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Thareja A, Leigh T, Hakkarainen JJ, Hughes H, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Fernandez-Trillo F, Blanch RJ, Ahmed Z. Improving corneal permeability of dexamethasone using penetration enhancing agents: First step towards achieving topical drug delivery to the retina. Int J Pharm 2024; 660:124305. [PMID: 38852749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
With an ever-increasing burden of vision loss caused by diseases of the posterior ocular segment, there is an unmet clinical need for non-invasive treatment strategies. Topical drug application using eye drops suffers from low to negligible bioavailability to the posterior segment as a result of static and dynamic defensive ocular barriers to penetration, while invasive delivery systems are expensive to administer and suffer potentially severe complications. As the cornea is the main anatomical barrier to uptake of topically applied drugs from the ocular surface, we present an approach to increase corneal permeability of a corticosteroid, dexamethasone sodium-phosphate (DSP), using a novel penetration enhancing agent (PEA). We synthesised a novel polyacetylene (pAc) polymer and compared its activity to two previously described cell penetrating peptide (CPP) based PEAs, TAT and penetratin, with respect to increasing transcorneal permeability of DSP in a rapid ex-vivo porcine corneal assay over 60 min. The transcorneal apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) for diffusion of pAc, and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated TAT and penetratin were up to 5 times higher (p < 0.001), when compared to controls. When pAc was used in formulation with DSP, an almost 5-fold significant increase was observed in Papp of DSP across the cornea (p = 0.0130), a significant 6-fold increase with TAT (p = 0.0377), and almost 7-fold mean increase with penetratin (p = 0.9540). Furthermore, we investigated whether the PEAs caused any irreversible damage to the barrier integrity of the corneal epithelium by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and immunostaining of tight junction proteins using zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin antibodies. There was no damage or structural toxicity, and the barrier integrity was preserved after PEA application. Finally, an in-vitro cytotoxicity assessment of all PEAs in human retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE-19) demonstrated that all PEAs were very well-tolerated, with IC50 values of 64.79 mM for pAc and 1335.45 µM and 87.26 µM for TAT and penetratin, respectively. Our results suggest that this drug delivery technology could potentially be used to achieve a significantly higher intraocular therapeutic bioavailability after topical eye drop administration, than currently afforded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Thareja
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom.
| | - Thomas Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | | | - Helen Hughes
- Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre (PMBRC), School of Science & Computing, Department of Science, South East Technological University, Cork Road, Waterford City X91 K0EK, Ireland.
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+DFarma, Facultad de Farmacia, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Francisco Fernandez-Trillo
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom; BioMedNano Group, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias Rúa As Carballeiras, Universidade da Coruna, 15008 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Richard J Blanch
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Academic Department of Military Surgery & Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Centre for Trauma Sciences Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom.
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Centre for Trauma Sciences Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, West Midlands, United Kingdom.
