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Choudhary R, Kaushik R, Chawla P, Manna S. Exploring the extraction, functional properties, and industrial applications of papain from Carica papaya. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 39077990 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Papain a protease enzyme naturally present in the Carica papaya has gained significant interest across several industries due to its unique properties and versatility. The unique structure of papain imparts the functionality that assists in elucidating how papain enzyme works and making it beneficial for a variety of purposes. This review highlights recent advancements in papain extraction techniques to enhance production efficiency to meet market demand. The extraction of papain from the Carica papaya plant offers various advantages such as cost-effectiveness, biodegradability, safety, and the ability to withstand a wide range of pH and temperature conditions. Key findings reveal that non-conventional papain extraction techniques offer significant advantages in terms of efficiency, product quality, and environmental sustainability. Furthermore, papain treatment enhances the value of final products due to its anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, and anti-obesity properties. The ability of papain to hydrolyze a wide range of proteins across various conditions makes it a suitable protease enzyme. While the study emphasizes the advantages of papain, the study also acknowledges limitations such as the continuous research and development to optimize extraction processes which will help unlock papain's potential and meet the growing demand. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Choudhary
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun, India
| | | | - Prince Chawla
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Suvendu Manna
- Sustainibility Cluster, School of Advance Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, India
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García-Mota LF, Fernández-Barrera MÁ, Garcia-Contreras R, Grazioli G, Zamarripa-Calderón JE, Rivera-Gonzaga JA, Cuevas-Suárez CE. Adhesive Performance of Pit and Fissure Sealants on Deproteinized Enamel with Different Proteolytic Agents: In Vitro Study. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:206. [PMID: 39056993 PMCID: PMC11276213 DOI: 10.3390/dj12070206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to assess the efficacy of different proteolytic agents on the bond strength of pit and fissure sealants to bovine enamel. Eighty-four bovine enamel specimens were randomly assigned in groups according to the pit and fissure sealant applied (HelioSeal F or Dyad Flow). Then, the specimens were subdivided according to the proteolytic agent used (n = 7): Group 1, distilled water (control); Group 2, 10 wt.% Tergazyme®; Group 3, 10 wt.% ZYME®; Group 4, 10% papain gel; Group 5, 10% bromelain gel; and Group 6, 5.25 wt.% sodium hypochlorite. The cell viability of the proteolytic solutions was assessed through the MTT assay. The proteolytic agents were applied on the enamel surface prior to the acid-etching procedure; then, the pit and fissure sealants were placed. The micro-shear bond strength was evaluated after 24 h or 6 months of water storing at 37 °C. Representative SEM images were taken for each experimental group. The bond strength data were statistically analyzed by a three-way ANOVA test using a significance level of α = 0.05. Bromelain and papain proteolytic solutions did not exert any cytotoxic effect on the human dental pulp cells. After 24 h and 6 months of aging, for both pit and fissure sealants, sodium hypochlorite, papain, bromelain, and Tergazyme® achieved statistically significant higher bond strength values (p < 0.05). Irrespective of the deproteinizing agent used, Dyad Flow resulted in a better bond strength after 6 months of aging. The type 1 etching pattern was identified for sodium hypochlorite, papain, and bromelain. Tergazyme®, papain, and bromelain demonstrated efficacy in deproteinizing enamel surfaces prior to acid etching, leading to the improved bond strength of pit and fissure sealants. Clinically, this suggests that these proteolytic agents can be considered viable alternatives to traditional methods for enhancing sealant retention and longevity. Utilizing these agents in dental practice could potentially reduce sealant failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Francisco García-Mota
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (L.F.G.-M.); (M.-Á.F.-B.); (J.E.Z.-C.); (J.A.R.-G.)
| | - Miguel-Ángel Fernández-Barrera
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (L.F.G.-M.); (M.-Á.F.-B.); (J.E.Z.-C.); (J.A.R.-G.)
| | - Rene Garcia-Contreras
- Nanostructures and Biomaterials Area, Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory (LII), National School of Higher Studies (ENES), Leon Unit, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), León 37689, Mexico;
| | - Guillermo Grazioli
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay;
| | - Juan Eliezer Zamarripa-Calderón
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (L.F.G.-M.); (M.-Á.F.-B.); (J.E.Z.-C.); (J.A.R.-G.)
| | - José Alejandro Rivera-Gonzaga
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (L.F.G.-M.); (M.-Á.F.-B.); (J.E.Z.-C.); (J.A.R.-G.)
| | - Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Mexico; (L.F.G.-M.); (M.-Á.F.-B.); (J.E.Z.-C.); (J.A.R.-G.)
