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Morosavljević I, Kozak D, Kosor T, Morosavljević J, Ferlič L, Gubeljak N. The Effects of Ozone Sterilization on the Chemical and Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Biocompatible PMMA. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:472. [PMID: 38675283 PMCID: PMC11051857 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Since ozone is highly corrosive, it can substantially affect the mechanical and chemical properties of the materials; consequently, it could affect the applicability of those materials in medical applications. The effect of ozone sterilization on the chemical and mechanical properties of additively manufactured specimens of biocompatible poly(methyl-methacrylate) was observed. FDM 3D-printed specimens of biocompatible PMMA in groups of five were exposed to high concentrations of ozone generated by corona discharge for different durations and at different ozone concentrations inside an enclosed chamber with embedded and calibrated ozone, temperature, and humidity sensors. A novel approach using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and spark-discharge optical emission spectrometry (SD-OES) was used to determine an eventual change in the chemical composition of specimens. Mechanical properties were determined by testing the tensile strength and Young's modulus. A calibrated digital microscope was used to observe the eventual degradation of material on the surface of the specimens. SD-OES and LIF analysis results do not show any detectable sterilization-caused chemical degradation, and no substantial difference in mechanical properties was detected. There was no detectable surface degradation observed under the digital microscope. The results obtained suggest that ozone sterilization appears to be a suitable technique for sterilizing PMMA medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Morosavljević
- Mechanical Engineering Faculty in Slavonski Brod, University of Slavonski Brod, 35000 Slavonski Brod, Croatia; (D.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Dražan Kozak
- Mechanical Engineering Faculty in Slavonski Brod, University of Slavonski Brod, 35000 Slavonski Brod, Croatia; (D.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Tihomir Kosor
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Janko Morosavljević
- Mechanical Engineering Faculty in Slavonski Brod, University of Slavonski Brod, 35000 Slavonski Brod, Croatia; (D.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Luka Ferlič
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (L.F.); (N.G.)
| | - Nenad Gubeljak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (L.F.); (N.G.)
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2
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Achleitner B, Girault L, Larisegger S, Nelhiebel M, Knaack P, Limbeck A. LIBS as a novel tool for the determination of the imidization degree of polyimides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1623-1633. [PMID: 38349533 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Due to their outstanding chemical and physical properties, polyimides are widely used in industrial applications. The degree of imidization of polyimides significantly influences their properties, making it an important factor in tailoring the material for specific applications. Imidization refers to the process of converting a precursor poly(amic acid) by removing water, and it is essential to analyze this process in detail to tune the final structure and properties of the material. Conventional techniques for this task include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), but they lack the possibility of spatially and/or depth-resolved analysis or do not enable in-line monitoring capabilities. To overcome these limitations, we propose laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a powerful tool for the monitoring of the imidization reaction. To establish a measurement method, a total of 130 in-house prepared, self-synthesized samples were thermally cured to exhibit varying imidization degrees. IR spectroscopy served as a reference technique during method development, and a novel formula for calculating the degree of imidization, based on the C2 and H signal trends, was introduced. The calculated imidization degrees of model thin films based on LIBS were in good accordance with the IR reference method although minor differences between the two methods were expected due to varying information depth and the size of the sampled area. Additionally, the robustness of the procedure was demonstrated by depth profiling of a stacked model polymer, spiking with commercially available additives and, ultimately, by analyzing industry-relevant polymer samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Achleitner
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurie Girault
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Larisegger
- KAI Kompetenzzentrum Automobil- und Industrieelektronik GmbH, Argentinierstraße 8, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Nelhiebel
- KAI Kompetenzzentrum Automobil- und Industrieelektronik GmbH, Technologiepark Villach Europastraße 8, 9524, Villach, Austria
| | - Patrick Knaack
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Limbeck
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Brunnbauer L, Jirku M, Quarles CD, Limbeck A. Capabilities of simultaneous 193 nm - LIBS/LA-ICP-MS imaging for microplastics characterization. Talanta 2024; 269:125500. [PMID: 38070285 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are currently one of the major environmental challenges within our society. With the awareness of the impact of MPs on the environment increasing over the last years, the need for increased monitoring as well as comprehensive analysis to better understand the fate and impact of MPs has become more and more important. A major aspect of MP characterization is the assignment of the polymer type of individual particles. Here, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), originating from fluor-containing polymers, have gained a lot of attention due to the severe environmental impact. Additionally, quantitative analysis of the metal content is of great interest in the field, since MPs are prone to either leaching (in)organic additives into the environment or taking up and accumulating hazardous components (e.g., heavy metals). In this work we demonstrate the capabilities of a simultaneous LIBS/LA-ICP-MS setup for the analysis of MPs. In the first part, we demonstrate the potential of targeted LIBS analysis for the imaging of fluor-containing polymers. Using a laser spot size of 5 μm combined with highly sensitive ICCD detection enables analysis of particles in the low μm range. In the second part we combine the polymer-identification capabilities of LIBS with the high sensitivity of ICP-MS to perform matrix-matched quantification of the metal content of individual MPs. In this case we use a spot size of 50 μm facilitating polymer classification with a broadband spectrometer, resulting in detection limits of 0.72 μg/g for Pb and 9.5 μg/g for Sn simultaneously measured using ICP-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Brunnbauer
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164-I2AC, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mara Jirku