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2
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Lai JM, Chen J, Navia JC, Durkee H, Gonzalez A, Rowaan C, Arcari T, Aguilar MC, Llanes K, Ziebarth N, Martinez JD, Miller D, Flynn HW, Amescua G, Parel JM. Enhancing Rose Bengal penetration in ex vivo human corneas using iontophoresis. Ther Deliv 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39023301 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2024.2371778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Rose Bengal photodynamic antimicrobial therapy (RB-PDAT) has poor corneal penetration, limiting its efficacy against acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). Iontophoresis enhances corneal permeation of charged molecules, piquing interest in its effects on RB in ex vivo human corneas. Methods: Five donor whole globes each underwent iontophoresis with RB, soaking in RB, or were soaked in normal saline (controls). RB penetration and corneal thickness was assessed using confocal microscopy. Results: Iontophoresis increased RB penetration compared with soaking (177 ± 9.5 μm vs. 100 ± 5.7 μm, p < 0.001), with no significant differences in corneal thickness between groups (460 ± 87 μm vs. 407 ± 69 μm, p = 0.432). Conclusion: Iontophoresis significantly improves RB penetration and its use in PDAT could offer a novel therapy for acanthamoeba keratitis. Further studies are needed to validate clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Lai
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Justin Chen
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Navia
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Heather Durkee
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Alex Gonzalez
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Cornelis Rowaan
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Timothy Arcari
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Mariela C Aguilar
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | | | - Noel Ziebarth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Jaime D Martinez
- Anne Bates Leach Eye Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Darlene Miller
- Anne Bates Leach Eye Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Ocular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Harry W Flynn
- Anne Bates Leach Eye Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Ocular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Guillermo Amescua
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Anne Bates Leach Eye Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Ocular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jean-Marie Parel
- Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Anne Bates Leach Eye Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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3
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Casey-Power S, Vardar C, Ryan R, Behl G, McLoughlin P, Byrne ME, Fitzhenry L. NAD+-associated-hyaluronic acid and poly(L-lysine) polyelectrolyte complexes: An evaluation of their potential for ocular drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 192:62-78. [PMID: 37797681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
This study details the formation and characterisation of a novel nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-associated polymeric nanoparticle system. The development of a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) composed of two natural polyelectrolytes, hyaluronic acid and poly(L-lysine), and an evaluation of its suitability for NAD+ ocular delivery, primarily based on its physicochemical properties and in vitro release profile under physiological ocular flow rates, were of key focus. Following optimisation of formulation method conditions such as complexation pH, mode of addition, and charge ratio, the PEC was successfully formulated under mild formulation conditions via polyelectrolyte complexation. With a size of 235.1 ± 19.0 nm, a PDI value of 0.214 ± 0.140, and a zeta potential value of - 38.0 ± 1.1 mV, the chosen PEC, loaded with 430 µg of NAD+ per mg of PEC, exhibited non-Fickian, sustained release at physiological flowrates of 10.9 ± 0.2 mg of NAD+ over 14 h. PECs containing up to 200 µM of NAD+ did not induce any significant cytotoxic effects on an immortalised human corneal epithelial cell line. Using fluorescent labeling, the NAD+-associated PECs demonstrated retention within the corneal epithelium layer of a porcine model up to 6 h post incubation under physiological conditions. A study of the physicochemical behaviour of the PECs, in terms of size, zeta potential and NAD+ complexation in response to environmental stimuli,highlighted the dynamic nature of the PEC matrix and its dependence on both pH and ionic condition. Considering the successful formation of reproducible NAD+-associated PECs with suitable characteristics for ocular drug delivery via an inexpensive formulation method, they provide a promising platform for NAD+ ocular delivery with a strong potential to improve ocular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoirse Casey-Power
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, Waterford X91 K0EK, Ireland.
| | - Camila Vardar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Richie Ryan
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, Waterford X91 K0EK, Ireland.
| | - Gautam Behl
- EirGen Pharma, UNIT 64/64A, Westside Business Park, Old Kilmeaden Road, Co. Waterford X91 YV67, Ireland.
| | - Peter McLoughlin
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, Waterford X91 K0EK, Ireland.
| | - Mark E Byrne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Laurence Fitzhenry
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Campus, South East Technological University, Waterford X91 K0EK, Ireland.
