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Roy S, Bhogapurapu B, Chandra S, Biswas K, Mishra P, Ghosh A, Bhunia A. Host antimicrobial peptide S100A12 disrupts the fungal membrane by direct binding and inhibits growth and biofilm formation of Fusarium species. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105701. [PMID: 38301897 PMCID: PMC10891332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is the foremost cause of corneal infections worldwide, of which Fusariumspp. is the common etiological agent that causes loss of vision and warrants surgical intervention. An increase in resistance to the available drugs along with severe side effects of the existing antifungals demands for new effective antimycotics. Here, we demonstrate that antimicrobial peptide S100A12 directly binds to the phospholipids of the fungal membrane, disrupts the structural integrity, and induces generation of reactive oxygen species in fungus. In addition, it inhibits biofilm formation by Fusariumspp. and exhibits antifungal property against Fusariumspp. both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our results delve into specific effect of S100A12 against Fusariumspp. with an aim to investigate new antifungal compounds to combat fungal keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Roy
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Dr. Chigurupati Nageswara Rao Ocular Pharmacology Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Bharathi Bhogapurapu
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sreyanki Chandra
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Dr. Chigurupati Nageswara Rao Ocular Pharmacology Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Karishma Biswas
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, Unified Academic Campus, Kolkata, India
| | - Priyasha Mishra
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Abhijit Ghosh
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; Dr. Chigurupati Nageswara Rao Ocular Pharmacology Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anirban Bhunia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bose Institute, Unified Academic Campus, Kolkata, India
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Khine EE, Kaptay G. Identification of Nano-Metal Oxides That Can Be Synthesized by Precipitation-Calcination Method Reacting Their Chloride Solutions with NaOH Solution and Their Application for Carbon Dioxide Capture from Air-A Thermodynamic Analysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:776. [PMID: 36676513 PMCID: PMC9861040 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Several metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were already obtained by mixing NaOH solution with chloride solution of the corresponding metal to form metal hydroxide or oxide precipitates and wash-dry-calcine the latter. However, the complete list of metal oxide NPs is missing with which this technology works well. The aim of this study was to fill this knowledge gap and to provide a full list of possible metals for which this technology probably works well. Our methodology was chemical thermodynamics, analyzing solubilities of metal chlorides, metal oxides and metal hydroxides in water and also standard molar Gibbs energy changes accompanying the following: (i) the reaction between metal chlorides and NaOH; (ii) the dissociation reaction of metal hydroxides into metal oxide and water vapor and (iii) the reaction between metal oxides and gaseous carbon dioxide to form metal carbonates. The major result of this paper is that the following metal-oxide NPs can be produced by the above technology from the corresponding metal chlorides: Al2O3, BeO, CaO, CdO, CoO, CuO, FeO, Fe2O3, In2O3, La2O3, MgO, MnO, Nd2O3, NiO, Pr2O3, Sb2O3, Sm2O3, SnO, Y2O3 and ZnO. From the analysis of the literature, the following nine nano-oxides have been already obtained experimentally with this technology: CaO, CdO, Co3O4, CuO, Fe2O3, NiO, MgO, SnO2 and ZnO (note: Co3O4 and SnO2 were obtained under oxidizing conditions during calcination in air). Thus, it is predicted here that the following nano-oxides can be potentially synthesized with this technology in the future: Al2O3, BeO, In2O3, La2O3, MnO, Nd2O3, Pr2O3, Sb2O3, Sm2O3 and Y2O3. The secondary result is that among the above 20 nano-oxides, the following five nano-oxides are able to capture carbon dioxide from air at least down to 42 ppm residual CO2-content, i.e., decreasing the current level of 420 ppm of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere at least tenfold: CaO, MnO, MgO, CdO, CoO. The tertiary result is that by mixing the AuCl3 solution with NaOH solution, Au nano-particles will precipitate without forming Au-oxide NPs. The results are significant for the synthesis of metal nano-oxide particles and for capturing carbon dioxide from air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Ei Khine
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy, Metal Forming and Nanotechnology, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
| | - George Kaptay
- Institute of Physical Metallurgy, Metal Forming and Nanotechnology, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
- ELKH-ME Materials Science Research Group, University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
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3
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ROS-mediated antibacterial response of ZnO and ZnO containing cerium under light. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Bakardjieva S, Plocek J, Ismagulov B, Kupčík J, Vacík J, Ceccio G, Lavrentiev V, Němeček J, Michna Š, Klie R. The Key Role of Tin (Sn) in Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti2SnC (M2AX) Thin Nanocrystalline Films and Powdered Polycrystalline Samples. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030307. [PMID: 35159651 PMCID: PMC8839355 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Layered ternary Ti2SnC carbides have attracted significant attention because of their advantage as a M2AX phase to bridge the gap between properties of metals and ceramics. In this study, Ti2SnC materials were synthesized by two different methods—an unconventional low-energy ion facility (LEIF) based on Ar+ ion beam sputtering of the Ti, Sn, and C targets and sintering of a compressed mixture consisting of Ti, Sn, and C elemental powders up to 1250 °C. The Ti2SnC nanocrystalline thin films obtained by LEIF were irradiated by Ar+ ions with an energy of 30 keV to the fluence of 1.1015 cm−2 in order to examine their irradiation-induced resistivity. Quantitative structural analysis obtained by Cs-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) confirmed transition from ternary Ti2SnC to binary Ti0.98C carbide due to irradiation-induced β-Sn surface segregation. The nanoindentation of Ti2SnC thin nanocrystalline films and Ti2SnC polycrystalline powders shows that irradiation did not affect significantly their mechanical properties when concerning their hardness (H) and Young’s modulus (E). We highlighted the importance of the HAADF-STEM techniques to track atomic pathways clarifying the behavior of Sn atoms at the proximity of irradiation-induced nanoscale defects in Ti2SnC thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snejana Bakardjieva
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Rez, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (B.I.); (J.K.)
