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Wang X, Le C, Jin X, Feng Y, Chen L, Huang X, Tian S, Wang Q, Ji J, Liu Y, Zhang H, Huang J, Ren Z. Estimating postmortem interval based on oral microbial community succession in rat cadavers. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31897. [PMID: 38882314 PMCID: PMC11177140 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The accurate estimation of the postmortem interval has been one of the crucial issues to be solved in forensic research, and it is influenced by various factors in the process of decay. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, forensic microbiology has become the major hot topic in forensic science, which provides new research options for postmortem interval estimation. The oral microbial community is one of the most diverse of microbiomes, ranking as the second most abundant microbiota following the gastrointestinal tract. It is remarkable that oral microorganisms have a significant function in the decay process of cadavers. Therefore, we collected outdoor soil to simulate the death environment and focused on the relationship between oral microbial community succession and PMI in rats above the soil. In addition, linear regression models and random forest regression models were developed for the relationship between the relative abundance of oral microbes and PMI. We also identified a number of microorganisms that may be important to estimate PMI, including: Ignatzschineria, Morganella, Proteus, Lysinibacillus, Pseudomonas, Globicatella, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Rothia, Aerococcus, Staphylococcus, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Cuiyun Le
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaoye Jin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuhang Feng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Shunyi Tian
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiyan Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Jingyan Ji
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongling Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiang Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Zheng Ren
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
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Kopf A, Bunk B, Riedel T, Schröttner P. The zoonotic pathogen Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica - current findings from a clinical and genomic perspective. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:3. [PMID: 38172653 PMCID: PMC10763324 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic pathogen Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica can cause several diseases in humans, including sepsis and bacteremia. Although the pathogenesis is not fully understood, the bacterium is thought to enter traumatic skin lesions via fly larvae, resulting in severe myiasis and/or wound contamination. Infections are typically associated with, but not limited to, infestation of an open wound by fly larvae, poor sanitary conditions, cardiovascular disease, substance abuse, and osteomyelitis. W. chitiniclastica is generally sensitive to a broad spectrum of antibiotics with the exception of fosfomycin. However, increasing drug resistance has been observed and its development should be monitored with caution. In this review, we summarize the currently available knowledge and evaluate it from both a clinical and a genomic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kopf
- Clinic for Cardiology, Sana Heart Center, Leipziger Str. 50, 03048, Cottbus, Germany
- 2nd Medical Clinic for Hematology, Oncology, Pneumology and Nephrology, Carl-Thiem Hospital Cottbus gGmbH, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Boyke Bunk
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7 B, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Riedel
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7 B, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Percy Schröttner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Guan J, Zhou W, Guo J, Zheng L, Lu G, Hua F, Liu M, Ji X, Sun Y, Zhu L, Guo X. A Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica with a novel type of blaVEB-1-carrying plasmid isolated from a zebra in China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1276314. [PMID: 38029080 PMCID: PMC10656743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1276314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica is an emerging fly-borne zoonotic pathogen, which causes infections in immunocompromised patients and some animals. Herein, we reported a W. chitiniclastica BM-Y from a dead zebra in China. Methods The complete genome sequencing of BM-Y showed that this isolate carried one chromosome and one novel type of blaVEB-1-carrying plasmid. Detailed genetic dissection was applied to this plasmid to display the genetic environment of blaVEB-1. Results Three novel insertion sequence (IS) elements, namely ISWoch1, ISWoch2, and ISWoch3, were found in this plasmid. aadB, aacA1, and gcuG were located downstream of blaVEB-1, composing a gene cassette array blaVEB-1-aadB-aacA1-gcuG bracketed by an intact ISWoch1 and a truncated one, which was named the blaVEB-1 region. The 5'-RACE experiments revealed that the transcription start site of the blaVEB-1 region was located in the intact ISWoch1 and this IS provided a strong promoter for the blaVEB-1 region. Conclusion The spread of the blaVEB-1-carrying plasmid might enhance the ability of W. chitiniclastica to survive under drug selection pressure and aggravate the difficulty in treating infections caused by blaVEB-1-carrying W. chitiniclastica. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the genetic characterization of a novel blaVEB-1-carrying plasmid with new ISs from W. chitiniclastica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention of Ordos, Ordos, China
| | - Jingyi Guo
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Gejin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Fuyou Hua
- Shenzhen Safari Park, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Ji
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lingwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xuejun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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Shao S, Yang L, Hu G, Li L, Wang Y, Tao L. Application of omics techniques in forensic entomology research. Acta Trop 2023; 246:106985. [PMID: 37473953 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of the post-genome era, omics technologies have developed rapidly and are widely used, including in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiome research. These omics techniques are often based on comprehensive and systematic analysis of biological samples using high-throughput analysis methods and bioinformatics, to provide new insights into biological phenomena. Currently, omics techniques are gradually being applied to forensic entomology research and are useful in species identification, phylogenetics, screening for developmentally relevant differentially expressed genes, and the interpretation of behavioral characteristics of forensic-related species at the genetic level. These all provide valuable information for estimating the postmortem interval (PMI). This review mainly discusses the available omics techniques, summarizes the application of omics techniques in forensic entomology, and their future in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Shao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Criminal Police Branch, Suzhou Public Security Bureau, Renmin Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Gengwang Hu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China.
