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Martín-García D, García-Aranda M, Redondo M. Biomarker Identification through Proteomics in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2283. [PMID: 38396959 PMCID: PMC10888664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a devastating disease that ranks third in diagnosis and as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The early detection of CRC has been shown to be the most effective strategy to improve treatment outcomes and patient survival. Therefore, current lines of research focus on the development of reliable diagnostic tools. Targeted therapies, in combination with standard chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, have emerged as promising treatment protocols in CRC. However, their effectiveness is linked to the molecular characteristics of each patient. The importance of discovering biomarkers that help predict response to therapies and assess prognosis is evident as they allow for a fundamental step towards personalized care and successful treatments. Among the ongoing efforts to identify them, mass spectrometry-based translational proteomics presents itself as a unique opportunity as it enables the discovery and application of protein biomarkers that may revolutionize the early detection and treatment of CRC. Our objective is to show the most recent studies focused on the identification of CRC-related protein markers, as well as to provide an updated view of advances in the field of proteomics and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée Martín-García
- Surgical Specialties, Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), 29590 Málaga, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Research and Innovation Unit, Hospital Universitario Costa del Sol, 29602 Marbella, Spain
| | - Marilina García-Aranda
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), 29590 Málaga, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Research and Innovation Unit, Hospital Universitario Costa del Sol, 29602 Marbella, Spain
| | - Maximino Redondo
- Surgical Specialties, Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Red de Investigación en Cronicidad, Atención Primaria y Promoción de la Salud (RICAPPS), 29590 Málaga, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina—IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Research and Innovation Unit, Hospital Universitario Costa del Sol, 29602 Marbella, Spain
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Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Chen W, Peng J, Feng Y, Fan L, Li J, Zi J, Ren Y, Li Q, Liu S. Routine Workflow of Spatial Proteomics on Micro-formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16733-16743. [PMID: 37922386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
In the era of single-cell biology, spatial proteomics has emerged as an important frontier. However, it still faces several challenges in technology. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are an important material in spatial proteomics, in which fixed tissues are excised using laser capture microdissection (LCM), followed by protein identification with mass spectrometry. For a satisfied spatial proteomics upon FFPE tissues, the excision area is expected to be as small as possible, and the identified proteins are countered upon as much as possible. For a general laboratory for spatial proteomics, a routine workflow is required, not relying on any special device, and is easily operating. In view of these challenges in technology, we initiated a technology evaluation throughout the entire procedure of proteomic analysis with micro-FFPE tissues. In contrast to the protocols reported previously, several innovations in technology were proposed and conducted, such as removal of destaining, decross-linking with "hang-down", solution simplification for peptide generation and balancing to excision area, and capture rate of micro-FFPE tissues. After optimization of all the necessary steps, a routine workflow was established, in which the minimized area for protein identification was 0.002 mm2, while the excision area for a consistent proteomic analysis was 0.05 mm2. Using the developed workflow and collecting the micro-FFPE tissues continuously, for the first time, a spatial proteomic atlas of mouse brain was preliminarily constructed, which exhibited the typical characteristics of spatial-dependent protein abundance and functional enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Yuefei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Haichao Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Weiran Chen
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Gongda Road 1, Huzhou 313200, China
| | - Jiayi Peng
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Yang Feng
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Linyuan Fan
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Jun Li
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Gongda Road 1, Huzhou 313200, China
| | - Jin Zi
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Qidan Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
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Ishiguro H, Mizuno T, Uchida Y, Sato R, Sasaki H, Nemoto S, Terasaki T, Kusuhara H. Characterization of proteome profile data of chemicals based on data-independent acquisition MS with SWATH method. NAR Genom Bioinform 2023; 5:lqad022. [PMID: 36915410 PMCID: PMC10006730 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic data of cultured cells treated with a chemical are widely recognized as useful numeric information that describes the effects of the chemical. This property is due to the high coverage and low arbitrariness of the transcriptomic data as profiles of chemicals. Considering the importance of posttranslational regulation, proteomic profiles could provide insights into the unrecognized aspects of the effects of chemicals. Therefore, this study aimed to address the question of how well the proteomic profiles obtained using data-independent acquisition (DIA) with the sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra, which can achieve comprehensive and arbitrariness-free protein quantification, can describe chemical effects. We demonstrated that the proteomic data obtained using DIA-MS exhibited favorable properties as profile data, such as being able to discriminate chemicals like the transcriptomic profiles. Furthermore, we revealed a new mode of action of a natural compound, harmine, through profile data analysis using the proteomic profile data. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the properties of proteomic data obtained using DIA-MS as the profiles of chemicals. Our 54 (samples) × 2831 (proteins) data matrix would be an important source for further analyses to understand the effects of chemicals in a data-driven manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Ishiguro