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, JE Purkyně University, Pasteurova 1, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jiří Plocek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Rez, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (B.I.); (J.K.)
| | - Bauyrzhan Ismagulov
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Rez, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (B.I.); (J.K.)
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kupčík
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Rez, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (B.I.); (J.K.)
| | - Jiří Vacík
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Rez, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (G.C.); (V.L.)
| | - Giovanni Ceccio
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Rez, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (G.C.); (V.L.)
| | - Vasily Lavrentiev
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Husinec-Rez, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (G.C.); (V.L.)
| | - Jiří Němeček
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thakurova 7, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Štefan Michna
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, JE Purkyně University, Pasteurova 1, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic;
| | - Robert Klie
- Department of Physics, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA;
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Sá AS, Feitosa RP, Honório L, Peña-Garcia R, Almeida LC, Dias JS, Brazuna LP, Tabuti TG, Triboni ER, Osajima JA, da Silva-Filho EC. A Brief Photocatalytic Study of ZnO Containing Cerium towards Ibuprofen Degradation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5891. [PMID: 34640286 PMCID: PMC8510120 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Ibuprofen (IBU) is one of the most-sold anti-inflammatory drugs in the world, and its residues can reach aquatic systems, causing serious health and environmental problems. Strategies are used to improve the photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide (ZnO), and thosethat involvethe inclusion of metalhave received special attention. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of the parameters and toxicity of a photoproduct using zinc oxide that contains cerium (ZnO-Ce) for the photodegradation of ibuprofen. The parameters include the influence of the photocatalyst concentration (0.5, 0.5, and 1.5 g L-1) as well as the effects of pH (3, 7, and 10), the effect of H2O2, and radical scavengers. The photocatalyst was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, Raman, X-Ray Diffraction, surface area, and diffuse reflectance. The photocatalytic activity of ibuprofen was evaluated in an aqueous solution under UV light for 120 min. The structural characterization by XRD and SEM elucidated the fact that the nanoparticle ZnO contained cerium. The band gap value was 3.31 eV. The best experimental conditions for the photodegradation of IBU were 60% obtained in an acidic condition using 0.50 g L-1 of ZnO-Ce in a solution of 20 ppm of IBU. The presence of hydrogen peroxide favored the photocatalysis process. ZnO-Ce exhibited good IBU degradation activity even after three photocatalytic cycles under UV light. The hole plays akey role in the degradation process of ibuprofen. The toxicity of photolyzed products was monitored against Artemia salina (bioindicator) and did not generate toxic metabolites. Therefore, this work provides a strategic design to improve ZnO-Ce photocatalysts for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro S. Sá
- LIMAV, Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Ministro Petronio Portela, Federal University of Píaui, Teresina 64049-550, Piaui, Brazil; (A.S.S.); (R.P.F.); (L.H.); (R.P.-G.)
| | - Rodrigo P. Feitosa
- LIMAV, Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Ministro Petronio Portela, Federal University of Píaui, Teresina 64049-550, Piaui, Brazil; (A.S.S.); (R.P.F.); (L.H.); (R.P.-G.)
| | - Luzia Honório
- LIMAV, Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Ministro Petronio Portela, Federal University of Píaui, Teresina 64049-550, Piaui, Brazil; (A.S.S.); (R.P.F.); (L.H.); (R.P.-G.)
| | - Ramón Peña-Garcia
- LIMAV, Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Ministro Petronio Portela, Federal University of Píaui, Teresina 64049-550, Piaui, Brazil; (A.S.S.); (R.P.F.); (L.H.); (R.P.-G.)
