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Ström OE, Beech JP, Tegenfeldt JO. Geometry-Dependent Elastic Flow Dynamics in Micropillar Arrays. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:268. [PMID: 38398996 PMCID: PMC10893274 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Regular device-scale DNA waves for high DNA concentrations and flow velocities have been shown to emerge in quadratic micropillar arrays with potentially strong relevance for a wide range of microfluidic applications. Hexagonal arrays constitute another geometry that is especially relevant for the microfluidic pulsed-field separation of DNA. Here, we report on the differences at the micro and macroscopic scales between the resulting wave patterns for these two regular array geometries and one disordered array geometry. In contrast to the large-scale regular waves visible in the quadratic array, in the hexagonal arrays, waves occur in a device-scale disordered zig-zag pattern with fluctuations on a much smaller scale. We connect the large-scale pattern to the microscopic flow and observe flow synchronization that switches between two directions for both the quadratic and hexagonal arrays. We show the importance of order using the disordered array, where steady-state stationary and highly fluctuating flow states persist in seemingly random locations across the array. We compare the flow dynamics of the arrays to that in a device with sparsely distributed pillars. Here, we observe similar vortex shedding, which is clearly observable in the quadratic and disordered arrays. However, the shedding of these vortices couples only in the flow direction and not laterally as in the dense, ordered arrays. We believe that our findings will contribute to the understanding of elastic flow dynamics in pillar arrays, helping us elucidate the fundamental principles of non-Newtonian fluid flow in complex environments as well as supporting applications in engineering involving e.g., transport, sorting, and mixing of complex fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonas O. Tegenfeldt
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (O.E.S.); (J.P.B.)
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Azari F, Kennedy G, Chang A, Nadeem B, Sullivan N, Marfatia I, Din A, Desphande C, Kucharczuk J, Delikatny EJ, Singhal S. Presence of non-Newtonian fluid in invasive pulmonary mucinous adenocarcinomas impacts fluorescence during intraoperative molecular imaging of lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:4406-4418. [PMID: 35876868 PMCID: PMC10292759 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) with folate-targeted NIR tracers has been shown to improve lesion localization in more than 80% of lung adenocarcinomas. However, mucinous adenocarcinomas (MAs) and invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas (IMAs) of the lung, which are variants of adenocarcinoma, appear to have decreased fluorescence despite appropriate folate receptor expression on the tumor surface. We hypothesized that the etiology may be related to light excitation and emission through non-Newtonian fluid (mucin) produced by goblet and columnar cancer cells. METHODS Intraoperative data for 311 subjects were retrospectively reviewed from a prospectively collected 6-year database. For standardization, all patients underwent infusion of the same targeted molecular optical contrast agent (pafolacianine, folate receptor-targeted NIR fluorochrome) for lung cancer resections. Then, the ratio of the mean fluorescence intensity of the tumors and background tissues (TBR) was calculated. Tumors were examined for mucin, FRa, FRb, and immunofluorescent tracer uptake by a board-certified pathologist. The optical properties of mucin analyzed by imaging software were used to create in vitro gel models to explore the effects on NIR tracer fluorescence intensity. RESULTS A large proportion (192, 62%) of the patients were female, with an average of 62.8 years and a 34-year mean pack smoking history. There were no severe (Clavien-Dindo > III) complications related to pafolacianine infusion. A total of 195 lesions in the study were adenocarcinomas, of which 19 (6.1%) were of the mucinous subtype. A total of 14/19 of the patients had a smoking history, and more than 74% of the IMA lesions were in the lower lobes. IMA lesions had a lower in situ TBR than nonmucinous adenocarcinomas (2.64 SD 0.23) vs (3.45 SD 0.11), respectively (p < 0.05). Only 9/19 (47%) were localized in situ. Tumor bisection and removal of mucin from IMAs significantly increased pafolacianine fluorescence, with resultant TBR not being significantly different from the control group (4.67 vs 4.89) (p = 0.19). Of the 16 lesions that underwent FR expression analysis, 15/16 had FR presence on cancer cells or tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. There was no statistically significant difference in fluorescence intensity during immunofluorescence analysis (4.99 vs 5.08) (p = 0.16). Physical removal of mucin from IMAs improved the TBR from 3.11 to 4.67 (p < 0.05). In vitro analysis of the impact of synthetic non-Newtonian fluid (agarose 0.5%) on NIR tracer fluorescence showed a decrease in MFI by a factor of 0.25 regardless of the concentration for each 5 mm thickness of mucin. CONCLUSION The mucinous subtype of lung adenocarcinomas presents a unique challenge in pafolacianine-targeted IMI-guided resections. The presence of non-Newtonian fluids presents a physical barrier that dampens the excitation of the tracer and fluorescence emission detected by the camera. Knowledge of this phenomenon can allow the surgeon to critically analyze lesion fluorescence parameters during IMI-guided lung cancer resections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feredun Azari
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 6 White Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Gregory Kennedy
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 6 White Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ashley Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 6 White Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bilal Nadeem