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In-vitro evaluation of the effectiveness of polyphenols based strawberry extracts for dental bleaching. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4181. [PMID: 36914760 PMCID: PMC10011378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To formulate a dental bleaching agent with strawberry extract that has potent bleaching properties and antimicrobial efficacy. Enamel specimens (3 × 3 × 2 mm3) were prepared. Quaternary Ammonium Silane (CaC2 enriched) was homogenized with fresh strawberries: Group 1: supernatant strawberry (10 g) extract < Group 2: supernatant strawberry (10 g) extract + 15%HA (Hydroxyapatite) < Group 3: supernatant strawberry (10 g) extract + 15% (HA-2%k21) < Group 4: supernatant strawberry (20 g) extract only (20 g strawberries) < Group 5: supernatant strawberry (20 g) extract + 15% HA < Group 6: supernatant strawberry (20 g) extract + 15% (HA-2%K21) < Group 7: In-office Opalescence Boost 35%. Single-colony lactobacillus was examined using confocal microscopy identifying bacterial growth and inhibition in presence of bleaching agents using 300 µL aliquot of each bacterial culture. Images were analysed by illuminating with a 488 nm argon/helium laser beam. Colour difference (∆E00) was calculated using an Excel spreadsheet implementation of the CIEDE2000 colour difference formula and colour change measured between after staining and after bleaching. Scanning electron microscope was used to image specimens. Raman spectra were collected, and enamel slices were used for STEM/TEM analysis. HPLC was used for strawberry extract analysis. Nano-indentation was performed and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Antioxidant activity was determined along with molecular simulation. hDPSCs were expanded for Alamar Blue Analysis and SEM. Mean colour change was significantly reduced in group 1 compared to other groups (p < 0.05). CLSM showed detrimental effects of different strawberry extracts on bioflms, especially with antimicrobial (p < 0.05). Groups 1, 2 and 3 showed flatter/irregular surfaces with condensation of anti-microbial in group 3. In strawberry specimens, bands predominate at 960 cm-1. HPLC determined the strawberry extracts content. Molecular simulation verified interaction between calcium and polyphenol components. XPS peak-fitted high-resolution corresponding results of Ca2p3/2 and Ca2p1/2 for all k21 groups. Combination of 10 g strawberry extract supernatant and 15% (hydroxyapatite 2%k21) improved the whiteness and provided additional antimicrobial potential. The novel strawberry extract and antimicrobial based dental formulation had immediate bleaching effect without promoting significant changes in enamel morphology.
