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Jans K, Lüersen K, von Frieling J, Roeder T, Rimbach G. Dietary lithium stimulates female fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster. Biofactors 2024; 50:326-346. [PMID: 37706424 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The trace element lithium exerts a versatile bioactivity in humans, to some extend overlapping with in vivo findings in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. A potentially essential function of lithium in reproduction has been suggested since the 1980s and multiple studies have since been published postulating a regulatory role of lithium in female gametogenesis. However, the impact of lithium on fruit fly egg production has not been at the center of attention to date. In the present study, we report that dietary lithium (0.1-5.0 mM LiCl) substantially improved life time egg production in D. melanogaster w1118 females, with a maximum increase of plus 45% when supplementing 1.0 mM LiCl. This phenomenon was not observed in the insulin receptor mutant InRE19, indicating a potential involvement of insulin-like signaling in the lithium-mediated fecundity boost. Analysis of the whole-body and ovarian transcriptome revealed that dietary lithium affects the mRNA levels of genes encoding proteins related to processes of follicular maturation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on dietary lithium acting as an in vivo fecundity stimulant in D. melanogaster, further supporting the suggested benefit of the trace element in female reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Jans
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai Lüersen
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jakob von Frieling
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Roeder
- Division of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Division of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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2
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Sato S, Magaji AM, Tominaga M, Sokabe T. Avoidance of thiazoline compound depends on multiple sensory pathways mediated by TrpA1 and ORs in Drosophila. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1249715. [PMID: 38188198 PMCID: PMC10771277 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1249715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are primary sensory molecules in animals and are involved in detecting a diverse range of physical and chemical cues in the environments. Considering the crucial role of TRPA1 channels in nocifensive behaviors and aversive responses across various insect species, activators of TRPA1 are promising candidates for insect pest control. In this study, we demonstrate that 2-methylthiazoline (2MT), an artificial volatile thiazoline compound originally identified as a stimulant for mouse TRPA1, can be utilized as a novel repellent for fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster. We observed that 2MT induced strong, dose-dependent avoidance behaviors in adult males, regardless of their feeding states, as well as egg laying behavior in females. These aversive responses were mediated by contact chemosensation via TrpA1 and olfaction via odorant receptors. Knocking down TrpA1 revealed the essential roles of bitter taste neurons and nociceptive neurons in the legs and labellum. Furthermore, among five isoforms, TrpA1-C and TrpA1-D exclusively contributed to the aversiveness of 2MT. We also discovered that these isoforms were directly activated by 2MT through covalent modification of evolutionarily conserved cysteine residues. In conclusion, we have identified 2MT as a stimulant for multiple sensory pathways, triggering aversive behaviors in fruit flies. We propose that 2MT and related chemicals may serve as potential resources for developing novel insect repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoma Sato
- Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Aliyu Mudassir Magaji
- Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sokabe
- Thermal Biology Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Division of Cell Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Japan
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3
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Li Y, Pan L, Li P, Gao F, Wang L, Chen J, Li Z, Gao Y, Gong Y, Jin F. Isolation of Enterococcus faecium and determination of its mechanism for promoting the growth and development of Drosophila. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18726. [PMID: 37907538 PMCID: PMC10618532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal symbiotic microorganisms have a strong capacity to regulate the physiological functions of their host, and Drosophila serves as a useful model. Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) is a member of the normal intestinal flora of animals. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) such as E. faecium can promote the growth and development of Drosophila, but the mechanism of regulation of Drosophila is poorly understood. In this study, we found that E. faecium used a carbon source to produce probiotic acids. E. faecium is a symbiotic bacterium for Drosophila, and adult flies passed on parental flora to offspring. E. faecium promoted the growth and development of Drosophila, especially under poor nutritional conditions. E. faecium shortened the developmental process for Drosophila and accelerated the transformation from larva to pupa. Finally, E. faecium promoted the growth and development of Drosophila through TOR and insulin signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fuguo Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhichao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongheng Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yumei Gong
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Faguang Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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4