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tadahaya Mizuno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Risa Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hayate Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shumpei Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Davidson JM, Rayner SL, Liu S, Cheng F, Di Ieva A, Chung RS, Lee A. Inter-Regional Proteomic Profiling of the Human Brain Using an Optimized Protein Extraction Method from Formalin-Fixed Tissue to Identify Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054283. [PMID: 36901711 PMCID: PMC10001664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics offers vast potential for studying the molecular regulation of the human brain. Formalin fixation is a common method for preserving human tissue; however, it presents challenges for proteomic analysis. In this study, we compared the efficiency of two different protein-extraction buffers on three post-mortem, formalin-fixed human brains. Equal amounts of extracted proteins were subjected to in-gel tryptic digestion and LC-MS/MS. Protein, peptide sequence, and peptide group identifications; protein abundance; and gene ontology pathways were analyzed. Protein extraction was superior using lysis buffer containing tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium deoxycholate, and Triton X-100 (TrisHCl, SDS, SDC, Triton X-100), which was then used for inter-regional analysis. Pre-frontal, motor, temporal, and occipital cortex tissues were analyzed by label free quantification (LFQ) proteomics, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and PANTHERdb. Inter-regional analysis revealed differential enrichment of proteins. We found similarly activated cellular signaling pathways in different brain regions, suggesting commonalities in the molecular regulation of neuroanatomically-linked brain functions. Overall, we developed an optimized, robust, and efficient method for protein extraction from formalin-fixed human brain tissue for in-depth LFQ proteomics. We also demonstrate herein that this method is suitable for rapid and routine analysis to uncover molecular signaling pathways in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennilee M. Davidson
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.M.D.); (A.D.I.)
| | - Stephanie L. Rayner
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Sidong Liu
- Centre for Health Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Computational NeuroSurgery (CNS) Lab, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Flora Cheng
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Antonio Di Ieva
- Computational NeuroSurgery (CNS) Lab, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.M.D.); (A.D.I.)
| | - Roger S. Chung
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Albert Lee
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Level 1, 75 Talavera Road, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Obi EN, Tellock DA, Thomas GJ, Veenstra TD. Biomarker Analysis of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Clinical Tissues Using Proteomics. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010096. [PMID: 36671481 PMCID: PMC9855471 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The relatively recent developments in mass spectrometry (MS) have provided novel opportunities for this technology to impact modern medicine. One of those opportunities is in biomarker discovery and diagnostics. Key developments in sample preparation have enabled a greater range of clinical samples to be characterized at a deeper level using MS. While most of these developments have focused on blood, tissues have also been an important resource. Fresh tissues, however, are difficult to obtain for research purposes and require significant resources for long-term storage. There are millions of archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues within pathology departments worldwide representing every possible tissue type including tumors that are rare or very small. Owing to the chemical technique used to preserve FFPE tissues, they were considered intractable to many newer proteomics techniques and primarily only useful for immunohistochemistry. In the past couple of decades, however, researchers have been able to develop methods to extract proteins from FFPE tissues in a form making them analyzable using state-of-the-art technologies such as MS and protein arrays. This review will discuss the history of these developments and provide examples of how they are currently being used to identify biomarkers and diagnose diseases such as cancer.
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Translational proteomics and phosphoproteomics: Tissue to extracellular vesicles. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 112:119-153. [PMID: 36642482 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We are currently experiencing a rapidly developing era in terms of translational and clinical medical sciences. The relatively mature state of nucleic acid examination has significantly improved our understanding of disease mechanism and therapeutic potential of personalized treatment, but misses a large portion of phenotypic disease information. Proteins, in particular phosphorylation events that regulates many cellular functions, could provide real-time information for disease onset, progression and treatment efficacy. The technical advances in liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry have realized large-scale and unbiased proteome and phosphoproteome analyses with disease relevant samples such as tissues. However, tissue biopsy still has multiple shortcomings, such as invasiveness of sample collection, potential health risk for patients, difficulty in protein preservation and extreme heterogeneity. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have offered a great promise as a unique source of protein biomarkers for non-invasive liquid biopsy. Membranous EVs provide stable preservation of internal proteins and especially labile phosphoproteins, which is essential for effective routine biomarker detection. To aid efficient EV proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses, recent developments showcase clinically-friendly EV techniques, facilitating diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Ultimately, we envision that with streamlined sample preparation from tissues and EVs proteomics and phosphoproteomics analysis will become routine in clinical settings.
