disease with high rates of recurrence and mortality. It is mainly classified as non-muscle-invasive BC and muscle-invasive BC (MIBC). Often, MIBC is chemoresistant, which, according to cancer stem cells (CSCs) theory, is linked to the presence of bladder cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Sex-determining region Y- (SRY) Box transcription factor 2 (SOX2), which is a molecular marker of BCSCs, is aberrantly over-expressed in chemoresistant BC cell lines. It is one of the standalone prognostic factors for BC, and it has an inherently significant function in the emergence and progression of the disease. This review first summarizes the role of SRY-related high-mobility group protein Box (SOX) family genes in BC, focusing on the SOX2 and its significance in BC. Second, it discusses the mechanisms relevant to the regulation of SOX2. Finally, it summarizes the signaling pathways related to SOX2 in BC, suggests current issues to be addressed, and proposes potential directions for future research to provide new insights for the treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Chen
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruiquan Xu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guoxi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zou
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Gengqing Wu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Institute of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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HULC targets the IGF1R-PI3K-AKT axis in trans to promote breast cancer metastasis and cisplatin resistance. Cancer Lett 2022; 548:215861. [PMID: 35981570 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF1R) is frequently upregulated in breast cancer. Due to its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, aberrant activation of the IGF1R signaling axis may enhance tumor cell proliferation and cancer stemness, causing tumor relapse, metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. We utilized a chromatin RNA in situ reverse transcription (CRIST) approach to characterize molecular factors that regulate the IGF1R network. We identified lncRNA HULC (Highly Upregulated in Liver Cancer) as a key trans-regulator of IGF1R in breast cancer cells. Loss of HULC suppressed the expression of IGF1R and the activation of its downstream PI3K/AKT pathway, while HULC overexpression activated the axis in breast cancer cells. Using a transcription-associated trap (RAT) assay, we demonstrated that HULC functioned as a nuclear lncRNA and epigenetically activated IGF1R by directly binding to the intragenic regulatory elements of the gene, orchestrating intrachromosomal interactions, and promoting histone H3K9 acetylation. The activated HULC-IGF1R/PI3K/AKT pathway mediated tumor resistance to cisplatin through the increased expression of cancer stemness markers, including NANOG, SOX2, OCT4, CD44 and ALDH1A1. In immunodeficient mice, stimulation of the HULC-IGF1R pathway promoted tumor metastasis. These data suggest that HULC may be a new epigenetic target for IGF1R axis-targeted therapeutic intervention.
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Targeted Inhibition of O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy to Restore Chemosensitivity and Attenuate Aggressive Tumor Traits in Chemoresistant Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051162. [PMID: 35625898 PMCID: PMC9138654 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of acquired chemoresistance during treatment cycles in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is the major cause of death through enhancing the risk of cancer progression and metastasis. Elevated glucose flux through the abnormal upregulation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) controls key signaling and metabolic pathways regulating diverse cancer cell phenotypes. This study showed that OGT expression levels in two human UCB cell models with acquired resistance to gemcitabine and paclitaxel were significantly upregulated compared with those in parental cells. Reducing hyper-O-GlcNAcylation by OGT knockdown (KD) markedly facilitated chemosensitivity to the corresponding chemotherapeutics in both cells, and combination treatment with OGT-KD showed more severe growth defects in chemoresistant sublines. We subsequently verified the suppressive effects of OGT-KD monotherapy on cell migration/invasion in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in vivo in chemoresistant UCB cells. Transcriptome analysis of these cells revealed 97 upregulated genes, which were enriched in multiple oncogenic pathways. Our final choice of suspected OGT glycosylation substrate was VCAN, S1PR3, PDGFRB, and PRKCG, the knockdown of which induced cell growth defects. These findings demonstrate the vital role of dysregulated OGT activity and hyper-O-GlcNAcylation in modulating treatment failure and tumor aggression in chemoresistant UCB.
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The long noncoding RNA H19 regulates tumor plasticity in neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7349. [PMID: 34934057 PMCID: PMC8692330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) prostate cancer (NEPC) is a lethal subtype of castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) arising either de novo or from transdifferentiated prostate adenocarcinoma following androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Extensive computational analysis has identified a high degree of association between the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19 and NEPC, with the longest isoform highly expressed in NEPC. H19 regulates PCa lineage plasticity by driving a bidirectional cell identity of NE phenotype (H19 overexpression) or luminal phenotype (H19 knockdown). It contributes to treatment resistance, with the knockdown of H19 re-sensitizing PCa to ADT. It is also essential for the proliferation and invasion of NEPC. H19 levels are negatively regulated by androgen signaling via androgen receptor (AR). When androgen is absent SOX2 levels increase, driving H19 transcription and facilitating transdifferentiation. H19 facilitates the PRC2 complex in regulating methylation changes at H3K27me3/H3K4me3 histone sites of AR-driven and NEPC-related genes. Additionally, this lncRNA induces alterations in genome-wide DNA methylation on CpG sites, further regulating genes associated with the NEPC phenotype. Our clinical data identify H19 as a candidate diagnostic marker and predictive marker of NEPC with elevated H19 levels associated with an increased probability of biochemical recurrence and metastatic disease in patients receiving ADT. Here we report H19 as an early upstream regulator of cell fate, plasticity, and treatment resistance in NEPC that can reverse/transform cells to a treatable form of PCa once therapeutically deactivated. Elevated expression of long noncoding RNA H19 is seen in clinical samples of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (PCa). Here the authors show H19 promotes plasticity from luminal to neuroendocrine by epigenetic reprogramming.
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Abstract
The proliferation, metastasis and therapy response of tumour cells are tightly regulated by interaction among various signalling networks. The microRNAs (miRNAs) can bind to 3'-UTR of mRNA and down-regulate expression of target gene. The miRNAs target various molecular pathways in regulating biological events such as apoptosis, differentiation, angiogenesis and migration. The aberrant expression of miRNAs occurs in cancers and they have both tumour-suppressor and tumour-promoting functions. On the contrary, SOX proteins are capable of binding to DNA and regulating gene expression. SOX2 is a well-known member of SOX family that its overexpression in different cancers to ensure progression and stemness. The present review focuses on modulatory impact of miRNAs on SOX2 in affecting growth, migration and therapy response of cancers. The lncRNAs and circRNAs can function as upstream mediators of miRNA/SOX2 axis in cancers. In addition, NF-κB, TNF-α and SOX17 are among other molecular pathways regulating miRNA/SOX2 axis in cancer. Noteworthy, anti-cancer compounds including bufalin and ovatodiolide are suggested to regulate miRNA/SOX2 axis in cancers. The translation of current findings to clinical course can pave the way to effective treatment of cancer patients and improve their prognosis.
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