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Ohshima H, Mishima K. Oral biosciences: The annual review 2022. J Oral Biosci 2023; 65:1-12. [PMID: 36740188 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Journal of Oral Biosciences is devoted to advancing and disseminating fundamental knowledge concerning every aspect of oral biosciences. HIGHLIGHT This review features review articles in the fields of "Bone Cell Biology," "Tooth Development & Regeneration," "Tooth Bleaching," "Adipokines," "Milk Thistle," "Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition," "Periodontitis," "Diagnosis," "Salivary Glands," "Tooth Root," "Exosome," "New Perspectives of Tooth Identification," "Dental Pulp," and "Saliva" in addition to the review articles by the winner of the "Lion Dental Research Award" ("Plastic changes in nociceptive pathways contributing to persistent orofacial pain") presented by the Japanese Association for Oral Biology. CONCLUSION The review articles in the Journal of Oral Biosciences have inspired its readers to broaden their knowledge about various aspects of oral biosciences. The current editorial review introduces these exciting review articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Müller-Heupt LK, Wiesmann-Imilowski N, Kaya S, Schumann S, Steiger M, Bjelopavlovic M, Deschner J, Al-Nawas B, Lehmann KM. Effectiveness and Safety of Over-the-Counter Tooth-Whitening Agents Compared to Hydrogen Peroxide In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031956. [PMID: 36768279 PMCID: PMC9915942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) This study investigated the whitening effect, cytotoxicity and enamel surface alterations induced by different over-the-counter (OTC) bleaching agents in comparison to hydrogen peroxide. (2) Human teeth (n = 60) were randomly assigned into 6 groups (n = 10), stained with coffee solution for 7 d, followed by a whitening period of 7 d with either placebo, bromelain, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chlorite, PAP or hydrogen peroxide. Color measurements were performed with a spectrophotometer. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) were taken to assess the enamel structure. Cytotoxicity of the tested substances was assessed based on the cell viability of primary human fibroblasts. (3) The application of all whitening gels resulted in a greater color difference of the enamel (ΔE) in comparison to the negative control. Hydrogen peroxide caused the greatest color difference. Bromelain and PAP treatment showed no enamel surface changes, in contrast to hydrogen peroxide treatment, which showed very mild interprismatic dissolution. Bromelain was the only non-cytotoxic agent. (4) The maximum effect achieved by all OTC bleaching agents was the removal of stains, whereas hydrogen peroxide was capable of further whitening the teeth. Bromelain treatment was neither cytotoxic, nor resulted in enamel surface alterations, and its whitening effect was less, yet still effective, compared to hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Katharina Müller-Heupt
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6131-17-5086
| | - Nadine Wiesmann-Imilowski
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebahat Kaya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Schumann
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Steiger
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Monika Bjelopavlovic
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bilal Al-Nawas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl Martin Lehmann
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Chandrashekhar S, Rao D, Mithare SS, Bharath M, Mohiuddin Z, Bommanagoudar JS. Determination of Microhardness of Remineralized Bleached Surface Subjected to Erosion-An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023; 16:97-100. [PMID: 37020775 PMCID: PMC10067977 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study is to evaluate the microhardness of remineralized bleached surface subjected to erosion. Materials and methods Fifteen samples were divided into three groups and subjected to bleaching and erosion treatment. Group I-treated with 30% hydrogen peroxide then treated with 1% citric acid solution; group II-treated with 30% hydrogen peroxide and a remineralizing agent followed by 1% citric acid solution; group III-without bleaching with 1% citric acid solution. Five samples per group, GI, GII, and GIII were subjected to the Vickers microhardness analysis. Loss of surface hardness loss (% SHL) was analyzed followed by one-way ANOVA test, post hoc multiple comparison test, Bonferroni test to compare the various group. Result Group II showed the lowest % SHL after the erosive phase when compared with group I. Conclusion Erosion which usually occurs as a consequence of bleaching can be minimized by the application of remineralizing agents after bleaching. How to cite this article Chandrashekhar S, Mithare SS, Bharath M, et al. Determination of Microhardness of Remineralized Bleached Surface Subjected to Erosion-An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(1):97-100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashidhar Chandrashekhar
- Department of Conservative dentistry and Endodontics, Pacific Dental College and Hospital, Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research University, Debari, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dinesh Rao
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Pacific Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shivashankar S Mithare
- Deprtment Of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AME'S Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Manubrolu Bharath