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Suzuki M, Tezuka K, Handa T, Sato R, Takeuchi H, Takao M, Tano M, Uchida Y. Upregulation of ribosome complexes at the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease patients. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:2134-2150. [PMID: 35766008 PMCID: PMC9580172 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cerebrovascular-specific molecular mechanism in Alzheimer's disease (AD) was investigated by employing comprehensive and accurate quantitative proteomics. Highly purified brain capillaries were isolated from cerebral gray and white matter of four AD and three control donors, and examined by SWATH (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra) proteomics. Of the 29 ribosomal proteins that were quantified, 28 (RPLP0, RPL4, RPL6, RPL7A, RPL8, RPL10A, RPL11, RPL12, RPL14, RPL15, RPL18, RPL23, RPL27, RPL27A, RPL31, RPL35A, RPS2, RPS3, RPS3A, RPS4X, RPS7, RPS8, RPS14, RPS16, RPS20, RPS24, RPS25, and RPSA) were significantly upregulated in AD patients. This upregulation of ribosomal protein expression occurred only in brain capillaries and not in brain parenchyma. The protein expression of protein processing and N-glycosylation-related proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (DDOST, STT3A, MOGS, GANAB, RPN1, RPN2, SEC61B, UGGT1, LMAN2, and SSR4) were also upregulated in AD brain capillaries and was correlated with the expression of ribosomal proteins. The findings reported herein indicate that the ribosome complex, the subsequent protein processing and N-glycosylation-related processes are significantly and specifically upregulated in the brain capillaries of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenta Tezuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takumi Handa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Risa Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hina Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tano
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Mori A, Masuda T, Ito S, Ohtsuki S. Human Hepatic Transporter Signature Peptides for Quantitative Targeted Absolute Proteomics: Selection, Digestion Efficiency, and Peptide Stability. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2965-2978. [PMID: 36131112 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Quantitative targeted absolute proteomics (QTAP) quantifies proteins by measuring the signature peptides produced from target proteins by trypsin digestion. The selection of signature peptides is critical for reliable peptide quantification. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively assess the digestion efficiency and stability of tryptic peptides and to identify optimal signature peptides for human hepatic transporters and membrane marker proteins. METHODS The plasma membrane fraction of the human liver was digested at different time points and the peptides were comprehensively quantified using quantitative proteomics. Transporters and membrane markers were quantified using the signature peptides by QTAP. RESULTS Tryptic peptides were classified into clusters with low digestion efficiency, low stability, and high digestion efficiency and stability. Using the cluster information, we found that a proline residue next to the digestion site or the peptide position in or close to the transmembrane domains lowers digestion efficiency. A peptide containing cysteine at the N-terminus or arginine-glycine lowers peptide stability. Based on this information and the time course of peptide quantification, optimal signature peptides were identified for human hepatic transporters and membrane markers. The quantification of transporters with multiple signature peptides yielded consistent absolute values with less than 30% of coefficient variants in human liver microsomes and homogenates. CONCLUSIONS The signature peptides selected in the present study enabled the reliable quantification of human hepatic transporters. The QTAP protocol using these optimal signature peptides provides quantitative data on hepatic transporters usable for integrated pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Mori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Takeshi Masuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
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Kurosawa T, Tega Y, Uchida Y, Higuchi K, Tabata H, Sumiyoshi T, Kubo Y, Terasaki T, Deguchi Y. Proteomics-Based Transporter Identification by the PICK Method: Involvement of TM7SF3 and LHFPL6 in Proton-Coupled Organic Cation Antiport at the Blood-Brain Barrier. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081683. [PMID: 36015309 PMCID: PMC9413594 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A proton-coupled organic cation (H+/OC) antiporter working at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in humans and rodents is thought to be a promising candidate for the efficient delivery of cationic drugs to the brain. Therefore, it is important to identify the molecular entity that exhibits this activity. Here, for this purpose, we established the Proteomics-based Identification of transporter by Crosslinking substrate in Keyhole (PICK) method, which combines photo-affinity labeling with comprehensive proteomics analysis using SWATH-MS. Using preselected criteria, the PICK method generated sixteen candidate proteins. From these, knockdown screening in hCMEC/D3 cells, an in vitro BBB model, identified two proteins, TM7SF3 and LHFPL6, as candidates for the H+/OC antiporter. We synthesized a novel H+/OC antiporter substrate for functional analysis of TM7SF3 and LHFPL6 in hCMEC/D3 cells and HEK293 cells. The results suggested that both TM7SF3 and LHFPL6 are components of the H+/OC antiporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yuma Tega
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.U.); (Y.D.); Tel.: +81-22-795-6832 (Y.U.); +81-3-3964-8246 (Y.D.)