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De Hoon I, Boukherroub R, De Smedt SC, Szunerits S, Sauvage F. In Vitro and Ex Vivo Models for Assessing Drug Permeation across the Cornea. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37314950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drug permeation across the cornea remains a major challenge due to its unique and complex anatomy and physiology. Static barriers such as the different layers of the cornea, as well as dynamic aspects such as the constant renewal of the tear film and the presence of the mucin layer together with efflux pumps, all present unique challenges for effective ophthalmic drug delivery. To overcome some of the current ophthalmic drug limitations, the identification and testing of novel drug formulations such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, and nanoparticles began to be considered and widely explored. In the early stages of corneal drug development reliable in vitro and ex vivo alternatives, are required, to be in line with the principles of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement), with such methods being in addition faster and more ethical alternatives to in vivo studies. The ocular field remains limited to a handful of predictive models for ophthalmic drug permeation. In vitro cell culture models are increasingly used when it comes to transcorneal permeation studies. Ex vivo models using excised animal tissue such as porcine eyes are the model of choice to study corneal permeation and promising advancements have been reported over the years. Interspecies characteristics must be considered in detail when using such models. This review updates the current knowledge about in vitro and ex vivo corneal permeability models and evaluates their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inès De Hoon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabine Szunerits
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Félix Sauvage
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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5
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Zoratto N, Forcina L, Matassa R, Mosca L, Familiari G, Musarò A, Mattei M, Coviello T, Di Meo C, Matricardi P. Hyaluronan-Cholesterol Nanogels for the Enhancement of the Ocular Delivery of Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111781. [PMID: 34834195 PMCID: PMC8619261 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The anatomy and physiology of the eye strongly limit the bioavailability of locally administered drugs. The entrapment of therapeutics into nanocarriers represents an effective strategy for the topical treatment of several ocular disorders, as they may protect the embedded molecules, enabling drug residence on the ocular surface and/or its penetration into different ocular compartments. The present work shows the activity of hyaluronan-cholesterol nanogels (NHs) as ocular permeation enhancers. Thanks to their bioadhesive properties, NHs firmly interact with the superficial corneal epithelium, without penetrating the stroma, thus modifying the transcorneal penetration of loaded therapeutics. Ex vivo transcorneal permeation experiments show that the permeation of hydrophilic drugs (i.e., tobramycin and diclofenac sodium salt), loaded in NHs, is significantly enhanced when compared to the free drug solutions. On the other side, the permeation of hydrophobic drugs (i.e., dexamethasone and piroxicam) is strongly dependent on the water solubility of the entrapped molecules. The obtained results suggest that NHs formulations can improve the ocular bioavailability of the instilled drugs by increasing their preocular retention time (hydrophobic drugs) or facilitating their permeation (hydrophilic drugs), thus opening the route for the application of HA-based NHs in the treatment of both anterior and posterior eye segment diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Zoratto
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (N.Z.); (T.C.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Laura Forcina
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Roberto Matassa
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Familiari
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Section of Human Anatomy, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Antonio Musarò
- DAHFMO-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Via A. Scarpa, 14, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Maurizio Mattei
- Interdepartmental Center for Comparative Medicine, Alternative Techniques and Aquaculture (CIMETA), University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Tommasina Coviello
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (N.Z.); (T.C.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Chiara Di Meo
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (N.Z.); (T.C.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Pietro Matricardi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy; (N.Z.); (T.C.); (C.D.M.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Begum G, Leigh T, Stanley D, Logan A, Blanch RJ. Determining the effect of ocular chemical injuries on topical drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:2044-2050. [PMID: 34595979 PMCID: PMC8491719 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1979124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular chemical injuries (OCIs) commonly cause ocular damage and visual loss and treatment uses topical therapies to facilitate healing and limit complications. However, the impact of chemical injury on corneal barrier function and treatment penetration is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of OCI on drug penetration and absorption. Porcine corneal explants were used to assess histological damage, electrical resistance, and the trans-corneal penetration/corneal adsorption of reference compounds (sodium fluorescein and rhodamine B) and dexamethasone. Corneal explants were injured with either 1 M sulfuric acid, or 1 M sodium hydroxide. Dexamethasone penetration was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and that of fluorescein and rhodamine using fluorescence. Dexamethasone corneal adsorption was measured using enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA). Both acid and alkaline injuries reduced trans-corneal electrical resistance. NaOH injury increased hydrophilic fluorescein penetration (NaOH 8.59 ± 1.50E–05 cm.min−1 vs. Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) 1.64 ± 1.01E–06 cm.min−1) with little impact on hydrophobic rhodamine B (1 M NaOH 6.55 ± 2.45E–04 cm.min−1 vs. HBSS 4.60 ± 0.972E–04 cm.min−1) and dexamethasone penetration (1 M NaOH 3.00 ± 0.853E–04 cm.min−1 vs. HBSS 2.69 ± 0.439E–04 cm.min−1). By contrast, H2SO4 decreased trans-corneal penetration of hydrophilic fluorescein (H2SO4 1.16 ± 14.2E–07 cm.min−1) and of hydrophobic dexamethasone (H2SO4 1.88 ± 0.646E–04 cm.min−1) and rhodamine B (H2SO4 4.60 ± 1.42E–05 cm.min−1). Acid and alkaline OCI differentially disrupted the corneal epithelial barrier function. Acid injury reduced penetration of hydrophobic dexamethasone and rhodamine B as well as hydrophilic fluorescein, which may translate clinically into reduced drug penetration after OCI, while alkaline injury increased fluorescein penetration, with minimal effect on dexamethasone and rhodamine B penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Begum
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Stanley
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Axolotl Consulting Ltd, Droitwich, UK.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Richard James Blanch
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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7
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Ponnusamy C, Sugumaran A, Krishnaswami V, Palanichamy R, Velayutham R, Natesan S. Development and Evaluation of Polyvinylpyrrolidone K90 and Poloxamer 407 Self-Assembled Nanomicelles: Enhanced Topical Ocular Delivery of Artemisinin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3038. [PMID: 34577939 PMCID: PMC8470191 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration is a multifactorial disease affecting the posterior segment of the eye and is characterized by aberrant nascent blood vessels that leak blood and fluid. It ends with vision loss. In the present study, artemisinin which is poorly water-soluble and has potent anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties was formulated into nanomicelles and characterized for its ocular application and anti-angiogenic activity using a CAM assay. Artemisinin-loaded nanomicelles were prepared by varying the concentrations of PVP k90 and poloxamer 407 at different ratios and showed spherical shape particles in the size range of 41-51 nm. The transparency and cloud point of the developed artemisinin-loaded nanomicelles was found to be 99-94% and 68-70 °C, respectively. The in vitro release of artemisinin from the nanomicelles was found to be 96.0-99.0% within 8 h. The trans-corneal permeation studies exhibited a 1.717-2.169 µg permeation of the artemisinin from nanomicelles through the excised rabbit eye cornea for 2 h. Drug-free nanomicelles did not exhibit noticeable DNA damage and showed an acceptable level of hemolytic potential. Artemisinin-loaded nanomicelles exhibited remarkable anti-angiogenic activity compared to artemisinin suspension. Hence, the formulated artemisinin-loaded nanomicelles might have the potential for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrasekar Ponnusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; (C.P.); (V.K.)
| | - Abimanyu Sugumaran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Venkateshwaran Krishnaswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; (C.P.); (V.K.)
| | - Rajaguru Palanichamy
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 627007, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Ravichandiran Velayutham
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)—Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India;
| | - Subramanian Natesan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)—Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India;
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8
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Vasantha Ramachandran R, Bhat R, Kumar Saini D, Ghosh A. Theragnostic nanomotors: Successes and upcoming challenges. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1736. [PMID: 34173342 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The idea of "fantastic voyagers" carrying out medical tasks within the human body has existed as part of popular culture for many decades. The concept revolved around a miniaturized robot that can travel inside the human body and perform complicated functions such as surgery, navigation of otherwise inaccessible biological environments, and delivery of therapeutics. Since the last decade, significant developments have occurred in this arena that are yet to enter mainstream biomedical practises. Here, we define the challenges to make this fiction into reality. We begin by chalking the journey from pills, nanoparticles, and then to micro-nanomotors. The review describes the principles, physicochemical contexts, and advantages that micro-nanomotors provide. The article then describes micro-nanomotors' obstacles such as maneuverability, in vivo imaging, toxicity, and biodistribution. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramray Bhat
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Saini
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ambarish Ghosh
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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