- Deprtment Of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AME'S Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Zaka Mohiuddin
- Deprtment Of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, AME'S Dental College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India
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Santillán-Guerra AM, Sánchez-Rodríguez AM. Effectiveness of dental whitening in patients with active fixed orthodontic treatment: a narrative review. REVISTA CIENTÍFICA ODONTOLÓGICA 2022; 10:e119. [PMID: 38389545 PMCID: PMC10880723 DOI: 10.21142/2523-2754-1003-2022-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Currently dental aesthetics during fixed orthodontic treatment is an option required by patients, due to the frequent pigmentations that can occur in tooth enamel as a result of inadequate oral hygiene and plaque retention caused by fixed appliances. Objective To determine the effectiveness of dental whitening and its side effects during active fixed orthodontic treatment, as an alternative aesthetic treatment in certain cases that merit it. Materials and methods This narrative review evaluated 35 scientific articles from the Medline information sources (via PUBMED), EMBASE, SCOPUS, SCIELO and LILACS from the last 10 years, published in Spanish, Portuguese and English. We included 17 articles that met the selection criteria which were randomized clinical trials and observational studies, in vitro studies and in vivo studies that evaluated in-office dental clearance, performed on patients using fixed orthodontic treatment at that time. Systematic reviews, case reports and editorials were excluded. Results It was observed that dental whitening in patients with active orthodontic treatment minimally affects the adhesion of the orthodontic apparatus to the tooth surface. In addition, some studies observed that the brackets interfere with the extension of the dental lightening, evidencing slightly darker areas. Conclusions Dental whitening during orthodontic treatment can be given efficiently in clinical practice, depending on the aesthetic requirement of the patient. However, it is a recommended procedure in certain cases of great need for immediate aesthetics, since, the material with which the brackets are installed on the dental surface, will interfere with the extension of the lightening material, resulting in a darker shade in that sector and different from the surrounding tissue. Likewise, it will intervene in the adhesion to the dental surface, having many probabilities that the orthodontic apparatus can detach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Mauricio Santillán-Guerra
- School of Dentistry, Científica del Sur University. Lima, Peru. , Universidad Científica del Sur School of Dentistry Científica del Sur University Lima Peru
| | - Angie Melanie Sánchez-Rodríguez
- School of Dentistry, Científica del Sur University. Lima, Peru. , Universidad Científica del Sur School of Dentistry Científica del Sur University Lima Peru
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David Troncoso F, Alberto Sánchez D, Luján Ferreira M. Production of Plant Proteases and New Biotechnological Applications: An Updated Review. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202200017. [PMID: 35286022 PMCID: PMC8919702 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An updated review of emerging plant proteases with potential biotechnological application is presented. Plant proteases show comparable or even greater performance than animal or microbial proteases for by-product valorization through hydrolysis for, for example, cheese whey, bird feathers, collagen, keratinous materials, gelatin, fish protein, and soy protein. Active biopeptides can be obtained as high added value products, which have shown numerous beneficial effects on human health. Plant proteases can also be used for wastewater treatment. The production of new plant proteases is encouraged for the following advantages: low cost of isolation using simple procedures, remarkable stability over a wide range of operating conditions (temperature, pH, salinity, and organic solvents), substantial affinity to a broad variety of substrates, and possibility of immobilization. Vegetable proteases have enormous application potential for the valorization of industrial waste and its conversion into products with high added value through low-cost processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco David Troncoso
- Departamento de Ingeniería QuímicaUniversidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)Bahía Blanca8000Argentina
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería QuímicaPLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET)Bahía Blanca8000Argentina
| | - Daniel Alberto Sánchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería QuímicaUniversidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)Bahía Blanca8000Argentina
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería QuímicaPLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET)Bahía Blanca8000Argentina
| | - María Luján Ferreira
- Departamento de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)Bahía Blanca8000Argentina
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería QuímicaPLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET)Bahía Blanca8000Argentina
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Tooth whitening effects on dental enamel, oxidation or reduction? Comparison of physicochemical alterations in bovine enamel using Synchrotron-based Micro-FTIR. Dent Mater 2022; 38:670-679. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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PEI R, XIAO C, ZHU Y, YAO J, CHENG Y. Evaluation of tea stain removal efficacy of ficin. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.16822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runsheng PEI