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Tabata
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kubo
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Deguchi
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.U.); (Y.D.); Tel.: +81-22-795-6832 (Y.U.); +81-3-3964-8246 (Y.D.)
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10
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pH-Responsive Lipid Nanoparticles Achieve Efficient mRNA Transfection in Brain Capillary Endothelial Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081560. [PMID: 36015185 PMCID: PMC9413996 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB), which is comprised of brain capillary endothelial cells, plays a pivotal role in the transport of drugs from the blood to the brain. Therefore, an analysis of proteins in the endothelial cells, such as transporters and tight junction proteins, which contribute to BBB function, is important for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of brain diseases. However, gene transfection into the vascular endothelial cells of the BBB is fraught with difficulties, even in vitro. We report herein on the development of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), in which mRNA is encapsulated in a nano-sized capsule composed of a pH-activated and reductive environment-responsive lipid-like material (ssPalm). We evaluated the efficiency of mRNA delivery into non-polarized human brain capillary endothelial cells, hCMEC/D3 cells. The ssPalm LNPs permitted marker genes (GFP) to be transferred into nearly 100% of the cells, with low toxicity in higher concentration. A proteomic analysis indicated that the ssPalm-LNP had less effect on global cell signaling pathways than a Lipofectamine MessengerMAX/GFP-encoding mRNA complex (LFN), a commercially available transfection reagent, even at higher mRNA concentrations.
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11
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Handa T, Sasaki H, Takao M, Tano M, Uchida Y. Proteomics-based investigation of cerebrovascular molecular mechanisms in cerebral amyloid angiopathy by the FFPE-LMD-PCT-SWATH method. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:56. [PMID: 35778717 PMCID: PMC9250250 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) occurs in 80% of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is mainly caused by the abnormal deposition of Aβ in the walls of cerebral blood vessels. Cerebrovascular molecular mechanisms in CAA were investigated by using comprehensive and accurate quantitative proteomics. Methods Concerning the molecular mechanisms specific to CAA, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections were prepared from patients having AD neuropathologic change (ADNC) with severe cortical Aβ vascular deposition (ADNC +/CAA +), and from patients having ADNC without vascular deposition of Aβ (ADNC +/CAA −; so called, AD). Cerebral cortical vessels were isolated from FFPE sections using laser microdissection (LMD), processed by pressure cycling technology (PCT), and applied to SWATH (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra) proteomics. Results The protein expression levels of 17 proteins in ADNC +/CAA +/H donors (ADNC +/CAA + donors with highly abundant Aβ in capillaries) were significantly different from those in ADNC +/CAA − and ADNC −/CAA − donors. Furthermore, we identified 56 proteins showing more than a 1.5-fold difference in average expression levels between ADNC +/CAA + and ADNC −/CAA − donors, and were significantly correlated with the levels of Aβ or Collagen alpha-2(VI) chain (COL6A2) (CAA markers) in 11 donors (6 ADNC +/CAA + and 5 ADNC −/CAA −). Over 70% of the 56 proteins showed ADNC +/CAA + specific changes in protein expression. The comparative analysis with brain parenchyma showed that more than 90% of the 56 proteins were vascular-specific pathological changes. A literature-based pathway analysis showed that 42 proteins are associated with fibrosis, oxidative stress and apoptosis. This included the increased expression of Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha, CD44 antigen and Carbonic anhydrase 1 which are inhibited by potential drugs against CAA. Conclusions The combination of LMD-based isolation of vessels from FFPE sections, PCT-assisted sample processing and SWATH analysis (FFPE-LMD-PCT-SWATH method) revealed for the first time the changes in the expression of many proteins that are involved in fibrosis, ROS production and cell death in ADNC +/CAA + (CAA patients) vessels. The findings reported herein would be useful for developing a better understanding of the pathology of CAA and for promoting the discovery and development of drugs and biomarkers for CAA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00351-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Handa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hayate Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tano
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. .,Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