| | - Luyang Tao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Soochow University, Ganjiang East Road, Suzhou, China
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Tarone AM, Mann AE, Zhang Y, Zascavage RR, Mitchell EA, Morales E, Rusch TW, Allen MS. The devil is in the details: Variable impacts of season, BMI, sampling site temperature, and presence of insects on the post-mortem microbiome. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1064904. [PMID: 36569070 PMCID: PMC9768039 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1064904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-mortem microbial communities are increasingly investigated as proxy evidence for a variety of factors of interest in forensic science. The reported predictive power of the microbial community to determine aspects of the individual's post-mortem history (e.g., the post-mortem interval) varies substantially among published research. This observed variation is partially driven by the local environment or the individual themselves. In the current study, we investigated the impact of BMI, sex, insect activity, season, repeat sampling, decomposition time, and temperature on the microbial community sampled from donated human remains in San Marcos, TX using a high-throughput gene-fragment metabarcoding approach. Materials and methods In the current study, we investigated the impact of BMI, sex, insect activity, season, repeat sampling, decomposition time, and temperature on the microbial community sampled from donated human remains in San Marcos, TX using a high-throughput gene-fragment metabarcoding approach. Results We found that season, temperature at the sampling site, BMI, and sex had a significant effect on the post-mortem microbiome, the presence of insects has a homogenizing influence on the total bacterial community, and that community consistency from repeat sampling decreases as the decomposition process progresses. Moreover, we demonstrate the importance of temperature at the site of sampling on the abundance of important diagnostic taxa. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that while the bacterial community or specific bacterial species may prove to be useful for forensic applications, a clearer understanding of the mechanisms underpinning microbial decomposition will greatly increase the utility of microbial evidence in forensic casework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Tarone
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Allison E. Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States,Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Roxanne R. Zascavage
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Edgar Morales
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Travis W. Rusch
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States,Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Michael S. Allen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Michael S. Allen,
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Mehmet Bektas, Orhan F, Baris O. Isolation of Biological Control Agents and Biotechnological Bacteria from Aquatic Insect Gut Microbiota (Coleoptera: Helophoridae, Hydrophilidae). BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022060036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Myiasis absent Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica bacteremia in a lung cancer patient: a case report. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:101. [PMID: 34496947 PMCID: PMC8424402 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00576-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A gruesome infection was found in a woman with advanced lung tumor and associated malnutrition. Worldwide, bacteremia with Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica was only found in 13 cases yet. Case presentation This is the first case in Austria and the first case without infestation of maggots. Conclusions This germ is an emerging human pathogen not only in patients with poor personal hygiene, difficult social circumstances, alcohol dependence or chronic wounds. It must be included in the differential diagnosis of immunocompromised patients with pneumonia.