- The Affiliated Nantong Stomatological Hospital of Nantong University, China
| | - Cong XIAO
- The Affiliated Nantong Stomatological Hospital of Nantong University, China
| | - Yu ZHU
- The Affiliated Nantong Stomatological Hospital of Nantong University, China
| | | | - Yuye CHENG
- The Affiliated Nantong Stomatological Hospital of Nantong University, China
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Benahmed AG, Gasmi A, Menzel A, Hrynovets I, Chirumbolo S, Shanaida M, Lysiuk R, Shanaida Y, Dadar M, Bjørklund G. A review on natural teeth whitening. J Oral Biosci 2021; 64:49-58. [PMID: 34915121 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discoloration of teeth occurs for various reasons. Common ingredients like substances from tea and coffee, as well as antibiotics like tetracycline, or food dyes, can percolate into the teeth, and, as such, these stains may persist in the porous structure of the enamel. Smoking is also contributory to dental discoloration, with toxins of tobacco smoke accumulating in a similar way. With aging, teeth tend to be discolored with accumulation of various stains in addition to the enamel gradually eroding to expose the yellow dentin. HIGHLIGHT This review focused on the effect of several natural ingredients with teeth-whitening properties and their daily clinical application. Metabolic dental bleaching mechanisms, as well as tooth discoloration and decay, were also reviewed. The current scientific literature (mostly from 2000 to 2020) was consolidated from manuscripts retrieved from Scopus, PubMed, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. CONCLUSION Natural teeth whitening effectively lightens the natural color of teeth without eroding dental surfaces. On the other hand, commercially available whiteners containing hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide, in high concentrations, can lead to deproteinization and demineralization of teeth through oxidation processes. If used extensively, these compounds may cause a number of adverse effects. Alternative natural teeth-whiteners include ingredients like lemons, strawberries, oranges, papaya, and other fruits. Such natural ingredients offer a milder and safer way of whitening teeth than whiteners containing hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amin Gasmi
- Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Ihor Hrynovets
- Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine; CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
| | - Mariia Shanaida
- I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Roman Lysiuk
- Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine; CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yurii Shanaida
- I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo I Rana, Norway.
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Vasquez JM, Idrees A, Carmagnola I, Sigen A, McMahon S, Marlinghaus L, Ciardelli G, Greiser U, Tai H, Wang W, Salber J, Chiono V. In situ Forming Hyperbranched PEG-Thiolated Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels With Honey-Mimetic Antibacterial Properties. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:742135. [PMID: 34869257 PMCID: PMC8637896 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.742135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly increasing resistance of bacteria to currently approved antibiotic drugs makes surgical interventions and the treatment of bacterial infections increasingly difficult. In recent years, complementary strategies to classical antibiotic therapy have, therefore, gained importance. One of these strategies is the use of medicinal honey in the treatment of bacterially colonized wounds. One of the several bactericidal effects of honey is based on the in situ generation of hydrogen peroxide through the activity of the enzyme glucose oxidase. The strategy underlying this work is to mimic this antibacterial redox effect of honey in an injectable, biocompatible, and rapidly forming hydrogel. The hydrogel was obtained by thiol–ene click reaction between hyperbranched polyethylene glycol diacrylate (HB PEGDA), synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and thiolated hyaluronic acid (HA-SH). After mixing 500 µL HB PEGDA (10%, w/w) and 500 µL HA-SH (1%, w/w) solutions, hydrogels formed in ∼60 s (HB PEGDA/HA-SH 10.0–1.0), as assessed by the tube inverting test. The HB PEGDA/HA-SH 10.0–1.0 hydrogel (200 µL) was resistant to in vitro dissolution in water for at least 64 days, absorbing up to 130 wt% of water. Varying glucose oxidase (GO) amounts (0–500 U/L) and constant glucose content (2.5 wt%) were loaded into HB PEGDA and HA-SH solutions, respectively, before hydrogel formation. Then, the release of H2O2 was evaluated through a colorimetric pertitanic acid assay. The GO content of 250 U/L was selected, allowing the formation of 10.8 ± 1.4 mmol H2O2/L hydrogel in 24 h, under static conditions. The cytocompatibility of HB PEGDA/HA-SH 10.0–1.0 hydrogels loaded with different GO activities (≤ 500 U/L) at a constant glucose amount (2.5 wt%) was investigated by in vitro assays at 24 h with L929 and HaCaT cell lines, according to DIN EN ISO 10993-5. The tests showed cytocompatibility for GO enzyme activity up to 250 U/L for both cell lines. The antibacterial activity of HB PEGDA/HA-SH 10.0–1.0 hydrogels loaded with increasing amounts of GO was demonstrated against various gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus and S. epidermidis), antibiotic-resistant gram-positive bacteria (MRSA and MRSE), gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and A. baumanii), and antibiotic-resistant gram-negative strains (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) using agar diffusion tests. For all gram-positive bacterial strains, increasing efficacy was measured with increasing GO activity. For the two P. aeruginosa strains, efficacy was shown only from an enzyme activity of 125 U/L and for E. coli and A. baumanii, efficacy was shown only from 250 U/L enzyme activity. HB PEGDA/HA-SH 10.0–1.0 hydrogels loaded with ≤250 U/L GO and 2.5 wt% glucose are promising formulations due to their fast-forming properties, cytocompatibility, and ability to produce antibacterial H2O2, warranting future investigations for bacterial infection treatment, such as wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeddah Marie Vasquez
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Blafar Ltd., Dublin, Ireland.,Wenxin Wang Research Group, Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ayesha Idrees
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Irene Carmagnola
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Aa Sigen
- Blafar Ltd., Dublin, Ireland.,Wenxin Wang Research Group, Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean McMahon
- Blafar Ltd., Dublin, Ireland.,Wenxin Wang Research Group, Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Gianluca Ciardelli
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Udo Greiser
- Wenxin Wang Research Group, Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Wenxin Wang
- Blafar Ltd., Dublin, Ireland.,Wenxin Wang Research Group, Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jochen Salber
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Valeria Chiono
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Compromised dental cells viability following teeth-whitening exposure. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15547. [PMID: 34330953 PMCID: PMC8324915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94745-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the viability of dental cells following time-dependent carbamide peroxide teeth-whitening treatments using an in-vitro dentin perfusion assay model. 30 teeth were exposed to 5% or 16% CP gel (4 h daily) for 2-weeks. The enamel organic content was measured with thermogravimetry. The time-dependent viability of human dental pulp stem cells (HDPSCs) and gingival fibroblast cells (HGFCs) following either indirect exposure to 3 commercially available concentrations of CP gel using an in-vitro dentin perfusion assay or direct exposure to 5% H2O2 were investigated by evaluating change in cell morphology and by hemocytometry. The 5% and 16% CP produced a significantly lower (p < 0.001) enamel protein content (by weight) when compared to the control. The organic content in enamel varied accordingly to the CP treatment: for the 16% and 5% CP treatment groups, a variation of 4.0% and 5.4%, respectively, was observed with no significant difference. The cell viability of HDPSCs decreased exponentially over time for all groups. Within the limitation of this in-vitro study, we conclude that even low concentrations of H2O2 and CP result in a deleterious change in enamel protein content and compromise the viability of HGFCs and HDPSCs. These effects should be observed in-vivo.
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14
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Dietrich L, de Assis Costa MDM, Blumenberg C, Nascimento GG, Paranhos LR, da Silva GR. A meta-analysis of ozone effect on tooth bleaching. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13177. [PMID: 34162984 PMCID: PMC8222366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review assessed the effectiveness of ozone (O3) in the color change of in-office tooth bleaching in vital teeth (TB) and the sensitivity control. Only randomized controlled clinical trials were included. Seven databases were used as primary search sources, and three additional sources were searched to capture the "grey literature" partially. The JBI tool was used to assess the risk of bias. TB was assessed using the ΔELab color change metric comparing tooth color pre- and post-bleaching. We meta-analyzed the ΔELab estimates per method and calculated the absolute standardized mean difference using random-effect models. The GRADE approach assessed the certainty of the evidence. The ΔELab estimates ranged from 1.28 when the O3 was used alone to 6.93 when combined with hydrogen peroxide (HP). Two studies compared O3 and HP alone, but their TB was similar (SMD = - 0.02; 95%CI: - 0.54; 0.49). The bleaching effectiveness for the combination of O3 + HP compared to HP was similar (SMD = 0.38; 95%CI: - 0.04; 0.81). Thus, based on the available literature, our findings suggest that O3 is not superior to the conventional technique using HP on the change of tooth color. The O3 did not present sensitivity when used alone. When O3 was used in combination with HP, patients reported hypersensitivity only when O3 was applied before HP, i.e., no sensitivity was perceived when O3 was applied after HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Dietrich
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gustavo G Nascimento
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Luiz Renato Paranhos
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.
| | - Gisele Rodrigues da Silva
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, Dental School, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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