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Wagatsuma T, Shimotsuma K, Sogo A, Sato R, Kubo N, Ueda S, Uchida Y, Kinoshita M, Kambe T. Zinc transport via ZNT5-6 and ZNT7 is critical for cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein expression. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102011. [PMID: 35525268 PMCID: PMC9168625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins play crucial roles in various enzyme activities, cell signaling and adhesion, and immune responses. While the molecular mechanism underlying GPI-anchored protein biosynthesis has been well studied, the role of zinc transport in this process has not yet been elucidated. Zn transporter (ZNT) proteins mobilize cytosolic zinc to the extracellular space and to intracellular compartments. Here, we report that the early secretory pathway ZNTs (ZNT5–ZNT6 heterodimers [ZNT5-6] and ZNT7–ZNT7 homodimers [ZNT7]), which supply zinc to the lumen of the early secretory pathway compartments are essential for GPI-anchored protein expression on the cell surface. We show, using overexpression and gene disruption/re-expression strategies in cultured human cells, that loss of ZNT5-6 and ZNT7 zinc transport functions results in significant reduction in GPI-anchored protein levels similar to that in mutant cells lacking phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis (PIG) genes. Furthermore, medaka fish with disrupted Znt5 and Znt7 genes show touch-insensitive phenotypes similar to zebrafish Pig mutants. These findings provide a previously unappreciated insight into the regulation of GPI-anchored protein expression and protein quality control in the early secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Wagatsuma
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keiko Shimotsuma
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akiko Sogo
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Risa Sato
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoya Kubo
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ueda
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Masato Kinoshita
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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13
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SWATH-Based Comprehensive Determination of the Localization of Apical and Basolateral Membrane Proteins Using Mouse Liver as a Model Tissue. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020383. [PMID: 35203592 PMCID: PMC8962430 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a method to comprehensively determine the localization of apical and basolateral membrane proteins, using a combination of apical/basolateral membrane separation and accurate SWATH (Sequential Window Acquisition of all THeoretical fragment ion spectra) proteomics. The SWATH analysis of basolateral and apical plasma membrane fractions in mouse liver quantified the protein expression of 1373 proteins. The basolateral/apical ratios of the protein expression levels were compared with the reported immunohistochemical localization for 41 model proteins (23 basolateral, 11 apical and 7 both membrane-localized proteins). Three groups were perfectly distinguished. Border lines to distinguish the apical-, both- and basolateral localizations were determined to be 0.766 and 1.42 based on probability density. The method that was established was then applied to the comprehensive determination of the proteins in mouse liver. The findings indicated that 154 and 125 proteins were localized in the apical and basolateral membranes, respectively. The levels of receptors, CD antigens and integrins, enzymes and Ras-related molecules were much higher in apical membranes than in basolateral membranes. In contrast, the levels of adhesion molecules, scaffold proteins and transporters in basolateral membranes were much higher than in apical membranes.
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Tezuka K, Suzuki M, Sato R, Kawarada S, Terasaki T, Uchida Y. Activation of Annexin
A2
signaling at the blood‐brain barrier in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2022; 160:662-674. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Tezuka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Japan
| | - Masayoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Japan
| | - Risa Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Japan
| | - Shohei Kawarada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Japan
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15
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Sato R, Ohmori K, Umetsu M, Takao M, Tano M, Grant G, Porter B, Bet A, Terasaki T, Uchida Y. An Atlas of the Quantitative Protein Expression of Anti-Epileptic-Drug Transporters, Metabolizing Enzymes and Tight Junctions at the Blood-Brain Barrier in Epileptic Patients. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122122. [PMID: 34959403 PMCID: PMC8708024 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to quantitatively elucidate the levels of protein expression of anti-epileptic-drug (AED) transporters, metabolizing enzymes and tight junction molecules at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in the focal site of epilepsy patients using accurate SWATH (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra) proteomics. Brain capillaries were isolated from focal sites in six epilepsy patients and five normal brains; tryptic digests were produced and subjected to SWATH analysis. MDR1 and BCRP were significantly downregulated in the epilepsy group compared to the normal group. Out of 16 AED-metabolizing enzymes detected, the protein expression levels of GSTP1, GSTO1, CYP2E1, ALDH1A1, ALDH6A1, ALDH7A1, ALDH9A1 and ADH5 were significantly 2.13-, 6.23-, 2.16-, 2.80-, 1.73-, 1.67-, 2.47- and 2.23-fold greater in the brain capillaries of epileptic patients than those of normal brains, respectively. The protein expression levels of Claudin-5, ZO-1, Catenin alpha-1, beta-1 and delta-1 were significantly lower, 1.97-, 2.51-, 2.44-, 1.90- and 1.63-fold, in the brain capillaries of epileptic patients compared to those of normal brains, respectively. Consistent with these observations, leakage of blood proteins was also observed. These results provide for a better understanding of the therapeutic effect of AEDs and molecular mechanisms of AED resistance in epileptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (R.S.); (K.O.); (M.U.); (T.T.)