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Yin F, Qin Z. Long-Chain Molecules with Agro-Bioactivities and Their Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:5880. [PMID: 37570848 PMCID: PMC10421526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-chain molecules play a vital role in agricultural production and find extensive use as fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, herbicides, and plant growth regulators. This review article specifically addresses the agricultural biological activities and applications of long-chain molecules. The utilization of long-chain molecules in the development of pesticides is an appealing avenue for designing novel pesticide compounds. By offering valuable insights, this article serves as a useful reference for the design of new long-chain molecules for pesticide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaohai Qin
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
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5
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Falsini S, Rosi MC, Ravegnini E, Schiff S, Gonnelli C, Papini A, Adessi A, Urciuoli S, Ristori S. Nanoformulations with exopolysaccharides from cyanobacteria: enhancing the efficacy of bioactive molecules in the Mediterranean fruit fly control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:83760-83770. [PMID: 37347326 PMCID: PMC10359209 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for food has required intensive use of pesticides which are hazardous to the ecosystem. A valid alternative is represented by biopesticides; however, these molecules are often insoluble in water, and poorly bioavailable. Nanopesticides can be engineered to reach a selected target with controlled release of the active principle. In this work, capsaicin, an irritant alkaloid from hot chili peppers, and hydroxytyrosol, a phenolic compound obtained from extra-virgin olive oil by-products, were loaded into innovative nanocarriers. These were designed ad hoc combining exopolysaccharides from the cyanobacteria Neocyanospira capsulata, and a lipid component, i.e., egg phosphatidylcholine. The polysaccharide was chosen for chemical affinity with the chitin of insect exoskeleton, while the lipids were introduced to modulate the carrier rigidity. The newly formed nanosystems were characterized by physico-chemical techniques and tested for their possible use in pest control programs. The Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, 1824 (Diptera, Tephriditae), a pest of the Mediterranean Region causing high economic losses, was used as a model insect. We found that the nanoformulations nanocarriers prepared in this work, were able to increase the ovicidal effect of hydroxytyrosol. Moreover, the formulation encapsulating either hydroxytyrosol or capsaicin were able to reduce the number of females landing on treated apricots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Falsini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli studi di Firenze, via P.A. Micheli 1-3, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marzia Cristiana Rosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, DAGRI, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Maragliano 77, 50144, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Elia Ravegnini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli studi di Firenze, via P.A. Micheli 1-3, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - Silvia Schiff
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli studi di Firenze, via P.A. Micheli 1-3, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - Cristina Gonnelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli studi di Firenze, via P.A. Micheli 1-3, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessio Papini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli studi di Firenze, via P.A. Micheli 1-3, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandra Adessi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, DAGRI, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Maragliano 77, 50144, Firenze, Italy
| | - Silvia Urciuoli
- Laboratorio PHYTOLAB (Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic, Food supplement Technology and Analysis), DiSIA, Dipartimento di Statistica, Informatica, Applicazioni "Giuseppe Parenti", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico via U. Schiff, 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Sandra Ristori
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff" and CSGI, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Cheng P, Wu J, Zong G, Wang F, Deng R, Tao R, Qian C, Shan Y, Wang A, Zhao Y, Wei Z, Lu Y. Capsaicin shapes gut microbiota and pre-metastatic niche to facilitate cancer metastasis to liver. Pharmacol Res 2023; 188:106643. [PMID: 36608780 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dietary factors are fundamental in tumorigenesis throughout our lifetime. A spicy diet has been ambiguous on the development of cancers, especially in the study of colon cancer metastasis. Here, we utilized a mouse metastasis model to test the potential role of capsaicin in influencing metastasis. Long-term continuous administration of capsaicin diet (300 mg/kg) to mice promotes the formation of liver pre-metastatic niche to facilitate the metastasis of colon cancer cells. Bacteria translocation to liver is clearly observed. Capsaicin increases intestinal barrier permeability and disrupts gut vascular barrier by altering the composition of gut microbiota. Capsaicin not only changes the abundance of mucin-related bacteria like Akkermanisa and Muribaculaceae, but also bacteria involved in bile acids metabolism. Dysregulated bile acids profile is related to the recruitment of natural killer T (NKT) cells in pre-metastatic niche, primary bile acid α-Muricholic acid can enhance the recruitment of NKT cells, while secondary bile acids Glycoursodeoxycholic acid and Taurohyodeoxycholic acid impair the recruitment of NKT cells. These findings reveal long term consumption of capsaicin increases the risk of cancer metastasis through modulating the gut microbiota. Capsaicin (300 mg/kg) disrupts gut barrier and promotes the translocation of bacteria to liver, while altered bile acids metabolism affects the recruitment of NKT cells in liver, forming a pre-metastatic niche and promoting cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Gangfan Zong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feihui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rui Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruizhi Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunlong Shan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Aiyun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhonghong Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Cui SF, Wang JW, Li HF, Fang R, Yu X, Lu YJ. Microencapsulation of Capsaicin in Chitosan