- Academic Unit of Santo Agostinho, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Luciano C. Almeida
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil;
| | - Juliana S. Dias
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Process Engineering, Chemistry Engineering Department, University of São Paulo, Lorena 12602-810, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.S.D.); (L.P.B.); (T.G.T.); (E.R.T.)
| | - Lorena P. Brazuna
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Process Engineering, Chemistry Engineering Department, University of São Paulo, Lorena 12602-810, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.S.D.); (L.P.B.); (T.G.T.); (E.R.T.)
| | - Thiago G. Tabuti
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Process Engineering, Chemistry Engineering Department, University of São Paulo, Lorena 12602-810, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.S.D.); (L.P.B.); (T.G.T.); (E.R.T.)
| | - Eduardo R. Triboni
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Process Engineering, Chemistry Engineering Department, University of São Paulo, Lorena 12602-810, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.S.D.); (L.P.B.); (T.G.T.); (E.R.T.)
| | - Josy A. Osajima
- LIMAV, Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Ministro Petronio Portela, Federal University of Píaui, Teresina 64049-550, Piaui, Brazil; (A.S.S.); (R.P.F.); (L.H.); (R.P.-G.)
| | - Edson C. da Silva-Filho
- LIMAV, Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Ministro Petronio Portela, Federal University of Píaui, Teresina 64049-550, Piaui, Brazil; (A.S.S.); (R.P.F.); (L.H.); (R.P.-G.)
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6
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Ghasemian MB, Zavabeti A, Mousavi M, Murdoch BJ, Christofferson AJ, Meftahi N, Tang J, Han J, Jalili R, Allioux FM, Mayyas M, Chen Z, Elbourne A, McConville CF, Russo SP, Ringer S, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Doping Process of 2D Materials Based on the Selective Migration of Dopants to the Interface of Liquid Metals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104793. [PMID: 34510605 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of trace impurities within the doping processes of semiconductors is still a technological challenge for the electronics industries. By taking advantage of the selective enrichment of liquid metal interfaces, and harvesting the doped metal oxide semiconductor layers, the complexity of the process can be mitigated and a high degree of control over the outcomes can be achieved. Here, a mechanism of natural filtering for the preparation of doped 2D semiconducting sheets based on the different migration tendencies of metallic elements in the bulk competing for enriching the interfaces is proposed. As a model, liquid metal alloys with different weight ratios of Sn and Bi in the bulk are employed for harvesting Bi2 O3 -doped SnO nanosheets. In this model, Sn shows a much stronger tendency than Bi to occupy surface sites of the Bi-Sn alloys, even at the very high concentrations of Bi in the bulk. This provides the opportunity for creating SnO 2D sheets with tightly controlled Bi2 O3 dopants. By way of example, it is demonstrated how such nanosheets could be made selective to both reducing and oxidizing environmental gases. The process demonstrated here offers significant opportunities for future synthesis and fabrication processes in the electronics industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Maedehsadat Mousavi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Billy J Murdoch
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | | | - Nastaran Meftahi
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Jialuo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Rouhollah Jalili
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Zibin Chen
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Chris F McConville
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Salvy P Russo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Simon Ringer
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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Vázquez-López A, Maestre D, Ramírez-Castellanos J, Cremades A. In Situ Local Oxidation of SnO Induced by Laser Irradiation: A Stability Study. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:976. [PMID: 33920148 PMCID: PMC8070038 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, semiconductor tin oxide (II) (SnO) nanoparticles and plates were synthesized at room conditions via a hydrolysis procedure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the high crystallinity of the as-synthesized romarchite SnO nanoparticles with dimensions ranging from 5 to 16 nm. The stability of the initial SnO and the controlled oxidation to SnO2 was studied based on either thermal treatments or controlled laser irradiation using a UV and a red laser in a confocal microscope. Thermal treatments induced the oxidation from SnO to SnO2 without formation of intermediate SnOx, as confirmed by thermodiffraction measurements, while by using UV or red laser irradiation the transition from SnO to SnO2 was controlled, assisted by formation of intermediate Sn3O4, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy as a function of the laser excitation source, the laser power density, and the irradiation duration were analyzed in order to gain insights in the formation of SnO2 from SnO. Finally, a tailored spatial SnO/SnO2 micropatterning was achieved by controlled laser irradiation with potential applicability in optoelectronics and sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vázquez-López
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.M.); (A.C.)
| | - David Maestre
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Julio Ramírez-Castellanos
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Cremades
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de CC. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.M.); (A.C.)
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Nguyen TP, Kim IT. Self-Assembled Few-Layered MoS 2 on SnO 2 Anode for Enhancing Lithium-Ion Storage. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122558. [PMID: 33419262 PMCID: PMC7766146 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) have been used as reversible high-capacity anode materials in lithium-ion batteries, with reversible capacities reaching 740 mAh·g-1. However, large SnO2 NPs do not perform well in charge-discharge cycling. In this work, we report the incorporation of MoS2 nanosheet (NS) layers with SnO2 NPs. SnO2 NPs of ~5 nm in diameter synthesized by a facile hydrothermal precipitation method. Meanwhile, MoS2 NSs of a few hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers in lateral size were produced by top-down chemical exfoliation. The self-assembly of the MoS2 NS layer on the gas-liquid interface was first demonstrated to achieve up to 80% coverage of the SnO2 NP anode surface. The electrochemical properties of the pure SnO2 NPs and MoS2-covered SnO2 NP anodes were investigated. The results showed that the SnO2 electrode with a single-layer MoS2 NS film exhibited better electrochemical performance than the pure SnO2 anode in lithium storage applications.
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