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 6 White Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Neil Sullivan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 6 White Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Isvita Marfatia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 6 White Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Azra Din
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 6 White Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Charuhas Desphande
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Kucharczuk
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 6 White Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Edward J Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunil Singhal
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 6 White Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Hopkins CC, Haward SJ, Shen AQ. Upstream wall vortices in viscoelastic flow past a cylinder. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4868-4880. [PMID: 35730936 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00418f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel inertia-less, elastic flow instability for a viscoelastic, shear-thinning wormlike micellar solution flowing past a microcylinder in a channel with blockage ratio BR = 2R/W = 0.5 and aspect ratio α = H/W ≈ 5, where R ≈ 100 μm is the cylinder radius, W is the channel width, and H is the channel height. The instability manifests upstream of the cylinder and changes form with increasing Weissenberg number over the range 0.5 ≲ Wi = Uλ/R ≲ 900, where U is the average flow velocity and λ is the terminal relaxation time of the fluid. Beyond a first critical Wi, the instability begins as a bending of the streamlines near the upstream pole of the cylinder that breaks the symmetry of the flow. Beyond a second critical Wi, small, time-steady, and approximately symmetric wall-attached vortices form upstream of the cylinder. Beyond a third critical Wi, the flow becomes time dependent and pulses with a characteristic frequency commensurate with the breakage timescale of the wormlike micelles. This is accompanied by a breaking of the symmetry of the wall-attached vortices, where one vortex becomes considerably larger than the other. Finally, beyond a fourth critical Wi, a vortex forms attached to the upstream pole of the cylinder whose length fluctuates in time. The flow is highly time dependent, and the cylinder-attached vortex and wall-attached vortices compete dynamically for space and time in the channel. Our results add to the rapidly growing understanding of viscoelastic flow instabilities in microfluidic geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron C Hopkins
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Simon J Haward
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
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Bharti RP, Ram RP, Dhiman AK. Computational analysis of cross‐flow of power‐law fluids through a periodic square array of circular cylinders. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prakash Bharti
- Complex Fluid Dynamics and Microfluidics (CFDM) Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
| | - Ram Pravesh Ram
- Complex Fluid Dynamics and Microfluidics (CFDM) Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
| | - Amit Kumar Dhiman
- Complex Fluid Dynamics and Microfluidics (CFDM) Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee India
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Haward SJ, Hopkins CC, Varchanis S, Shen AQ. Bifurcations in flows of complex fluids around microfluidic cylinders. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4041-4059. [PMID: 34647558 PMCID: PMC8549630 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00128k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flow around a cylinder is a classical problem in fluid dynamics and also one of the benchmarks for testing viscoelastic flows. The problem is of wide relevance to understanding many microscale industrial and biological processes and applications, such as porous media and mucociliary flows. In recent years, we have developed model microfluidic geometries consisting of very slender cylinders fabricated in glass by selective laser-induced etching. The cylinder radius is small compared with the channel width, which allows the effects of the stagnation points in the flow to dominate over the effects of squeezing between the cylinder and the channel walls. Furthermore, the cylinders are contained in high aspect ratio microchannels that render the flow field approximately two-dimensional (2D) and therefore conveniently permit comparison between experiments and 2D numerical simulations. A number of different viscoelastic fluids including wormlike micellar and various polymer solutions have been tested in our devices. Of particular interest to us has been the occurrence of a striking, steady-in-time, flow asymmetry that occurs for certain non-Newtonian fluids when the dimensionless Weissenberg number (quantifying the importance of elastic over viscous forces in the flow) increases above a critical value. In this perspective review, we present a summary of our key findings related to this novel flow instability and present our current understanding of the mechanism for its onset and growth. We believe that the same fundamental mechanism may also underlie some important non-Newtonian phenomena observed in viscoelastic flows around particles, drops, and bubbles, or through geometries composed of multiple bifurcation points such as cylinder arrays and other porous media. Knowledge of the instability we discuss will be important to consider in the design of optimally functional lab-on-a-chip devices in which viscoelastic fluids are to be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Haward
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Cameron C Hopkins
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Stylianos Varchanis
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.