Microcapsules: Characterization, Release Behavior, and Pesticidal Properties against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). INSECTS 2022; 14:27. [PMID: 36661955 PMCID: PMC9864733 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Capsaicin is a capsaicinoid in hot chili peppers, with excellent antibacterial and antimicrobial activities and a good safety profile, but its poor solubility and instability restrict its effectiveness. This limitation may be mitigated by encapsulation. Herein, capsaicin microcapsules (CCMs) were prepared through layer-by-layer self-assembly, using chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan as shell materials. The chemical and microstructure structural characterization was evaluated by the methods of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The SEM indicated the microcapsules were irregular in shape with an average size of about 100 μm. The encapsulation had a high loading efficiency of 64.31%. FTIR and XRD revealed the absence of the interaction between the core and shell materials and the amorphous nature of the CCMs. The analysis results of the microcapsules' release behavior showed the burst release of capsaicin in 7 days and a slow progression afterward in three solutions, with the highest release properties in a basic solution, followed by acidic and neutral salt solutions. The entomotoxicity of CCMs was conducted against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and its efficacy was compared with pure capsaicin. The CCMs were found to be highly effective against this pest. The LC50 value for capsaicin and its microcapsules was 31.37 and 29.75 mg/kg on adults, respectively. According to these values, T. castaneum's development and reproduction were significantly inhibited compared with the control group. The excellent physicochemical characteristics and insecticidal performance show a high application value for integrated pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yu-Jie Lu
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-21-85626711
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Wang J, Yu S, Wang L, Liu T, Yang X, Hu X, Wang Y. Capsaicin decreases fecundity in the Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi by inhibiting the target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:458. [PMID: 36510333 PMCID: PMC9743593 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito-borne diseases threaten human health, but mosquito control faces various challenges, such as resistance to chemical insecticides. Thus, there is an urgent need for more effective and environment-friendly control agents. Capsaicin can downregulate the mTOR signaling pathway of tumor cells. The TOR signaling pathway can mediate the expression of vitellogenin (Vg) to regulate the fecundity of insects. Whether capsaicin has the potential to inhibit fecundity of mosquitoes by regulating TOR pathway and Vg expression is currently unclear. METHODS Anopheles stephensi were fed with blood of mice administered capsaicin by gavage or sugar containing capsaicin followed by a blood feeding with normal mice. Then, the engorged female mosquitoes were tubed individually and underwent oviposition. The eggs and individuals in the subsequent development stages, including larvae, pupae, and emerging adults, were counted and compared between the capsaicin treatment and control groups. Additionally, total RNA and protein were extracted from the engorged mosquitoes at 24 h post blood feeding. Real-time PCR and western blot were performed to detect the transcriptional level and protein expression of the key fecundity-related molecules of mosquitoes. Finally, TOR signaling pathway was inhibited via rapamycin treatment, and changes in fecundity and the key molecule transcription and protein expression levels were examined to verify the role of TOR signaling pathway in the effect of capsaicin on mosquito fecundity. RESULTS The laid and total eggs (laid eggs plus retained eggs) of An. stephensi were significantly reduced by feeding on the blood of capsaicin-treated mice (P < 0.01) or capsaicin-containing sugar (P < 0.01) compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the transcription and protein expression or phosphorylation levels of fecundity-related molecules, such as Akt, TOR, S6K, and Vg, were significantly decreased by capsaicin treatment. However, the effects disappeared between control group and CAP group after the TOR signaling pathway was inhibited by rapamycin. CONCLUSIONS Capsaicin can decrease the fecundity of An. stephensi by inhibiting the TOR signaling pathway. These data can help us to not only understand the effect of capsaicin on the reproductive ability of An. stephensi and its underlying mechanism, but also develop new efficient, safe, and pollution-free mosquito vector control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Shasha Yu
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Luhan Wang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Tingting Liu
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Xuesen Yang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Xiaobing Hu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Western Theater Command, Lanzhou, 730020 China
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Tropical Medicine, College of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan St, Shapingba Dis, Chongqing, 400038 China
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Liu W, Lim KL, Tan EK. Intestine-derived α-synuclein initiates and aggravates pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease in Drosophila. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:44. [PMID: 36253844 PMCID: PMC9575256 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) is a key pathological feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD), but the precise role of intestinal α-syn in the progression of PD is unclear. In a number of genetic Drosophila models of PD, α-syn was frequently ectopically expressed in the neural system to investigate the pathobiology. Method We investigated the potential role of intestinal α-syn in PD pathogenesis using a Drosophila model. Human α-syn was overexpressed in Drosophila guts, and life span, survival, immunofluorescence and climbing were evaluated. Immunofluorescence, Western blotting and reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining were performed to assess the effects of intestinal α-syn on intestinal dysplasia. High‐throughput RNA and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, quantitative RT‐PCR, immunofluorescence, and ROS staining were performed to determine the underlying molecular mechanism. Results We found that the intestinal α-syn alone recapitulated many phenotypic and pathological features of PD, including impaired life span, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and progressive motor defects. The intestine-derived α-syn disrupted intestinal homeostasis and accelerated the onset of intestinal ageing. Moreover, intestinal expression of α-syn induced dysbiosis, while microbiome depletion was efficient to restore intestinal homeostasis and ameliorate the progression of PD. Intestinal α-syn triggered ROS, and eventually led to the activation of the dual oxidase (DUOX)–ROS–Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) pathway. In addition, α-syn from both the gut and the brain synergized to accelerate the progression of PD. Conclusions The intestinal expression of α-syn recapitulates many phenotypic and pathologic features of PD, and induces dysbiosis that aggravates the pathology through the DUOX–ROS–JNK pathway in Drosophila. Our findings provide new insights into the role of intestinal α-syn in PD pathophysiology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40035-022-00318-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Plant Protection; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management; Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Research, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433, Singapore. .,Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
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10
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Kuvaeva EE, Mertsalov IB, Simonova OB. Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Family of Channel Proteins. Russ J Dev Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360422050046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Lopez-Ortiz C, Edwards M, Natarajan P, Pacheco-Valenciana A, Nimmakayala P, Adjeroh DA, Sirbu C, Reddy UK. Peppers in Diet: Genome-Wide Transcriptome and Metabolome Changes in Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179924. [PMID: 36077322 PMCID: PMC9455967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense) is an increasingly important spice and vegetable crop worldwide because of its high capsaicin content and pungent flavor. Diets supplemented with the phytochemicals found in habanero peppers might cause shifts in an organism’s metabolism and gene expression. Thus, understanding how these interactions occur can reveal the potential health effects associated with such changes. We performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of Drosophila melanogaster adult flies reared on a habanero pepper diet. We found 539 genes/59 metabolites that were differentially expressed/accumulated in flies fed a pepper versus control diet. Transcriptome results indicated that olfactory sensitivity and behavioral responses to the pepper diet were mediated by olfactory and nutrient-related genes including gustatory receptors (Gr63a, Gr66a, and Gr89a), odorant receptors (Or23a, Or59a, Or82a, and Orco), and odorant-binding proteins (Obp28a, Obp83a, Obp83b, Obp93a, and Obp99a). Metabolome analysis revealed that campesterol, sitosterol, and sucrose were highly upregulated and azelaic acid, ethyl phosphoric acid, and citric acid were the major metabolites downregulated in response to the habanero pepper diet. Further investigation by integration analysis between transcriptome and metabolome data at gene pathway levels revealed six unique enriched pathways, including phenylalanine metabolism; insect hormone biosynthesis; pyrimidine metabolism; glyoxylate, and dicarboxylate metabolism; glycine, serine, threonine metabolism; and glycerolipid metabolism. In view of the transcriptome and metabolome findings, our comprehensive analysis of the response to a pepper diet in Drosophila have implications for exploring the molecular mechanism of pepper consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Lopez-Ortiz
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA
| | - Mary Edwards
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA
| | - Purushothaman Natarajan
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA
| | - Armando Pacheco-Valenciana
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA
| | - Padma Nimmakayala
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA
| | - Donald A. Adjeroh
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Cristian Sirbu
- Charleston Area Medical Center, Institute for Academic Medicine, Charleston, WV 25304, USA
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Charleston Division, Charleston, WV 25304, USA
| | - Umesh K. Reddy
- Department of Biology, Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, Institute, WV 25112, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Semaniuk UV, Gospodaryov DV, Strilbytska OM, Kucharska AZ, Sokół-Łętowska A, Burdyliuk NI, Storey KB, Bayliak MM, Lushchak O. Chili pepper extends lifespan in a concentration-dependent manner and confers cold resistance on Drosophila melanogaster cohorts by influencing specific metabolic pathways. Food Funct 2022; 13:8313-8328. [PMID: 35842943 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00930g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chili powder is a widely used spice with pungent taste, often consumed on a daily basis in several countries. Recent prospective cohort studies showed that the regular use of chili pepper improves healthspan in humans. Indeed, chili pepper fruits contain phenolic substances which are structurally similar to those that show anti-aging properties. The objective of our study was to test whether consumption of chili-supplemented food by the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, would prolong lifespan and in which way this chili-supplemented food affects animal metabolism. Chili powder added to food in concentrations of 0.04%-0.12% significantly extended median lifespan in fruit fly cohorts of both genders by 9% to 13%. However, food supplemented with 3% chili powder shortened lifespan of male cohorts by 9%. Lifespan extension was accompanied by a decrease in age-independent mortality (i.e., death in early ages). The metabolic changes caused by consumption of chili-supplemented food had a pronounced dependence on gender. A characteristic of both fruit fly sexes that ate chili-supplemented food was an increased resistance to cold shock. Flies of both sexes had lower levels of hemolymph glucose when they ate food supplemented with low concentrations of chili powder, as compared with controls. However, males fed on food with 3% chili had lower levels of storage lipids and pyruvate reducing activity of lactate dehydrogenase compared with controls. Females fed on this food showed lower activities of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase, as well as lower ADP/O ratios, compared with control flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uliana V Semaniuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Shevchenka 57, 76018, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
