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Rizzi G, Digiovanni S, Degani G, Barbiroli A, Di Pisa F, Popolo L, Visentin C, Vanoni MA, Ricagno S. Site-directed mutagenesis reveals the interplay between stability, structure, and enzymatic activity in RidA from Capra hircus. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5036. [PMID: 38801230 PMCID: PMC11129622 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Reactive intermediate deaminase A (RidA) is a highly conserved enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 2-imino acids to the corresponding 2-keto acids and ammonia. RidA thus prevents the accumulation of such potentially harmful compounds in the cell, as exemplified by its role in the degradation of 2-aminoacrylate, formed during the metabolism of cysteine and serine, catalyzing the conversion of its stable 2-iminopyruvate tautomer into pyruvate. Capra hircus (goat) RidA (ChRidA) was the first mammalian RidA to be isolated and described. It has the typical homotrimeric fold of the Rid superfamily, characterized by remarkably high thermal stability, with three active sites located at the interface between adjacent subunits. ChRidA exhibits a broad substrate specificity with a preference for 2-iminopyruvate and other 2-imino acids derived from amino acids with non-polar non-bulky side chains. Here we report a biophysical and biochemical characterization of eight ChRidA variants obtained by site-directed mutagenesis to gain insight into the role of specific residues in protein stability and catalytic activity. Each mutant was produced in Escherichia coli cells, purified and characterized in terms of quaternary structure, thermal stability and substrate specificity. The results are rationalized in the context of the high-resolution structures obtained by x-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Rizzi
- Dipartimento di BioscienzeUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | | | - Genny Degani
- Dipartimento di BioscienzeUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Alberto Barbiroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'AmbienteUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Flavio Di Pisa
- Istituto di BiofisicaConsiglio Nazionale delle RicercheMilanItaly
| | - Laura Popolo
- Dipartimento di BioscienzeUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Cristina Visentin
- Dipartimento di BioscienzeUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | | | - Stefano Ricagno
- Dipartimento di BioscienzeUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
- Institute of Molecular and Translational CardiologyI.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San DonatoSan Donato MilaneseItaly
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Shen W, Downs DM. Tetrahydrofolate levels influence 2-aminoacrylate stress in Salmonella enterica. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0004224. [PMID: 38563759 PMCID: PMC11025330 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00042-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In Salmonella enterica, the absence of the RidA deaminase results in the accumulation of the reactive enamine 2-aminoacrylate (2AA). The resulting 2AA stress impacts metabolism and prevents growth in some conditions by inactivating a specific target pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme(s). The detrimental effects of 2AA stress can be overcome by changing the sensitivity of a critical target enzyme or modifying flux in one or more nodes in the metabolic network. The catabolic L-alanine racemase DadX is a target of 2AA, which explains the inability of an alr ridA strain to use L-alanine as the sole nitrogen source. Spontaneous mutations that suppressed the growth defect of the alr ridA strain were identified as lesions in folE, which encodes GTP cyclohydrolase and catalyzes the first step of tetrahydrofolate (THF) synthesis. The data here show that THF limitation resulting from a folE lesion, or inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (FolA) by trimethoprim, decreases the 2AA generated from endogenous serine. The data are consistent with an increased level of threonine, resulting from low folate levels, decreasing 2AA stress.IMPORTANCERidA is an enamine deaminase that has been characterized as preventing the 2-aminoacrylate (2AA) stress. In the absence of RidA, 2AA accumulates and damages various cellular enzymes. Much of the work describing the 2AA stress system has depended on the exogenous addition of serine to increase the production of the enamine stressor. The work herein focuses on understanding the effect of 2AA stress generated from endogenous serine pools. As such, this work describes the consequences of a subtle level of stress that nonetheless compromises growth in at least two conditions. Describing mechanisms that alter the physiological consequences of 2AA stress increases our understanding of endogenous metabolic stress and how the robustness of the metabolic network allows perturbations to be modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangchen Shen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Diana M. Downs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Apis mellifera RidA, a novel member of the canonical YigF/YER057c/UK114 imine deiminase superfamily of enzymes pre-empting metabolic damage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 616:70-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Feng LL, Dai YW, Lu XJ, Lu JF, Yang GJ, Zhang H, Zhang L, Chen J. Two ACTH analogs exert differential effects on monocytes/macrophages function regulation in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 315:113796. [PMID: 33901496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a bioactive peptide of the family of melanocortins, is generated from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). So far, the research on the specific functions of ACTH in the immune system of teleosts is limited. We determined two complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences of POMC in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), termed PaPOMC-A and PaPOMC-B. PaPOMCs transcripts occurred in all examined tissues, and their expression in immune tissues changed following experimental infection with Vibrio anguillarum. PaACTH-B, but not PaACTH-A, suppressed the phagocytosis of monocytes/macrophages (MO/MФ). Two isoforms of PaACTH increased the bactericidal capacity of MO/MФ. PaACTH-A increased anti-inflammatory cytokine expression, while PaACTH-B decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in MO/MФ. Compared with PaACTH-B treatment, the PaACTH-A treatment improved survival rate and reduced the bacterial load in V. anguillarum-infected ayu through interleukin (IL)-10. Our results indicate that the two PaACTH isoforms exert different effects in the host defense against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - You-Wu Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xin-Jiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), China.
| | - Jian-Fei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Whitaker GH, Ernst DC, Downs DM. Absence of MMF1 disrupts heme biosynthesis by targeting Hem1pin Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 2021; 38:615-624. [PMID: 34559917 PMCID: PMC8958428 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The RidA subfamily of the Rid (YjgF/YER057c/UK114) superfamily of proteins is broadly distributed and found in all domains of life. RidA proteins are enamine/imine deaminases. In the organisms that have been investigated, lack of RidA results in accumulation of the reactive enamine species 2-aminoacrylate (2AA) and/or its derivative imine 2-iminopropanoate (2IP). The accumulated enamine/imine species can damage specific pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent target enzymes. The metabolic imbalance resulting from the damaged enzymes is organism specific and based on metabolic network configuration. Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes two RidA homologs, one localized to the cytosol and one to the mitochondria. The mitochondrial RidA homolog, Mmf1p, prevents enamine/imine stress and is important for normal growth and maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. Here, we show that Mmf1p is necessary for optimal heme biosynthesis. Biochemical and/or genetic data herein support a model in which accumulation of 2AA and or 2IP, in the absence of Mmf1p, inactivates Hem1p, a mitochondrially located PLP-dependent enzyme required for heme biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana M. Downs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2605
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Griffith CM, Walvekar AS, Linster CL. Approaches for completing metabolic networks through metabolite damage and repair discovery. CURRENT OPINION IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2021; 28:None. [PMID: 34957344 PMCID: PMC8669784 DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2021.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites are prone to damage, either via enzymatic side reactions, which collectively form the underground metabolism, or via spontaneous chemical reactions. The resulting non-canonical metabolites that can be toxic, are mended by dedicated "metabolite repair enzymes." Deficiencies in the latter can cause severe disease in humans, whereas inclusion of repair enzymes in metabolically engineered systems can improve the production yield of value-added chemicals. The metabolite damage and repair loops are typically not yet included in metabolic reconstructions and it is likely that many remain to be discovered. Here, we review strategies and associated challenges for unveiling non-canonical metabolites and metabolite repair enzymes, including systematic approaches based on high-resolution mass spectrometry, metabolome-wide side-activity prediction, as well as high-throughput substrate and phenotypic screens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carole L. Linster
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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