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Haward SJ, Hopkins CC, Shen AQ. Stagnation points control chaotic fluctuations in viscoelastic porous media flow. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2111651118. [PMID: 34521756 PMCID: PMC8463809 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111651118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscoelastic flows through porous media become unstable and chaotic beyond critical flow conditions, impacting widespread industrial and biological processes such as enhanced oil recovery and drug delivery. Understanding the influence of the pore structure or geometry on the onset of flow instability can lead to fundamental insights into these processes and, potentially, to their optimization. Recently, for viscoelastic flows through porous media modeled by arrays of microscopic posts, Walkama et al. [D. M. Walkama, N. Waisbord, J. S. Guasto, Phys. Rev. Lett 124, 164501 (2020)] demonstrated that geometric disorder greatly suppressed the strength of the chaotic fluctuations that arose as the flow rate was increased. However, in that work, disorder was only applied to one originally ordered configuration of posts. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that, given a slightly modified ordered array of posts, introducing disorder can also promote chaotic fluctuations. We provide a unifying explanation for these contrasting results by considering the effect of disorder on the occurrence of stagnation points exposed to the flow field, which depends on the nature of the originally ordered post array. This work provides a general understanding of how pore geometry affects the stability of viscoelastic porous media flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Haward
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Cameron C Hopkins
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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Hamouma M, Delbos A, Dalmazzone C, Colin A. Can unmixed complex forming polymer surfactant formulations be injected into oil reservoirs or aquifers without clogging them? SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:6182-6201. [PMID: 34096955 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00252j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the context of enhanced oil recovery or soil remediation, we study the role of interactions between polymers and surfactants on the injectivity of formulations containing mixtures of polymers and surfactants. We show that contrary to the first intuition, the formation of aggregates in polymers surfactants formulations is not necessarily a hindrance to the injection of these formulations into pores. It is important above all to compare the size of aggregates according to the applied shear rate and the pore size to find the formulations that may induce clogging. We highlight a new positive and unexpected phenomenon. The small aggregates that do not lead to clogging ensure the transport of the surfactant vesicles in the porous medium and limit the adsorption of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massinissa Hamouma
- MIE, CBI, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France. and IFPEN, 1-4 Avenue du Bois Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Aline Delbos
- IFPEN, 1-4 Avenue du Bois Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | | | - Annie Colin
- MIE, CBI, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France.
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Rodríguez de Castro A, Goyeau B. A pore network modelling approach to investigate the interplay between local and Darcy viscosities during the flow of shear-thinning fluids in porous media. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 590:446-457. [PMID: 33561594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During the flow of non-Newtonian fluids in porous media, the relationships between macroscopic quantities are governed by extremely complex microscopic fluid dynamics resulting from solid-fluid interactions. Consequently, the Darcy-scale viscosity exhibited by a shear-thinning fluid depends on the injection velocity, contrarily to the case of Newtonian fluids. In the present work, pore network modelling is used to investigate the relationships between local and macroscopic viscosities during the flow of shear-thinning fluids in 3D porous media. Special efforts are devoted to 1) identifying the influence of the viscosity exhibited by the fluid within the constrictions of the preferential flow paths on the value of Darcy-scale viscosity and 2) proposing an analytical expression to upscale viscosity from the local viscosity values. To go further, the reduction in average hydraulic tortuosity stemming from the directional nature of shear-thinning behavior in 3D porous media will also be quantified. The results of the present study show that Darcy-scale viscosity can be accurately calculated as the flow-rate weighted average of local viscosities in the investigated media. Moreover, the velocity maps provided by the proposed pore network flow simulations are suitable to assess hydraulic tortuosity reduction as compared to the flow of a Newtonian fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benoit Goyeau
- Laboratoire EM2C, UPR CNRS 288, Centrale-Supélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 3 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Hopkins CC, Haward SJ, Shen AQ. Tristability in Viscoelastic Flow Past Side-by-Side Microcylinders. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:054501. [PMID: 33605746 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.054501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Viscoelastic flows through microscale porous arrays exhibit complex path selection and switching phenomena. However, understanding this process is limited by a lack of studies linking between a single object and large arrays. Here, we report experiments on viscoelastic flow past side-by-side microcylinders with variable intercylinder gap. With increasing flow rate, a sequence of two imperfect symmetry-breaking bifurcations forces selection of either one or two of the three possible flow paths around the cylinders. Tuning the gap length through the value where the first bifurcation becomes perfect reveals regions of bistability and tristability in a dimensionless flow rate-gap length phase diagram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron C Hopkins
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Simon J Haward
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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