| | - Dmytro V Gospodaryov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Shevchenka 57, 76018, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
| | - Olha M Strilbytska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Shevchenka 57, 76018, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
| | - Alicja Z Kucharska
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Sokół-Łętowska
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Nadia I Burdyliuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Shevchenka 57, 76018, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Maria M Bayliak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Shevchenka 57, 76018, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
| | - Oleh Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Shevchenka 57, 76018, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine. .,Research and Development University, 13a Shota Rustaveli str., Ivano-Frankivsk, 76000, Ukraine
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13
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He J, Li B, Han S, Zhang Y, Liu K, Yi S, Liu Y, Xiu M. Drosophila as a Model to Study the Mechanism of Nociception. Front Physiol 2022; 13:854124. [PMID: 35418874 PMCID: PMC8996152 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.854124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nociception refers to the process of encoding and processing noxious stimuli, which allow animals to detect and avoid potentially harmful stimuli. Several types of stimuli can trigger nociceptive sensory transduction, including thermal, noxious chemicals, and harsh mechanical stimulation that depend on the corresponding nociceptors. In view of the high evolutionary conservation of the mechanisms that govern nociception from Drosophila melanogaster to mammals, investigation in the fruit fly Drosophila help us understand how the sensory nervous system works and what happen in nociception. Here, we present an overview of currently identified conserved genetics of nociception, the nociceptive sensory neurons responsible for detecting noxious stimuli, and various assays for evaluating different nociception. Finally, we cover development of anti-pain drug using fly model. These comparisons illustrate the value of using Drosophila as model for uncovering nociception mechanisms, which are essential for identifying new treatment goals and developing novel analgesics that are applicable to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzheng He
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Transfer of Dunhuang Medicine at the Provincial and Ministerial Level, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Botong Li
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuzhen Han
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kai Liu
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Simeng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqi Liu
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Transfer of Dunhuang Medicine at the Provincial and Ministerial Level, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yongqi Liu,
| | - Minghui Xiu
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and the Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and University, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Transfer of Dunhuang Medicine at the Provincial and Ministerial Level, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- College of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Minghui Xiu,
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14
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Stromsky VE, Hajkazemian M, Vaisbourd E, Mozūraitis R, Noushin Emami S. Plasmodium metabolite HMBPP stimulates feeding of main mosquito vectors on blood and artificial toxic sources. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1161. [PMID: 34620990 PMCID: PMC8497504 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data show that parasites manipulate the physiology of mosquitoes and human hosts to increase the probability of transmission. Here, we investigate phagostimulant activity of Plasmodium-metabolite, (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), in the primary vectors of multiple human diseases, Anopheles coluzzii, An. arabiensis, An. gambiae s.s., Aedes aegypti, and Culex pipiens/Culex torrentium complex species. The addition of 10 µM HMBPP to blood meals significantly increased feeding in all the species investigated. Moreover, HMBPP also exhibited a phagostimulant property in plant-based-artificial-feeding-solution made of beetroot juice adjusted to neutral pH similar to that of blood. The addition of AlbuMAXTM as a lipid/protein source significantly improved the feeding rate of An. gambiae s.l. females providing optimised plant-based-artificial-feeding-solution for delivery toxins to control vector populations. Among natural and synthetic toxins tested, only fipronil sulfone did not reduce feeding. Overall, the toxic-plant-based-artificial-feeding-solution showed potential as an effector in environmentally friendly vector-control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria E Stromsky
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melika Hajkazemian
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth Vaisbourd
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raimondas Mozūraitis
- Laboratory of Chemical and Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Noushin Emami
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Molecular Attraction AB, Elektravägen 10, 126 30 Hägersten, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Natural Resources Institute, FES, University of Greenwich, London, UK.
