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Ross A, Leroux N, De Riz A, Marković D, Sanz-Hernández D, Trastoy J, Bortolotti P, Querlioz D, Martins L, Benetti L, Claro MS, Anacleto P, Schulman A, Taris T, Begueret JB, Saïghi S, Jenkins AS, Ferreira R, Vincent AF, Mizrahi FA, Grollier J. Multilayer spintronic neural networks with radiofrequency connections. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:1273-1280. [PMID: 37500772 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01452-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Spintronic nano-synapses and nano-neurons perform neural network operations with high accuracy thanks to their rich, reproducible and controllable magnetization dynamics. These dynamical nanodevices could transform artificial intelligence hardware, provided they implement state-of-the-art deep neural networks. However, there is today no scalable way to connect them in multilayers. Here we show that the flagship nano-components of spintronics, magnetic tunnel junctions, can be connected into multilayer neural networks where they implement both synapses and neurons thanks to their magnetization dynamics, and communicate by processing, transmitting and receiving radiofrequency signals. We build a hardware spintronic neural network composed of nine magnetic tunnel junctions connected in two layers, and show that it natively classifies nonlinearly separable radiofrequency inputs with an accuracy of 97.7%. Using physical simulations, we demonstrate that a large network of nanoscale junctions can achieve state-of-the-art identification of drones from their radiofrequency transmissions, without digitization and consuming only a few milliwatts, which constitutes a gain of several orders of magnitude in power consumption compared to currently used techniques. This study lays the foundation for deep, dynamical, spintronic neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ross
- Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Nathan Leroux
- Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Arnaud De Riz
- Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Danijela Marković
- Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Dédalo Sanz-Hernández
- Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Juan Trastoy
- Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Paolo Bortolotti
- Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Damien Querlioz
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Palaiseau, France
| | - Leandro Martins
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
| | - Luana Benetti
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
| | - Marcel S Claro
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Anacleto
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Thierry Taris
- Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système (IMS; UMR 5218), Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Talence, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Begueret
- Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système (IMS; UMR 5218), Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Talence, France
| | - Sylvain Saïghi
- Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système (IMS; UMR 5218), Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Talence, France
| | - Alex S Jenkins
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferreira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
| | - Adrien F Vincent
- Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système (IMS; UMR 5218), Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Talence, France
| | - Frank Alice Mizrahi
- Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Julie Grollier
- Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.
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Weßels T, Däster S, Murooka Y, Zingsem B, Migunov V, Kruth M, Finizio S, Lu PH, Kovács A, Oelsner A, Müller-Caspary K, Acremann Y, Dunin-Borkowski RE. Continuous illumination picosecond imaging using a delay line detector in a transmission electron microscope. Ultramicroscopy 2022; 233:113392. [PMID: 35016129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Progress towards analysing transitions between steady states demands improvements in time-resolved imaging, both for fundamental research and for applications in information technology. Transmission electron microscopy is a powerful technique for investigating the atomic structure, chemical composition and electromagnetic properties of materials with high spatial resolution and precision. However, the extraction of information about dynamic processes in the ps time regime is often not possible without extensive modification to the instrument while requiring careful control of the operation conditions to not compromise the beam quality. Here, we avoid these drawbacks by combining a delay line detector with continuous illumination in a transmission electron microscope. We visualize the gyration of a magnetic vortex core in real space and show that magnetization dynamics up to frequencies of 2.3 GHz can be resolved with down to ∼122ps temporal resolution by studying the interaction of an electron beam with a microwave magnetic field. In the future, this approach promises to provide access to resonant dynamics by combining high spatial resolution with sub-ns temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Weßels
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Experimentalphysik IV E, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Simon Däster
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yoshie Murooka
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Zingsem
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Vadim Migunov
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Central Facility for Electron Microscopy (GFE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kruth
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Simone Finizio
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Peng-Han Lu
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - András Kovács
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Knut Müller-Caspary
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Yves Acremann
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rafal E Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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