| | - Kotaro Ohmori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (R.S.); (K.O.); (M.U.); (T.T.)
| | - Mina Umetsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (R.S.); (K.O.); (M.U.); (T.T.)
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki 372-0006, Japan; (M.T.); (M.T.)
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira 187-8551, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tano
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki 372-0006, Japan; (M.T.); (M.T.)
| | - Gerald Grant
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (G.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Brenda Porter
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Anthony Bet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (G.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (R.S.); (K.O.); (M.U.); (T.T.)
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; (R.S.); (K.O.); (M.U.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-795-6832
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16
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Foodomics technology: promising analytical methods of functional activities of plant polyphenols. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03781-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Mann M, Brasier AR. Evolution of proteomics technologies for understanding respiratory syncytial virus pathogenesis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:379-394. [PMID: 34018899 PMCID: PMC8277732 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1931130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major human pathogen associated with long term morbidity. RSV replication occurs primarily in the epithelium, producing a complex cellular response associated with acute inflammation and long-lived changes in pulmonary function and allergic disease. Proteomics approaches provide important insights into post-transcriptional regulatory processes including alterations in cellular complexes regulating the coordinated innate response and epigenome.Areas covered: Peer-reviewed proteomics studies of host responses to RSV infections and proteomics techniques were analyzed. Methodologies identified include 1)." bottom-up" discovery proteomics, 2). Organellar proteomics by LC-gel fractionation; 3). Dynamic changes in protein interaction networks by LC-MS; and 4). selective reaction monitoring MS. We introduce recent developments in single-cell proteomics, top-down mass spectrometry, and photo-cleavable surfactant chemistries that will have impact on understanding how RSV induces extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and airway remodeling.Expert opinion: RSV replication induces global changes in the cellular proteome, dynamic shifts in nuclear proteins, and remodeling of epigenetic regulatory complexes linked to the innate response. Pathways discovered by proteomics technologies have led to deeper mechanistic understanding of the roles of heat shock proteins, redox response, transcriptional elongation complex remodeling and ECM secretion remodeling in host responses to RSV infections and pathological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Mann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, USA
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Liss MA, Leach RJ, Sanda MG, Semmes OJ. Prostate Cancer Biomarker Development: National Cancer Institute's Early Detection Research Network Prostate Cancer Collaborative Group Review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:2454-2462. [PMID: 33093161 PMCID: PMC7710596 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the most common non-skin cancer and second leading cause of death among men in the United States. Although progress has been made in diagnosis and risk assessment, many clinical questions remain regarding early identification of prostate cancer and management. The early detection of aggressive disease continues to provide high curative rates if diagnosed in a localized state. Unfortunately, prostate cancer displays significant heterogeneity within the prostate organ and between individual patients making detection and treatment strategies complex. Although prostate cancer is common among men, the majority will not die from prostate cancer, introducing the issue of overtreatment as a major concern in clinical management of the disease. The focus of the future is to identify those at highest risk for aggressive prostate cancer and to develop prevention and screening strategies, as well as discerning the difference in malignant potential of diagnosed tumors. The Prostate Cancer Research Group of the National Cancer Institute's Early Detection Research Network has contributed to the progress in addressing these concerns. This summary is an overview of the activities of the group.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "NCI Early Detection Research Network: Making Cancer Detection Possible."
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Liss
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robin J Leach
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Martin G Sanda
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Oliver J Semmes
- The Leroy T. Canoles Jr. Cancer Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia.
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