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15
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Xiang Q, Guo W, Tang X, Cui S, Zhang F, Liu X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Mao B, Chen W. Capsaicin—the spicy ingredient of chili peppers: A review of the gastrointestinal effects and mechanisms. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Sun L, Hou W, Zhang J, Dang Y, Yang Q, Zhao X, Ma Y, Tang Q. Plant Metabolites Drive Different Responses in Caterpillars of Two Closely Related Helicoverpa Species. Front Physiol 2021; 12:662978. [PMID: 33967833 PMCID: PMC8098809 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.662978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The host acceptances of insects can be determined largely by detecting plant metabolites using insect taste. In the present study, we investigated the gustatory sensitivity and feeding behaviors of two closely related caterpillars, the generalist Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and the specialist H. assulta (Guenée), to different plant metabolites by using the single sensillum recording technique and the dual-choice assay, aiming to explore the contribution of plant metabolites to the difference of diet breadth between the two species. The results depicted that the feeding patterns of caterpillars for both plant primary and secondary metabolites were significantly different between the two Helicoverpa species. Fructose, glucose, and proline stimulated feedings of the specialist H. assulta, while glucose and proline had no significant effect on the generalist H. armigera. Gossypol and tomatine, the secondary metabolites of host plants of the generalist H. armigera, elicited appetitive feedings of this insect species but drove aversive feedings of H. assulta. Nicotine and capsaicin elicited appetitive feedings of H. assulta, but drove aversive feedings of H. armigera. For the response of gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) in the maxillary styloconic sensilla of caterpillars, each of the investigated primary metabolites induced similar responding patterns between the two Helicoverpa species. However, four secondary metabolites elicited different responding patterns of GRNs in the two species, which is consistent with the difference of feeding preferences to these compounds. In summary, our results of caterpillars’ performance to the plant metabolites could reflect the difference of diet breadth between the two Helicoverpa species. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that plant secondary metabolites could drive appetitive feedings in a generalist insect species, which gives new insights of underscoring the adaptation mechanism of herbivores to host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longlong Sun
- The Institute of Chemical Ecology and College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Hou
- The Institute of Chemical Ecology and College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical Ecology and College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuli Dang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiuyun Yang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xincheng Zhao
- The Institute of Chemical Ecology and College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Ma
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingbo Tang
- The Institute of Chemical Ecology and College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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17
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Liu W, Wang J, Zhang HY, Yang YC, Kang RX, Bai P, Fu H, Chen LR, Gao YP, Tan EK. Symbiotic bacteria attenuate Drosophila oviposition repellence to alkaline through acidification. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:403-414. [PMID: 32725723 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metazoans harbor a wealth of symbionts that are ever-changing the environment by taking up resources and/or excreting metabolites. One such common environmental modification is a change in pH. Conventional wisdom holds that symbionts facilitate the survival and production of their hosts in the wild, but this notion lacks empirical evidence. Here, we report that symbiotic bacteria in the genus Enterococcus attenuate the oviposition avoidance of alkaline environments in Drosophila. We studied the effects of alkalinity on oviposition preference for the first time, and found that flies are robustly disinclined to oviposit on alkali-containing substrates. This innate repulsion to alkaline environments is explained, in part, by the fact that alkalinity compromises the health and lifespan of both offspring and parent Drosophila. Enterococcus dramatically diminished or even completely reversed the ovipositional avoidance of alkalinity in Drosophila. Mechanistically, Enterococcus generate abundant lactate during fermentation, which neutralizes the residual alkali in an egg-laying substrate. In conclusion, Enterococcus protects Drosophila from alkali stress by acidifying the ovipositional substrate, and ultimately improves the fitness of the Drosophila population. Our results demonstrate that symbionts are profound factors in the Drosophila ovipositional decision, and extend our understanding of the intimate interactions between Drosophila and their symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital Campus, Singapore
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Ying-Chun Yang
- Department of Basic Medical, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Ru-Xue Kang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Peng Bai
- Department of Basic Medical, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Li-Rong Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan-Ping Gao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Eng King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital Campus, Singapore
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