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164-I2AC, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Limbeck
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164-I2AC, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Sommer C, Nguyen J, Menzel T, Ruckdäschel H, Koch M. Determining weathering-induced heterogeneous oxidation profiles of polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 343:140105. [PMID: 37714488 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Weathering-induced polymer degradation is typically heterogeneous which plays an integral part in fragmentation. Despite that, the current selection of techniques to investigate such heterogeneities, especially beneath the sample surface, is sparse. We introduce Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) as an analytical tool and evaluate its performance for depth profiling. Three types of polymers were selected (polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene) that were aged under controlled conditions. We demonstrate that LIBS can detect heterogeneous oxidation on the surface and inside the samples. The results reveal that different oxidation behaviors are linked to the sample's lattice structure and the subsequent formation of microcracks. This implies that LIBS is beneficial to give additional insights into the weathering and degradation behavior of environmentally relevant plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Sommer
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Centre, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Johnny Nguyen
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Centre, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Teresa Menzel
- Department Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin Koch
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Centre, Philipps-University Marburg, 35037, Marburg, Germany
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5
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Tian R, Li K, Lin Y, Lu C, Duan X. Characterization Techniques of Polymer Aging: From Beginning to End. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3007-3088. [PMID: 36802560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymers have been widely applied in various fields in the daily routines and the manufacturing. Despite the awareness of the aggressive and inevitable aging for the polymers, it still remains a challenge to choose an appropriate characterization strategy for evaluating the aging behaviors. The difficulties lie in the fact that the polymer features from the different aging stages require different characterization methods. In this review, we present an overview of the characterization strategies preferable for the initial, accelerated, and late stages during polymer aging. The optimum strategies have been discussed to characterize the generation of radicals, variation of functional groups, substantial chain scission, formation of low-molecular products, and deterioration in the polymers' macro-performances. In view of the advantages and the limitations of these characterization techniques, their utilization in a strategic approach is considered. In addition, we highlight the structure-property relationship for the aged polymers and provide available guidance for lifetime prediction. This review could allow the readers to be knowledgeable of the features for the polymers in the different aging stages and provide access to choose the optimum characterization techniques. We believe that this review will attract the communities dedicated to materials science and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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6
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Pořízka P, Brunnbauer L, Porkert M, Rozman U, Marolt G, Holub D, Kizovský M, Benešová M, Samek O, Limbeck A, Kaiser J, Kalčíková G. Laser-based techniques: Novel tools for the identification and characterization of aged microplastics with developed biofilm. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137373. [PMID: 36435319 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics found in the environment are often covered with a biofilm, which makes their analysis difficult. Therefore, the biofilm is usually removed before analysis, which may affect the microplastic particles or lead to their loss during the procedure. In this work, we used laser-based analytical techniques and evaluated their performance in detecting, characterizing, and classifying pristine and aged microplastics with a developed biofilm. Five types of microplastics from different polymers were selected (polyamide, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride) and aged under controlled conditions in freshwater and wastewater. The development of biofilm and the changes in the properties of the microplastic were evaluated. The pristine and aged microplastics were characterized by standard methods (e.g., optical and scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy), and then laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) were used. The results show that LIBS could identify different types of plastics regardless of the ageing and major biotic elements of the biofilm layer. LA-ICP-MS showed a high sensitivity to metals, which can be used as markers for various plastics. In addition, LA-ICP-MS can be employed in studies to monitor the adsorption and desorption (leaching) of metals during the ageing of microplastics. The use of these laser-based analytical techniques was found to be beneficial in the study of environmentally relevant microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Pořízka
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2896/2, 61669, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Brunnbauer
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164-I(2)AC, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Porkert
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164-I(2)AC, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ula Rozman
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Marolt
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniel Holub
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2896/2, 61669, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kizovský
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Benešová
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ota Samek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Limbeck
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164-I(2)AC, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2896/2, 61669, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Kalčíková
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna Pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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7