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8
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Iancu L, Angelescu IR, Paun VI, Henríquez-Castillo C, Lavin P, Purcarea C. Microbiome pattern of Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and feeding substrate in the presence of the foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15296. [PMID: 34315964 PMCID: PMC8316364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94761-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial diversity and quantitative dynamics during the insect’s development stages constitute recently developed putative tools in forensic and medical studies. Meanwhile, little is known on the role of insects in spreading foodborne pathogenic bacteria and on the impact of these pathogens on the overall insects and feeding substrate microbiome composition. Here, we provide the first characterization of the bacterial communities harbored in adult and immature stages of Lucilia sericata, one of the first colonizers of decomposed human remains, in the presence of the foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica using 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing and qPCR. The pathogen transmission from the wild adults to the second generation was observed, with a 101.25× quantitative increase. The microbial patterns from both insect and liver samples were not influenced by the artificial introduction of this pathogenic foodborne bacteria, being dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Overall, our results provided a first detailed overview of the insect and decomposed substrate microbiome in the presence of a human pathogen, advancing the knowledge on the role of microbes as postmortem interval estimators and the transmission of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Iancu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei, 296, 060031, Bucharest, Romania. .,Department of Criminal Justice, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
| | - Iulia Roxana Angelescu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei, 296, 060031, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Victoria Ioana Paun
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei, 296, 060031, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carlos Henríquez-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, 1781421, Coquimbo, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, 1781421, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Paris Lavin
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile.,Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Instituto Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Cristina Purcarea
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei, 296, 060031, Bucharest, Romania
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Jose PA, Ben-Yosef M, Lahuatte P, Causton CE, Heimpel GE, Jurkevitch E, Yuval B. Shifting microbiomes complement life stage transitions and diet of the bird parasite Philornis downsi from the Galapagos Islands. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5014-5029. [PMID: 33587780 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Domestication disconnects an animal from its natural environment and diet, imposing changes in the attendant microbial community. We examine these changes in Philornis downsi (Muscidae), an invasive parasitic fly of land birds in the Galapagos Islands. Using a 16S rDNA profiling approach we studied the microbiome of larvae and adults of wild and laboratory-reared populations. These populations diverged in their microbiomes, significantly more so in larval than in adult flies. In field-collected second-instar larvae, Klebsiella (70.3%) was the most abundant taxon, while in the laboratory Ignatzschineria and Providencia made up 89.2% of the community. In adults, Gilliamella and Dysgonomonas were key members of the core microbiome of field-derived females and males but had no or very low representation in the laboratory. Adult flies harbour sex-specific microbial consortia in their gut, as male core microbiomes were significantly dominated by Klebsiella. Thus, P. downsi microbiomes are dynamic and shift correspondingly with life cycle and diet. Sex-specific foraging behaviour of adult flies and nest conditions, which are absent in the laboratory, may contribute to shaping distinct larval, and adult male and female microbiomes. We discuss these findings in the context of microbe-host co-evolution and the implications for control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polpass Arul Jose
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7612001, Israel
| | - Michael Ben-Yosef
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Center, M. P. Negev, 85280, Israel
| | - Paola Lahuatte
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, 200350, Ecuador
| | - Charlotte E Causton
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, 200350, Ecuador
| | - George E Heimpel
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Edouard Jurkevitch
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7612001, Israel
| | - Boaz Yuval
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7612001, Israel
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10
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Guo C, Zhang X, Luan S, Zhou H, Liu L, Qu Y. Diversity and structure of soil bacterial community in intertidal zone of Daliao River estuary, Northeast China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 163:111965. [PMID: 33450443 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil samples from the intertidal zone of Daliao River, Northeast China, were collected in three seasons (autumn, L1; winter, L2; and spring, L3) to evaluate the diversity and structure of bacterial community using high-throughput sequencing. Soil physicochemical characteristics varied greatly with seasons, and the potential nitrification rates were detected in the range of 1.04-2.71 μg NO3--N·g-1 dry soil·h-1 with the highest rate in spring (L3). Soil bacterial communities also differed seasonally, and nitrogen nutrients were the important variables affecting the bacterial communities as demonstrated by distance-based redundancy analysis and Mantel tests. Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum in soils showing a descending trend from L1 to L3. Woeseia and Ignatzschineria, both affiliating with Gammaproteobacteria, were the two most dominant genera, but they exerted different seasonal variations. The predicted functional profiles revealed 6 major nitrogen cycling processes, and the functional genes in relation to denitrification process were dominant in intertidal soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Xuwang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China.
| | - Shimeng Luan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Lifen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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