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Kusakabe M, Sato M, Nakamura Y, Mikami H, Lin J, Nagase H. Elemental analysis by Metallobalance provides a complementary support layer over existing blood biochemistry panel-based cancer risk assessment. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12247. [PMID: 34707935 PMCID: PMC8496461 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the benefit of early cancer screening, Japan has one of the lowest cancer screening rates among developed countries, possibly due to there being a lack of “a good test” that can provide sufficient levels of test sensitivity and accuracy without a large price tag. As a number of essential and trace elements have been intimately connected to the oncogenesis of cancer, Metallobalance, a recent development in elemental analysis utilizing the technique of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been developed and tested as a robust method for arrayed cancer risk screening. We have conducted case-control epidemiological studies in the prefecture of Chiba, in the Greater Tokyo Area, and sought to determine both Metallobalance screening’s effectiveness for predicting pan-cancer outcomes, and whether the method is capable enough to replace the more conventional antigen-based testing methods. Results suggest that MB screening provides some means of classification potential among cancer and non-cancer cases, and may work well as a complementary method to traditional antigen-based tumor marker testing, even in situations where tumor markers alone cannot discernibly identify cancer from non-cancer cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Kusakabe
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sato
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohko Nakamura
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Haruo Mikami
- Cancer Prevention Center, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jason Lin
- Division of Clinical Genomics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagase
- Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Division of Cancer Genetics, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
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8
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Review of Element Analysis of Industrial Materials by In-Line Laser—Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11199274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a rapidly developing technique for chemical materials analysis. LIBS is applied for fundamental investigations, e.g., the laser plasma matter interaction, for element, molecule, and isotope analysis, and for various technical applications, e.g., minimal destructive materials inspection, the monitoring of production processes, and remote analysis of materials in hostile environment. In this review, we focus on the element analysis of industrial materials and the in-line chemical sensing in industrial production. After a brief introduction we discuss the optical emission of chemical elements in laser-induced plasma and the capability of LIBS for multi-element detection. An overview of the various classes of industrial materials analyzed by LIBS is given. This includes so-called Technology materials that are essential for the functionality of modern high-tech devices (smartphones, computers, cars, etc.). The LIBS technique enables unique applications for rapid element analysis under harsh conditions where other techniques are not available. We present several examples of LIBS-based sensors that are applied in-line and at-line of industrial production processes.
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Sommer C, Schneider LM, Nguyen J, Prume JA, Lautze K, Koch M. Identifying microplastic litter with Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A first approach. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112789. [PMID: 34364135 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The broad diversity of microplastic litter requires a selection of analytical techniques to reliably determine the particle's chemical composition. This study demonstrates that Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) can identify microplastic particles based on their spectral fingerprints. By studying the spectral features of polymer reference spectra, microplastic litter can be distinguished from non-plastic materials. The results show that LIBS can be used as a fast in-situ technique for pre-characterization of the microparticle's material and is a possible tool for environmental studies on microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sommer
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Centre, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - L M Schneider
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Centre, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - J Nguyen
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Centre, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - J A Prume
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Centre, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - K Lautze
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Centre, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M Koch
- Faculty of Physics and Material Sciences Centre, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Zhang X, Zhang B, Liu C, Sun M, Zhang X, Li J, Xue G. Effect on the thermal resistance and thermal decomposition properties of thermally cross-linkable polyimide films obtained from a reactive acetylene. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Fu X, Chen E, Ma B, Xu Y, Hao P, Zhang M, Ye Z, Yu X, Li C, Ji Q. Establishment of an Indirect Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Method for the Detection of Heavy Metal Cadmium in Food Packaging Materials. Foods 2021; 10:413. [PMID: 33668612 PMCID: PMC7918535 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals in food packaging materials have been indicated to release into the environment at slow rates. Heavy metal contamination, especially that of cadmium (Cd), is widely acknowledged as a global environment threat that leads to continuous growing pollution levels in the environment. Traditionally, the detection of the concentration of Cd relies on expensive precision instruments, such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). In this study, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) based on a specific monoclonal antibody was proposed to rapidly detect Cd. The half-inhibitory concentration and detection sensitivity of the anti-cadmium monoclonal antibody of the ic-ELISA were 5.53 ng mL-1 and 0.35 ng mL-1, respectively. The anti-Cd monoclonal antibody possessed high specificity while diagnosising other heavy metal ions, including Al (III), Ca (II), Cu (II), Fe (III), Hg (II), Mg (II), Mn (II), Pb (II), Zn (II), Cr (III) and Ni (II). The average recovery rates of Cd ranged from 89.03-95.81% in the spiked samples of packing materials, with intra- and inter-board variation coefficients of 7.20% and 6.74%, respectively. The ic-ELISA for Cd detection was applied on 72 food packaging samples that consisted of three material categories-ceramic, glass and paper. Comparison of the detection results with ICP-AES verified the accuracy of the ic-ELISA. The correlation coefficient between the ic-ELISA and the ICP-AES methods was 0.9634, demonstrating that the proposed ic-ELISA approach could be a useful and effective tool for the rapid detection of Cd in food packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mingzhou Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (X.F.); (E.C.); (B.M.); (Y.X.); (P.H.); (Z.Y.); (X.Y.); (C.L.); (Q.J.)
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